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Colvard MD, Vesper BJ, Kaste LM, Hirst JL, Peters DE, James J, Villalobos R, Wipfler EJ. The Evolving Role of Dental Responders on Interprofessional Emergency Response Teams. Dent Clin North Am 2018; 60:907-20. [PMID: 27671961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Disaster and pandemic response events require an interprofessional team of health care responders to organize and work together in high-pressure, time-critical situations. Civilian oral health care professionals have traditionally been limited to forensic identification of human remains. However, after the bombing of the Twin Towers in New York, federal agencies realized that dentists can play significant roles in disaster and immunization response, especially on interprofessional responder teams. Several states have begun to incorporate dentists into the first responder community. This article discusses the roles of dental responders and highlights legislative advancements and advocacy efforts supporting the dental responder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Colvard
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Medicine Responder Training Office, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street (MC 838), Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Vesper
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Medicine Responder Training Office, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street (MC 838), Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA
| | - Linda M Kaste
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street (MC 850), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremy L Hirst
- DuPage County Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 418 North County Farm Road, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA
| | - David E Peters
- UIC Police Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, 943 West Maxwell Street, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - James James
- Society for Disaster Medicine & Public Health, 11300 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Rodrigo Villalobos
- Dental School, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica (ULATINA), San Jose, Montes de Oca, San Pedro, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - E John Wipfler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA; Emergency Department, OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, 530 Northeast Glen Oak Avenue, Peoria, IL 61637, USA; Peoria County Sheriff's Office, 301 North Maxwell Road, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Breskey JD, Lacey SE, Vesper BJ, Paradise WA, Radosevich JA, Colvard MD. Photodynamic therapy: occupational hazards and preventative recommendations for clinical administration by healthcare providers. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:398-407. [PMID: 23859750 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a medical treatment for cancers is an increasing practice in clinical settings, as new photosensitizing chemicals and light source technologies are developed and applied. PDT involves dosing patients with photosensitizing drugs, and then exposing them to light using a directed energy device in order to manifest a therapeutic effect. Healthcare professionals providing PDT should be aware of potential occupational health and safety hazards posed by these treatment devices and photosensitizing agents administered to patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we outline and identify pertinent health and safety considerations to be taken by healthcare staff during PDT procedures. RESULTS Physical hazards (for example, non-ionizing radiation generated by the light-emitting device, with potential for skin and eye exposure) and chemical hazards (including the photosensitizing agents administered to patients that have the potential for exposure via skin, subcutaneous, ingestion, or inhalation routes) must be considered for safe use of PDT by the healthcare professional. CONCLUSIONS Engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment controls are recommendations for the safe use and handling of PDT agents and light-emitting technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Breskey
- California State University, Fullerton, College of Health and Human Development, Department of Health Science, Fullerton 92831, California, USA.
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De Vitto H, Mendonça BS, Elseth KM, Onul A, Xue J, Vesper BJ, Gallo CVM, Rumjanek FD, Paradise WA, Radosevich JA. Part III. Molecular changes induced by high nitric oxide adaptation in human breast cancer cell line BT-20 (BT-20-HNO): a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:403-13. [PMID: 23238817 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient deprivation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in breast cancer mitochondrial adaptation. Adaptations to these conditions allow cells to survive in the stressful microenvironment of the tumor bed. This study is directed at defining the consequences of High Nitric Oxide (HNO) exposure to mitochondria in human breast cancer cells. The breast cancer cell line BT-20 (parent) was adapted to HNO as previously reported, resulting in the BT-20-HNO cell line. Both cell lines were analyzed by a variety of methods including MTT, LDH leakage assay, DNA sequencing, and Western blot analysis. The LDH assay and the gene chip data showed that BT-20-HNO was more prone to use the glycolytic pathway than the parent cell line. The BT-20-HNO cells were also more resistant to the apoptotic inducing agent salinomycin, which suggests that p53 may be mutated in these cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing of the p53 gene showed that it was, in fact, mutated at the DNA-binding site (L194F). Western blot analysis showed that p53 was significantly upregulated in these cells. These results suggest that free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), pressure human breast tumor cells to acquire an aggressive phenotype and resistance to apoptosis. These data collectively provide a mechanism by which the dysregulation of ROS in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells can result in DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H De Vitto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IBqM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Onul A, Colvard MD, Paradise WA, Elseth KM, Vesper BJ, Gouvas E, Deliu Z, Garcia KD, Pestle WJ, Radosevich JA. Application of immunohistochemical staining to detect antigen destruction as a measure of tissue damage. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:683-93. [PMID: 22723525 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412452146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocautery and directed energy devices (DEDs) such as lasers, which are used in surgery, result in tissue damage that cannot be readily detected by traditional histological methods, such as hematoxylin and eosin staining. Alternative staining methods, including 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to stain live tissue, have been reported. Despite providing superior detection of damaged tissue relative to the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) method, the MTT method possesses a number of drawbacks, most notably that it must be carried out on live tissue samples. Herein, we report the development of a novel staining method, "antigen destruction immunohistochemistry" (ADI), which can be carried out on paraffin-embedded tissue. The ADI method takes advantage of epitope loss to define the area of tissue damage and provides many of the benefits of live tissue MTT staining without the drawbacks inherent to that method. In addition, the authors provide data to support the use of antibodies directed at a number of gene products for use in animal tissue for which there are no species-specific antibodies commercially available, as well as an example of a species-specific direct antibody. Data are provided that support the use of this method in many tissue models, as well as evidence that ADI is comparable to the live tissue MTT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Onul
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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5
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Onul A, Elseth KM, De Vitto H, Paradise WA, Vesper BJ, Tarjan G, Haines GK, Rumjanek FD, Radosevich JA. Long-term adaptation of the human lung tumor cell line A549 to increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:739-48. [PMID: 22407532 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that A549, a human lung cancer cell line, could be adapted to the free radical nitric oxide (NO●). NO● is known to be over expressed in human tumors. The original cell line, A549 (parent), and the newly adapted A549-HNO (which has a more aggressive phenotype) serve as a useful model system to study the biology of NO●. To see if tumor cells can similarly be adapted to any free radical with the same outcome, herein we successfully adapted A549 cells to high levels of hydrogen peroxide (HHP). A549-HHP, the resulting cell line, was more resistant and grew better then the parent cell line, and showed the following characteristics: (1) resistance to hydrogen peroxide, (2) resistance to NO●, (3) growth with and without hydrogen peroxide, and (4) resistance to doxorubicin. Gene chip analysis was used to determine the global gene expression changes between A549-parent and A549-HHP and revealed significant changes in the expression of over 1,700 genes. This gene profile was markedly different from that obtained from the A549-HNO cell line. The mitochondrial DNA content of the A549-HHP line determined by quantitative PCR favored a change for a more anaerobic metabolic profile. Our findings suggest that any free radical can induce resistance to other free radicals; this is especially important given that radiation therapy and many chemotherapeutic agents exert their effect via free radicals. Utilizing this model system to better understand the role of free radicals in tumor biology will help to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Onul
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Song Y, Zong H, Trivedi ER, Vesper BJ, Waters EA, Barrett AGM, Radosevich JA, Hoffman BM, Meade TJ. Synthesis and characterization of new porphyrazine-Gd(III) conjugates as multimodal MR contrast agents. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2267-75. [PMID: 21062033 DOI: 10.1021/bc1002828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has long been used clinically and experimentally as a diagnostic tool to obtain three-dimensional, high-resolution images of deep tissues. These images are enhanced by the administration of contrast agents such as paramagnetic Gd(III) complexes. Herein, we describe the preparation of a series of multimodal imaging agents in which paramagnetic Gd(III) complexes are conjugated to a fluorescent tetrapyrrole, namely, a porphyrazine (pz). Zinc metalated pzs conjugated to one, four, or eight paramagnetic Gd(III) complexes are reported. Among these conjugates, Zn-Pz-8Gd(III) exhibits an ionic relaxivity four times that of the monomeric Gd(III) agent, presumably because of increased molecular weight and a molecular relaxivity that is approximately thirty times larger, while retaining the intense electronic absorption and emission of the unmodified pz. Unlike current clinical MR agents, Zn-Pz-1Gd(III) is taken up by cells. This probe demonstrates intracellular fluorescence by confocal microscopy and provides significant contrast enhancement in MR images, as well as marked phototoxicity in assays of cellular viability. These results suggest that pz agents possess a new potential for use in cancer imaging by both MRI and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, while acting as a platform for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Tarjan G, Haines GK, Vesper BJ, Xue J, Altman MB, Yarmolyuk YR, Khurram H, Elseth KM, Roeske JC, Aydogan B, Radosevich JA. Part II. Initial molecular and cellular characterization of high nitric oxide-adapted human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:87-98. [PMID: 20963646 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not understood why some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, despite having identical morphology, demonstrate different tumor aggressiveness, including radioresistance. High levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) and increased expression of the NO-producing enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been implicated in tumor progression. We previously adapted three human tongue cancer cell lines to high NO (HNO) levels by gradually exposing them to increasing concentrations of an NO donor; the HNO cells grew faster than their corresponding untreated ("parent") cells, despite being morphologically identical. Herein we initially characterize the HNO cells and compare the biological properties of the HNO and parent cells. HNO/parent cell line pairs were analyzed for cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, X-ray and ultraviolet radiation response, and expression of key cellular enzymes, including NOS, p53, glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1), and checkpoint kinases (Chk1, Chk2). While some of these properties were cell line-specific, the HNO cells typically exhibited properties associated with a more aggressive behavior profile than the parent cells (greater S-phase percentage, radioresistance, and elevated expression of GST-pi/APE1/Chk1/Chk2). To correlate these findings with conditions in primary tumors, we examined the NOS, GST-pi, and APE1 expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinomas. A majority of the clinical samples exhibited elevated expression levels of these enzymes. Together, the results herein suggest cancer cells exposed to HNO levels can develop resistance to free radicals by upregulating protective mechanisms, such as GST-pi and APE1. These upregulated defense mechanisms may contribute to their aggressive expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tarjan
- Department of Pathology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Paradise WA, Vesper BJ, Goel A, Waltonen JD, Altman KW, Haines GK, Radosevich JA. Nitric oxide: perspectives and emerging studies of a well known cytotoxin. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2715-45. [PMID: 20717533 PMCID: PMC2920563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO•) is known to play a dual role in human physiology and pathophysiology. At low levels, NO• can protect cells; however, at higher levels, NO• is a known cytotoxin, having been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and progression. While the majority of research devoted to understanding the role of NO• in cancer has to date been tissue-specific, we herein review underlying commonalities of NO• which may well exist among tumors arising from a variety of different sites. We also discuss the role of NO• in human physiology and pathophysiology, including the very important relationship between NO• and the glutathione-transferases, a class of protective enzymes involved in cellular protection. The emerging role of NO• in three main areas of epigenetics—DNA methylation, microRNAs, and histone modifications—is then discussed. Finally, we describe the recent development of a model cell line system in which human tumor cell lines were adapted to high NO• (HNO) levels. We anticipate that these HNO cell lines will serve as a useful tool in the ongoing efforts to better understand the role of NO• in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Paradise
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mails: (W.A.P.); (B.J.V.)
- Department of Jesse Brown, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Vesper
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mails: (W.A.P.); (B.J.V.)
- Department of Jesse Brown, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Joshua D. Waltonen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; E-Mail:
| | | | - G. Kenneth Haines
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James A. Radosevich
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mails: (W.A.P.); (B.J.V.)
- Department of Jesse Brown, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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Vesper BJ, Elseth KM, Tarjan G, Haines GK, Radosevich JA. Long-term adaptation of breast tumor cell lines to high concentrations of nitric oxide. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:267-75. [PMID: 20480412 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, has been implicated in the biology of human cancers, including breast cancer, yet it is still unclear how NO affects tumor development and propagation. We herein gradually adapted four human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (BT-20, Hs578T, T-47D, and MCF-7) to increasing concentrations of the NO donor DETA-NONOate up to 600 muM. The resulting model system consisted of a set of fully adapted high nitric oxide ("HNO") cell lines that are biologically different from the "parent" cell lines from which they originated. Although each of the four parent and HNO cell lines had identical morphologic appearance, the HNO cells grew faster than their corresponding parent cells and were resistant to both nitrogen- and oxygen-based free radicals. These cell lines serve as a novel tool to study the role of NO in breast cancer progression and potentially can be used to predict the therapeutic response leading to more efficient therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Vesper
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Trivedi ER, Vesper BJ, Weitman H, Ehrenberg B, Barrett AG, Radosevich JA, Hoffman BM. Chiralbis-Acetal Porphyrazines as Near-infrared Optical Agents for Detection and Treatment of Cancer. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:410-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used to treat acid-related diseases, most notably gastroesophageal reflux disease. PPIs are designed to shut down the gastric proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase) of parietal cells, thereby raising the pH of the stomach. While effective, a number of side effects have been associated with PPI use. Naturally occurring bacteria, some of which are acid-producing and contain ATPase enzymes, have also been found within the stomach, upper gastrointestinal tract, and oral cavity. Likewise, a number of fungi are known to inhabit the human body; some of these fungi contain H+-ATPase enzymes. Recent literature has suggested that PPIs may be inadvertently affecting these bacteria and fungi in two different ways: 1) PPIs may directly target the proton pumps of the bacteria and fungi, and/or 2) PPIs may indirectly affect the microenvironment of the flora via changes in pH. These unintended interactions are exasperated by the systemic distribution of PPIs throughout the body and may potentially lead to some of the side effects observed with PPI use. Herein we summarize what is currently known about the interactions between the PPIs and the natural human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Vesper
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Altman MB, Vesper BJ, Smith BD, Stinauer MA, Pelizzari CA, Aydogan B, Reft CS, Radosevich JA, Chmura SJ, Roeske JC. Characterization of a novel phantom for three-dimensional in vitro cell experiments. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:N75-82. [PMID: 19182327 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/5/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) phantom for use in three-dimensional in vitro cell experiments, based on a commercially available system (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA), was designed and fabricated. The water-equivalent plastic phantom can, with a set of water-equivalent plastic inserts, enclose 1-3 multi-well tissue culture plates. Dosimetry within the phantom was assessed using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) and film. The phantom was loaded with three tissue culture plates, and an array of TLDs or a set of three films was placed underneath each plate within the phantom, and then irradiated using an IMRT plan created for it. Measured doses from each dosimeter were compared to those acquired from the treatment planning system. The percent differences between TLD measurements and the corresponding points in the treatment plan ranged from 1.3% to 2.9%, differences which did not show statistical significance. Average point-by-point percent dose differences for each film plane ranged from 1.6% to 3.1%. The percentage dose difference for which 95% of the points in the film matched those corresponding to the calculated dose plane to within 3.0% ranged from 2.8% to 4.2%. The good agreement between predicted and measured dose shows that the phantom is a useful and efficient tool for three-dimensional in vitro cell experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Altman
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Vesper BJ, Altman KW, Elseth KM, Haines GK, Pavlova SI, Tao L, Tarjan G, Radosevich JA. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): is there more to the story? ChemMedChem 2008; 3:552-9. [PMID: 18076011 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects both men and women worldwide, with the most common symptom of GERD being frequent heartburn. If left untreated, more serious diseases including esophagitis and/or esophageal cancer may result. GERD has been commonly held to be the result of gastric acid refluxing into the esophagus. Recent work, however, has shown that there are acid-producing cells in the upper aerodigestive tract. In addition, acid-producing bacteria located within the upper gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity may also be a contributing factor in the onset of GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed for treating GERD; these drugs are designed to stop the production of gastric acid by shutting down the H(+)/K(+)-ATPase enzyme located in parietal cells. PPI treatment is systemic and therefore significantly different than traditional antacids. Although a popular treatment choice, PPIs exhibit substantial interpatient variability and commonly fail to provide a complete cure to the disease. Recent studies have shown that H(+)/K(+)-ATPases are expressed in tissues outside the stomach, and the effects of PPIs in these nongastric tissues have not been fully explored. Likewise, acid-producing bacteria containing proton pumps are present in both the oral cavity and esophagus, and PPI use may also adversely affect these bacteria. The use of PPI therapy is further complicated by the two philosophical approaches to treating this disease: to treat only symptoms or to treat continuously. The latter approach frequently results in unwanted side effects which may be due to the PPIs acting on nongastric tissues or the microbes which colonize the upper aerodigestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Vesper
- Center of Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry/Jesse Brown VAMC, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Altman KW, Chhaya V, Hammer ND, Pavlova S, Vesper BJ, Tao L, Radosevich JA. Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitor Pantoprazole on Growth and Morphology of OralLactobacillusStrains. Laryngoscope 2008; 118:599-604. [DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e318161f9bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vesper BJ, Lee S, Hammer ND, Elseth KM, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM, Radosevich JA. Developing a structure–function relationship for anionic porphyrazines exhibiting selective anti-tumor activity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2006; 82:180-6. [PMID: 16388964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The porphyrazines (pzs) are a class of porphyrin derivatives being studied for their use as optical imaging agents and photodynamic therapy (PDT) anti-tumor agents. A previous study revealed that the anionic pz, 18--of the form H2[pz(An;B4-n)], where A is [S(CH2)3CO2-], B is a fused beta',beta'-diisopropyloxy benzo group, with n=2 (trans)--selectively killed tumor cells, while analogous neutral and positively charged pzs lacked this property. In this report, we compare the properties of a suite of three H2[pz(An;B4-n)] pzs containing the same A and B groups as 18, but differing in their values of n: pzs 4 (n=4) and 11 (n=3), and 18 (n=2, trans) exhibit a progressive variation in charge due to the carboxylates, balance between hydrophobic/hydrophilic character, as well as a progressive variation in the singlet oxygen quantum yield (PhiDelta): PhiDelta (18)>PhiDelta (11)>PhiDelta (4). The biological activity of the pzs was tested in human lung carcinoma (A549) and SV40 transformed embryonic (WI-38 VA13) cell lines. Pzs 4 and 11 exhibited significant toxicity in both tumor and normal cells, while 18 showed selective anti-tumor cell activity in a dose-dependent manner. As the number of net negative charges decreased, the compounds became less toxic to normal cells, and the killing effect observed with these compounds was light independent. These observations indicate that the toxicity may have little to do with singlet oxygen quantum yields, but rather is more dependent on the net number of negative charges a pz contains. The study reported herein presents an example of how the porphyrazines can be easily modified to vary their biological behavior and specifically suggest that anionic porphyrazines pzs with lower n (fewer carboxylates, larger hydrophobic core) are more specific tumor killers, while those with larger n (increased net negative charge) are more potent tumor killers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Vesper
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois - Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801 S. Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Hammer ND, Lee S, Vesper BJ, Elseth KM, Hoffman BM, Barrett AGM, Radosevich JA. Charge Dependence of Cellular Uptake and Selective Antitumor Activity of Porphyrazines. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8125-33. [PMID: 16366594 DOI: 10.1021/jm050466y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrazines (pzs), or tetraazaporphyrins, can be viewed as porphyrinic macrocycles in which the porphyrin meso (CH) groups are replaced by nitrogen atoms; as such, it can be anticipated that pzs would show similar biocompatibility and biodistribution to those of porphyrins. However, distinctive chemical and physical features of the pzs differentiate them from either the porphyrins or phthalocyanines, in particular making them excellent candidates as optical imaging/therapeutic agents. The novelty of the pzs requires that we first determine how specific structures selectively alter biological function, leading to the development of "rules" that will be used to predict future biologically functional pzs. In the first of these studies, we present here a correlation of pz charge with biocompatibility for a suite of three pzs-neutral, negative, and positive. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and proliferation/viability measurements disclose that the three pzs differ in their toxicity, uptake, and localization in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and WI-38 VA13 normal cells. Interestingly, the negatively charged pz exhibits selective dark toxicity in pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D Hammer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Fuchter MJ, Vesper BJ, Murphy KA, Collins HA, Phillips D, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. ROM Polymerization-Capture-Release Strategy for the Chromatography-Free Synthesis of Novel Unsymmetrical Porphyrazines. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2793-802. [PMID: 15787573 DOI: 10.1021/jo047792q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Crossover-Linstead macrocyclization reactions of two norbornenyl-tagged diaminomaleonitriles with dipropylmaleonitrile gave access to crude mixtures of porphyrazines containing diamino-hexapropyl-porphyrazine magnesium complexes. The mixtures were subjected to ring-opening metathesis polymerization to yield the insoluble diaminoporphyrazine-functionalized polymers. Acid-mediated cleavage from the polymer backbone followed by acylation of the resultant sensitive macrocyclic diamines gave monoacetyl-, monotrifluoroacetyl-, and ditrifluoroacetyl-substituted porphyrazinediamines. Conversion of these amido-porphyrazines to the corresponding zinc macrocycles and studies of their electronic absorption and emission spectra, electrochemistry, and photophysics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Vesper BJ, Salaita K, Zong H, Mirkin CA, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Surface-Bound Porphyrazines: Controlling Reduction Potentials of Self-Assembled Monolayers through Molecular Proximity/Orientation to a Metal Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:16653-8. [PMID: 15600371 DOI: 10.1021/ja045270m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of two novel H2[pz(An;B(4-n))] porphyrazines (pzs) which were designed to position themselves quite differently when attached to a surface: one to form a standard self-assembled monolayer (SAM) roughly perpendicular to a surface, the other to lie horizontally along a surface. As the former, we synthesized a pz, 1, where one pyrrole group is functionalized with two thioethers terminated in mercaptides (SR, R = (CH2)3CONH(CH2)2S-), each protected as a disulfide, and -S-Me is attached to the other pyrrole sites; the latter is a pz, 2, with dialkoxybenzo groups fused to two trans-pyrroles of the pz ring, and SR groups are attached to the other pair of pyrroles. Nanostructures of 1 and 2 were successfully patterned on gold surfaces via dip-pen nanolithography, and the predicted molecular orientation of the resulting structures was confirmed by topographic AFM images. The two pzs exhibit similar reduction potentials in solution. Both show large shifts in potential upon surface binding, with the magnitude of the shift depending on the proximity/orientation of the pz to the surface. The first reduction potential of the "vertically" aligned 1 shifts by ca. +430 mV when incorporated in a binary pz/hexanethiol SAM, while that for 2, which lies flat, shifts by ca. +800 mV; the potential thus shifts by ca. +370 mV upon taking a given pz that stands atop a two-legged insulating "standoff" in a traditional SAM and "laying it down". We suggest these observed effects can be explained by image-charge energetics, and this is supported by a simple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Vesper
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Garrido Montalban A, Michel SLJ, Baum SM, Vesper BJ, White AJP, Williams DJ, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Lanthanide porphyrazine sandwich complexes: synthetic, structural and spectroscopic investigations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b103346h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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