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Kushnarenko A, Zabelina A, Guselnikova O, Miliutina E, Vokatá B, Zabelin D, Burtsev V, Valiev R, Kolska Z, Paidar M, Sykora V, Postnikov P, Svorcik V, Lyutakov O. Merging gold plasmonic nanoparticles and L-proline inside a MOF for plasmon-induced visible light chiral organocatalysis at low temperature. Nanoscale 2024; 16:5313-5322. [PMID: 38372626 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04707e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven asymmetric photocatalysis represents a straightforward approach in modern organic chemistry. In comparison to the homogeneous one, heterogeneous asymmetric photocatalysis has the advantages of easy catalyst separation, recovery, and reuse, thus being cost- and time-effective. Here, we demonstrate how plasmon-active centers (gold nanoparticles - AuNPs) allow visible light triggering of chiral catalyst (proline) in model aldol reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde. The metal-organic framework UiO-66-NH2 was used as an advanced host platform for the loading of proline and AuNPs and their stabilization in spatial proximity. Aldol reactions were carried out at a low temperature (-20 °C) under light illumination which resulted in 91% ee with a closed-to-quantitative yield, 4.5 times higher than that without light (i.e. in the absence of plasmon triggering). A set of control experiments and quantum chemical modeling revealed that the plasmon assistance proceeds through hot electron excitation followed by an interaction with an enamine with the formation of anion radical species. We also demonstrated the high stability of the proposed system in multiple catalytic cycles without leaching metal ions, which makes our approach especially promising for heterogeneous asymmetric photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kushnarenko
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - A Zabelina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - O Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation.
| | - E Miliutina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - B Vokatá
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - D Zabelin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - V Burtsev
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - R Valiev
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Z Kolska
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, J. E. Purkyne University, 40096 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - M Paidar
- Department of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Sykora
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation.
| | - V Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - O Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pryjmaková J, Grossberger D, Kutová A, Vokatá B, Šlouf M, Slepička P, Siegel J. A New Promising Material for Biological Applications: Multilevel Physical Modification of AgNP-Decorated PEEK. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:3079. [PMID: 38132977 PMCID: PMC10745567 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In the case of polymer medical devices, the surface design plays a crucial role in the contact with human tissue. The use of AgNPs as antibacterial agents is well known; however, there is still more to be investigated about their anchoring into the polymer surface. This study describes the changes in the surface morphology and behaviour in the biological environment of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with immobilised AgNPs after different surface modifications. The initial composites were prepared by immobilising silver nanoparticles from a colloid solution in the upper surface layers of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The prepared samples (Ag/PEEK) had a planar morphology and were further modified with a KrF laser, a GaN laser, and an Ar plasma. The samples were studied using the AFM method to visualise changes in surface morphology and obtain information on the height of the structures and other surface parameters. A comparative analysis of the nanoparticles and polymers was performed using FEG-SEM. The chemical composition of the surface of the samples and optical activity were studied using XPS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Finally, drop plate antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests were performed to determine the role of Ag nanoparticles after modification and suitability of the surface, which are important for the use of the resulting composite in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pryjmaková
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Daniel Grossberger
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Kutová
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Slepička
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Siegel
- Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (D.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.)
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Elashnikov R, Ulbrich P, Vokatá B, Pavlíčková VS, Švorčík V, Lyutakov O, Rimpelová S. Physically Switchable Antimicrobial Surfaces and Coatings: General Concept and Recent Achievements. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:3083. [PMID: 34835852 PMCID: PMC8619822 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial environmental colonization and subsequent biofilm formation on surfaces represents a significant and alarming problem in various fields, ranging from contamination of medical devices up to safe food packaging. Therefore, the development of surfaces resistant to bacterial colonization is a challenging and actively solved task. In this field, the current promising direction is the design and creation of nanostructured smart surfaces with on-demand activated amicrobial protection. Various surface activation methods have been described recently. In this review article, we focused on the "physical" activation of nanostructured surfaces. In the first part of the review, we briefly describe the basic principles and common approaches of external stimulus application and surface activation, including the temperature-, light-, electric- or magnetic-field-based surface triggering, as well as mechanically induced surface antimicrobial protection. In the latter part, the recent achievements in the field of smart antimicrobial surfaces with physical activation are discussed, with special attention on multiresponsive or multifunctional physically activated coatings. In particular, we mainly discussed the multistimuli surface triggering, which ensures a better degree of surface properties control, as well as simultaneous utilization of several strategies for surface protection, based on a principally different mechanism of antimicrobial action. We also mentioned several recent trends, including the development of the to-detect and to-kill hybrid approach, which ensures the surface activation in a right place at a right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Elashnikov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.E.); (V.Š.)
| | - Pavel Ulbrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.U.); (B.V.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.U.); (B.V.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Vladimíra Svobodová Pavlíčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.U.); (B.V.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.E.); (V.Š.)
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.E.); (V.Š.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.U.); (B.V.); (V.S.P.)
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Pryjmaková J, Kaimlová M, Vokatá B, Hubáček T, Slepička P, Švorčík V, Siegel J. Bimetallic Nanowires on Laser-Patterned PEN as Promising Biomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11092285. [PMID: 34578601 PMCID: PMC8472103 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As inflammation frequently occurs after the implantation of a medical device, biocompatible, antibacterial materials must be used. Polymer–metal nanocomposites are promising materials. Here we prepared enhanced polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) using surface modification techniques and investigated its suitability for biomedical applications. The PEN was modified by a KrF laser forming periodic ripple patterns with specific surface characteristics. Next, Au/Ag nanowires were deposited onto the patterned PEN using vacuum evaporation. Atomic force microscopy confirmed that the surface morphology of the modified PEN changed accordingly with the incidence angle of the laser beam. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the distribution of the selected metals was dependent on the evaporation technique. Our bimetallic nanowires appear to be promising antibacterial agents due to the presence of antibacterial noble metals. The antibacterial effect of the prepared Au/Ag nanowires against E. coli and S. epidermidis was demonstrated using 24 h incubation with a drop plate test. Moreover, a WST-1 cytotoxicity test that was performed to determine the toxicity of the nanowires showed that the materials could be considered non-toxic. Collectively, these results suggest that prepared Au/Ag nanostructures are effective, biocompatible surface coatings for use in medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pryjmaková
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Markéta Kaimlová
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Hubáček
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, SoWa National Research Infrastructure, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budejovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Slepička
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Jakub Siegel
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-445-149
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Hurtuková K, Fajstavrová K, Rimpelová S, Vokatá B, Fajstavr D, Kasálková NS, Siegel J, Švorčík V, Slepička P. Antibacterial Properties of a Honeycomb-like Pattern with Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4051. [PMID: 34300969 PMCID: PMC8306805 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study involved the preparation and characterization of structures with a honeycomb-like pattern (HCP) formed using the phase separation method using a solution mixture of chloroform and methanol together with cellulose acetate. Fluorinated ethylene propylene modified by plasma treatment was used as a suitable substrate for the formation of the HCP structures. Further, we modified the HCP structures using silver sputtering (discontinuous Ag nanoparticles) or by adding Ag nanoparticles in PEG into the cellulose acetate solution. The material morphology was then determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the material surface chemistry was studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and wettability was analyzed with goniometry. The AFM and SEM results revealed that the surface morphology of pristine HCP with hexagonal pores changed after additional sample modification with Ag, both via the addition of nanoparticles and sputtering, accompanied with an increase in the roughness of the PEG-doped samples, which was caused by the high molecular weight of PEG and its gel-like structure. The highest amount (approx. 25 at %) of fluorine was detected using the EDS method on the sample with an HCP-like structure, while the lowest amount (0.08%) was measured on the PEG + Ag sample, which revealed the covering of the substrate with biopolymer (the greater fluorine extent means more of the fluorinated substrate is exposed). As expected, the thickness of the Ag layer on the HCP surface depended on the length of sputtering (either 150 s or 500 s). The sputtering times for Ag (150 s and 500 s) corresponded to layers with heights of about 8 nm (3.9 at % of Ag) and 22 nm (10.8 at % of Ag), respectively. In addition, we evaluated the antibacterial potential of the prepared substrate using two bacterial strains, one Gram-positive of S. epidermidis and one Gram-negative of E. coli. The most effective method for the construction of antibacterial surfaces was determined to be sputtering (150 s) of a silver nanolayer onto a HCP-like cellulose structure, which proved to have excellent antibacterial properties against both G+ and G- bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Hurtuková
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Klára Fajstavrová
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Dominik Fajstavr
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Nikola Slepičková Kasálková
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Jakub Siegel
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Petr Slepička
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (K.F.); (D.F.); (N.S.K.); (J.S.); (V.Š.)
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Siegel J, Kaimlová M, Vyhnálková B, Trelin A, Lyutakov O, Slepička P, Švorčík V, Veselý M, Vokatá B, Malinský P, Šlouf M, Hasal P, Hubáček T. Optomechanical Processing of Silver Colloids: New Generation of Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites with Bactericidal Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010312. [PMID: 33396769 PMCID: PMC7794995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of materials at the nanoscale open up new methodologies for engineering prospective materials usable in high-end applications. The preparation of composite materials with a high content of an active component on their surface is one of the current challenges of materials engineering. This concept significantly increases the efficiency of heterogeneous processes moderated by the active component, typically in biological applications, catalysis, or drug delivery. Here we introduce a general approach, based on laser-induced optomechanical processing of silver colloids, for the preparation of polymer surfaces highly enriched with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). As a result, the AgNPs are firmly immobilized in a thin surface layer without the use of any other chemical mediators. We have shown that our approach is applicable to a broad spectrum of polymer foils, regardless of whether they absorb laser light or not. However, if the laser radiation is absorbed, it is possible to transform smooth surface morphology of the polymer into a roughened one with a higher specific surface area. Analyses of the release of silver from the polymer surface together with antibacterial tests suggested that these materials could be suitable candidates in the fight against nosocomial infections and could inhibit the formation of biofilms with a long-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Siegel
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-445-149
| | - Markéta Kaimlová
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Barbora Vyhnálková
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Andrii Trelin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Petr Slepička
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (B.V.); (A.T.); (O.L.); (P.S.); (V.Š.)
| | - Martin Veselý
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Malinský
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Jan Evangelista in Ústí nad Labem, 400 03 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Hasal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Hubáček
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, SoWa National Research Infrastructure, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budejovice, Czech Republic;
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Píchalová R, Füzik T, Vokatá B, Rumlová M, Llano M, Dostálková A, Křížová I, Ruml T, Ulbrich P. Conserved cysteines in Mason-Pfizer monkey virus capsid protein are essential for infectious mature particle formation. Virology 2018; 521:108-117. [PMID: 29906704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Retrovirus assembly is driven mostly by Gag polyprotein oligomerization, which is mediated by inter and intra protein-protein interactions among its capsid (CA) domains. Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) CA contains three cysteines (C82, C193 and C213), where the latter two are highly conserved among most retroviruses. To determine the importance of these cysteines, we introduced mutations of these residues in both bacterial and proviral vectors and studied their impact on the M-PMV life cycle. These studies revealed that the presence of both conserved cysteines of M-PMV CA is necessary for both proper assembly and virus infectivity. Our findings suggest a crucial role of these cysteines in the formation of infectious mature particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Růžena Píchalová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tibor Füzik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
| | - Alžběta Dostálková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Ulbrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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