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Pausch T, David T, Fleck-Kunde T, Pols H, Gurke J, Schmidt BM. Multifold Post-Modification of Macrocycles and Cages by Isocyanate-Induced Azadefluorination Cyclisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318362. [PMID: 38294139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We present the multiple post-modification of organic macrocycles and cages, introducing functional groups into two- and three-dimensional supramolecular scaffolds bearing fluorine substituents, which opens up new possibilities in multi-step supramolecular chemistry employing the vast chemical space of readily available isocyanates. The mechanism and scope of the reaction that proceeds after isocyanate addition to the benzylamine motif via an azadefluorination cyclisation (ADFC) were investigated using DFT calculations, and a series of aromatic isocyanates with different electronic properties were tested. The compounds show excellent chemical stability and were fully characterised. They can be used for subsequent cross-coupling reactions, and ADFC can be used directly to generate cross-linked membranes from macrocycles or cages when using ditopic isocyanates. Single-crystal X-ray (SC-XRD) analysis shows the proof of the formation of the desired supramolecular entity together with the connectivity predicted by calculations and from 19F NMR shifts, allowing the late-stage functionalisation of self-assembled macrocycles and cages by ADFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim David
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Fleck-Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik Pols
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Gurke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Küng R, Germann A, Krüsmann M, Niggemann LP, Meisner J, Karg M, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanoresponsive Metal-Organic Cage-Crosslinked Polymer Hydrogels. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300079. [PMID: 36715238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of metal-organic cage-crosslinked polymer hydrogels. To enable crosslinking of the cages and subsequent network formation, we used homodifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains terminally substituted with bipyridines as ligands for the Pd6 L4 corners. The encapsulation of guest molecules into supramolecular self-assembled metal-organic cage-crosslinked hydrogels, as well as ultrasound-induced disassembly of the cages with release of their cargo, is presented in addition to their characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, rheology, and comprehensive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The constrained geometries simulating external force (CoGEF) method and barriers using a force-modified potential energy surface (FMPES) suggest that the cage-opening mechanism starts with the dissociation of one pyridine ligand at around 0.5 nN. We show the efficient sonochemical activation of the hydrogels HG3 -6 , increasing the non-covalent guest-loading of completely unmodified drugs available for release by a factor of ten in comparison to non-crosslinked, star-shaped assemblies in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Germann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Krüsmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louisa P Niggemann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Shining a Light on Dissipative Supramolecular Assemblies. Synlett 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-2007-2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently communicated photoresponsive, dissipative, and dynamic covalent macrocycles using visible light photoswitching. Several exciting contributions using metal-organic and metal-free supramolecular assemblies were published back-to-back, and we have a closer look at these contributions together with an in-depth insight into our macrocyclic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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Nieland E, Voss J, Mix A, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Dissipative Macrocycles Using Visible-Light-Switchable Azobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212745. [PMID: 36165240 PMCID: PMC9828355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visible light can be used to shift dynamic covalent imine assemblies out of equilibrium. We studied a fluorinated azobenzene building block that reliably undergoes geometric isomerism upon irradiation. The building block was used in combination with two different amines, ethylenediamine and R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, to create a library of imine macrocycles. Whereas the simple amine can be used to access a polymeric state and a defined bowl-shaped macrocycle, the chiral amine gives access to a rich network of macrocycles that undergo both isomerisation as well as interconversion between different macrocyclic species, thereby allowing for control over the number of monomers involved in the cyclo-oligomerization; 1 H- and 19 F-DOSY NMR, MALDI-MS measurements, and UV/Vis spectroscopy were used to study the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Andreas Mix
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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Nieland E, Voss J, Mix A, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Dissipative Macrocycles using Visible‐Light Switchable Azobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jona Voss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Insitute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Andreas Mix
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2 GERMANY
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry Universitätsstraße 126.33.U1.R38 40225 Düsseldorf GERMANY
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Nieland E, Komisarek D, Hohloch S, Wurst K, Vasylyeva V, Weingart O, Schmidt BM. Supramolecular networks by imine halogen bonding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5233-5236. [PMID: 35388831 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding of neutral donors using imine groups of porous organic cage compounds as acceptors leads to the formation of halogen-bonded frameworks. We report the use of two different imine cages, in combination with three electron-poor halogen bond donors. Four resulting solid-state structures elucidated by single-crystal X-ray analysis are presented and analysed for the first time by plane-wave DFT calculations and QTAIM-analyses of the entire unit cells, demonstrating the formation of halogen bonds within the networks. The supramolecular frameworks can be obtained either from solution or mechanochemically by liquid-assisted grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Daniel Komisarek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vera Vasylyeva
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Bügel S, Hähnel M, Kunde T, de Sousa Amadeu N, Sun Y, Spieß A, Beglau THY, Schmidt BM, Janiak C. Synthesis and Characterization of a Crystalline Imine-Based Covalent Organic Framework with Triazine Node and Biphenyl Linker and Its Fluorinated Derivate for CO 2/CH 4 Separation. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15082807. [PMID: 35454500 PMCID: PMC9031922 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A catalyst-free Schiff base reaction was applied to synthesize two imine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The condensation reaction of 1,3,5-tris-(4-aminophenyl)triazine (TAPT) with 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde led to the structure of HHU-COF-1 (HHU = Heinrich-Heine University). The fluorinated analog HHU-COF-2 was obtained with 2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'-octafluoro-4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde. Solid-state NMR, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis confirmed the successful formation of the two network structures. The crystalline materials are characterized by high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas of 2352 m2/g for HHU-COF-1 and 1356 m2/g for HHU-COF-2. The products of a larger-scale synthesis were applied to prepare mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) with the polymer Matrimid. CO2/CH4 permeation tests revealed a moderate increase in CO2 permeability at constant selectivity for HHU-COF-1 as a dispersed phase, whereas application of the fluorinated COF led to a CO2/CH4 selectivity increase from 42 for the pure Matrimid membrane to 51 for 8 wt% of HHU-COF-2 and a permeability increase from 6.8 to 13.0 Barrer for the 24 wt% MMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bügel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.B.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (A.S.); (T.H.Y.B.)
| | - Malte Hähnel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.B.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (A.S.); (T.H.Y.B.)
| | - Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Nader de Sousa Amadeu
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Fachbereich 6.3 (Strukturanalytik), 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.B.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (A.S.); (T.H.Y.B.)
| | - Alex Spieß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.B.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (A.S.); (T.H.Y.B.)
| | - Thi Hai Yen Beglau
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.B.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (A.S.); (T.H.Y.B.)
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.M.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.B.); (M.H.); (Y.S.); (A.S.); (T.H.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.S.); (C.J.)
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Küng R, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Frontispiece: Release of Molecular Cargo from Polymer Systems by Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202281762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Guńka PA, Krzyżanowski M, Kasprzak A, Schmidt BM. Fast, solvent-free synthesis of Ferrocene-containing Organic Cages via dynamic covalent chemistry in the solid state. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2877-2883. [PMID: 35382473 PMCID: PMC8905640 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, solvent-free synthetic protocol towards the synthesis of organic self-assembled macromolecules has been established. By employing mechanochemistry using glassware readily available to every organic chemist, we were able to...
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maurycy Krzyżanowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
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Abstract
The design and manipulation of (multi)functional materials at the nanoscale holds the promise of fuelling tomorrow's major technological advances. In the realm of macromolecular nanosystems, the incorporation of force‐responsive groups, so called mechanophores, has resulted in unprecedented access to responsive behaviours and enabled sophisticated functions of the resulting structures and advanced materials. Among the diverse force‐activated motifs, the on‐demand release or activation of compounds, such as catalysts, drugs, or monomers for self‐healing, are sought‐after since they enable triggering pristine small molecule function from macromolecular frameworks. Here, we highlight examples of molecular cargo release systems from polymer‐based architectures in solution by means of sonochemical activation by ultrasound (ultrasound‐induced mechanochemistry). Important design concepts of these advanced materials are discussed, as well as their syntheses and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Heinrich-Heine-Univerität Düsseldorf, Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien, Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 1, 26.33.U1.R38, 40225, Düsseldorf, GERMANY
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM. Front Cover: Porous Organic Compounds – Small Pores on the Rise (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 43/2021). European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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Abstract
To create innovative materials, efficient control and engineering of pore sizes and their characteristics, crystallinity and stability is required. Eight hybrid Tri4 Di6 imine cages with a tunable degree of fluorination and one fully fluorinated Tri4 Di6 imine cage are investigated. Although the fluorinated and the non-fluorinated building blocks used herein differ vastly in reactivity, it was possible to gain control over the outcome of the self-assembly process, by carefully controlling the feed ratio. This represents the first hybrid material based on fluorinated/hydrogenated porous organic cages (POCs). These cages with unlimited miscibility in the solid state were obtained as highly crystalline samples after recrystallization and even showed retention of the crystal lattice, forming alloys. All mixtures and the fully fluorinated Tri4 Di6 imine cage were analyzed by MALDI-MS, single-crystal XRD, powder XRD and in regard to thermal stability (TGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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15
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Innentitelbild: Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig (Angew. Chem. 24/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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16
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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17
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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18
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Inside Cover: Mechanochemical Release of Non‐Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer‐Decorated Supramolecular Cage (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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19
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM, Reiss GJ. Highly Fluorinated Trianglimine Macrocycles: A Supramolecular Organic Framework. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1470-6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel highly fluorinated dialdehyde was prepared by a two-stage synthesis. This reactive building block for dynamic imine chemistry was used in a condensation reaction to generate the first extensively fluorinated trianglimine. An analysis of the material properties and, especially, the crystal structure of the [3+3] macrocycle revealed a supramolecular organic framework with tubular porous channels. The use of fluorinated ligands to generate hydrophobic electron-deficient channel-like pores is an important addition to the ever-expanding field of supramolecular networks and to trianglimine chemistry in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
| | - Guido J. Reiss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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20
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Sell K, Pfadenhauer LM, Jessani N, Schmidt BM, Levitt N, Chapotera G, Akiteng AR, Mpando T, Ntawuyirushintege S, Rehfuess EA. Collaborative strategies for knowledge translation: the African-German CEBHA+ research network. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Collaboration for Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health in Africa (CEBHA+) is an NCD research consortium that seeks to engage policy-makers and practitioners throughout the research process in order to build lasting relationships, enhance evidence uptake and build long-term capacity among partner institutions in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. This integrated knowledge translation (IKT) approach includes the formal development and implementation of country-specific engagement strategies.
Methods
An early-stage evaluation is taking place in Mid-2020. Online surveys and qualitative interviews with researchers and policy-and-practice partners will inform adaptation of country-specific strategies, advance the initial programme theory and contribute to the science of IKT.
Results
We present three pertinent observations based on the development and implementation of an overarching CEBHA+ IKT approach and five country-specific strategies over the last two years: Despite being informed by an overarching IKT programme theory, the site-specific strategies and resulting partnerships vary markedly, representing the whole continuum of integrated knowledge translation.The diversity of approaches is due to different understandings of IKT, discontinuity of staff, lack of IKT training, and perceptions of usefulness (compared to ongoing research activities) among CEBHA+ researchers.The individual, dynamic and often pre-existing relationships of researchers and partners from policy and practice are central to IKT, but capturing these within the programme theory and monitoring them remains challenging.
Conclusions
These observations are useful to guide further evaluation and cross-country comparison. Close examination of relationships and conceptualisation of IKT as a continuum may provide valuable insights into the circumstances that make IKT efforts worthwhile.
Key messages
Translating evidence into policy and practice is reliant on partnerships between researchers and policy-and-practice partners. These can be formalised but the relationships remain complex and dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sell
- IBE, Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - L M Pfadenhauer
- IBE, Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - N Jessani
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B M Schmidt
- Cochrane Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Levitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Chapotera
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A R Akiteng
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - T Mpando
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S Ntawuyirushintege
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences School of PH, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - E A Rehfuess
- IBE, Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
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21
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Czekelius C, Helmecke L, Spittler M, Schmidt BM. Metal-Free Iodoperfluoroalkylation: Photocatalysis versus Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of two catalytic, metal-free iodoperfluoroalkylation protocols is presented. Frustrated Lewis pairs [
t
Bu3P/B(C6F5)3] or phosphines/phosphites under visible light irradiation efficiently mediate the functionalization of non-activated alkenes and alkynes. A comprehensive account of the corresponding substrate scopes as well as insights into the mechanistic details of both reaction pathways are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Czekelius
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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22
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Kunde T, Nieland E, Schröder HV, Schalley CA, Schmidt BM. A porous fluorinated organic [4+4] imine cage showing CO2 and H2 adsorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4761-4764. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01872d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first POC, containing perfluorinated aromatic panels forming quickly and in high purity, despite low preorganization encoded in the starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstraße 1
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstraße 1
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Arnimallee 20
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Arnimallee 20
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstraße 1
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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23
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Nieland E, Weingart O, Schmidt BM. Fluorinated azobenzenes as supramolecular halogen-bonding building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2013-2019. [PMID: 31501668 PMCID: PMC6720338 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ortho-Fluoroazobenzenes are a remarkable example of bistable photoswitches, addressable by visible light. Symmetrical, highly fluorinated azobenzenes bearing an iodine substituent in para-position were shown to be suitable supramolecular building blocks both in solution and in the solid state in combination with neutral halogen bonding acceptors, such as lutidines. Therefore, we investigate the photochemistry of a series of azobenzene photoswitches. Upon introduction of iodoethynyl groups, the halogen bonding donor properties are significantly strengthened in solution. However, the bathochromic shift of the π→π* band leads to a partial overlap with the n→π* band, making it slightly more difficult to address. The introduction of iodine substituents is furthermore accompanied with a diminishing thermal half-life. A series of three azobenzenes with different halogen bonding donor properties are discussed in relation to their changing photophysical properties, rationalized by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Hou L, Zhang X, Cotella GF, Carnicella G, Herder M, Schmidt BM, Pätzel M, Hecht S, Cacialli F, Samorì P. Optically switchable organic light-emitting transistors. Nat Nanotechnol 2019; 14:347-353. [PMID: 30778212 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting transistors are pivotal components for emerging opto- and nanoelectronics applications, such as logic circuitries and smart displays. Within this technology sector, the integration of multiple functionalities in a single electronic device remains the key challenge. Here we show optically switchable organic light-emitting transistors fabricated through a judicious combination of light-emitting semiconductors and photochromic molecules. Irradiation of the solution-processed films at selected wavelengths enables the efficient and reversible tuning of charge transport and electroluminescence simultaneously, with a high degree of modulation (on/off ratios up to 500) in the three primary colours. Different emitting patterns can be written and erased through a non-invasive and mask-free process, on a length scale of a few micrometres in a single device, thereby rendering this technology potentially promising for optically gated highly integrated full-colour displays and active optical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni F Cotella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Carnicella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Pätzel
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, Strasbourg, France.
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25
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Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and crystal structures of three [2+2] supramolecular boxes assembled by halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Thomas Topornicki
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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26
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Kunde T, Schmidt BM. Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) for Small-Molecule Structure Determination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:666-668. [PMID: 30548517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of new methods to analyze and determine molecular structures parallels the ability to accelerate synthetic research. For many decades, single-crystal analysis by X-ray diffraction (SXRD) has been the definitive tool for structural analysis at the atomic level; the drawback, however, is that a suitable single crystal of the analyte needs to be grown. The recent innovation of the crystalline sponge (CS) method allows the microanalysis of compounds simply soaked in a readily prepared CS crystal, thus circumventing the need to screen crystallization conditions while also using only a trace amount of the sample. In this context, electron diffraction for the structure determination of small molecules is discussed as potentially the next big development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Kunde T, Schmidt BM. Mikrokristalline Elektronenbeugung (MicroED) zur Strukturaufklärung niedermolekularer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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28
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Eisenreich F, Kathan M, Dallmann A, Ihrig SP, Schwaar T, Schmidt BM, Hecht S. A photoswitchable catalyst system for remote-controlled (co)polymerization in situ. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Photoswitchable acid-base pairs, whose pKa values can be reversibly altered, are attractive molecular tools to control chemical and biological processes with light. A significant, light-induced pKa change of three units in aqueous medium has been realized for two thermally stable states, which can be interconverted using UV and green light. The light-induced pKa modulation is based on incorporating a 3-H-thiazol-2-one moiety into the framework of a diarylethene photoswitch, which loses the heteroaromatic stabilization of the negatively charged conjugate base upon photochemical ring closure, and hence becomes significantly less acidic. In addition, the efficiency of the photoreactions is drastically increased in the deprotonated state, giving rise to catalytically enhanced photochromism. It appears that protonation has a significant influence on the shape of the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, as indicated by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gurke
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského, 40, SK-97400, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Gurke J, Budzák Š, Schmidt BM, Jacquemin D, Hecht S. Effiziente lichtinduzierte p
K
a
‐Modulation, gekoppelt mit basenkatalysierter Photochromie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gurke
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 Université de Nantes 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 Frankreich
- Institut für Chemie Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Matej Bel Universität Tajovského, 40 SK-97400 Banská Bystrica Slowakische Republik
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 Université de Nantes 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 Frankreich
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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31
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Birkenfelder I, Gurke J, Grubert L, Hecht S, Schmidt BM. Click Chemistry Derived Pyridazines: Electron-Deficient Building Blocks with Defined Conformation and Packing Structure. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:3156-3161. [PMID: 29083098 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3,6-bis(4-triazolyl)pyridazines equipped with terminal phenyl substituents with varying degree of fluorination were synthesized by using the facile copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and their structures were thoroughly investigated in the gas phase, in solution, and in the solid state by employing DFT calculations, NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, respectively. On the molecular level, their structure is governed by the strong preference of the triazole-pyridazine linkages for the anti-conformation. The supramolecular organization of the molecules in the crystalline solid is controlled by π-stacking, C-H⋅⋅⋅π as well as C-F⋅⋅⋅H interactions. The latter can conveniently be tuned by the number and position of fluorine substituents in the terminal phenyl units, giving rise to either herringbone-like, 1D or 2D lamellar packing. Electrochemistry and optical spectroscopy of all compounds suggest that they might find use as electron-transporting/hole-blocking materials in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irén Birkenfelder
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Gurke
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Grubert
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Huang CY, Bonasera A, Hristov L, Garmshausen Y, Schmidt BM, Jacquemin D, Hecht S. N,N′-Disubstituted Indigos as Readily Available Red-Light Photoswitches with Tunable Thermal Half-Lives. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15205-15211. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yang Huang
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lachezar Hristov
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Garmshausen
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire
CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la
Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Self-assembled coordination cages can be employed as a molecular press, where the bowl-shaped guest corannulene (C20H10) is significantly flattened upon inclusion within the hydrophobic cavity. This is demonstrated by the pairwise inclusion of corannulene with naphthalene diimide as well as by the dimer inclusion of bromocorannulene inside the box-like host. The compressed corannulene structures are unambiguously revealed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M Schmidt
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takafumi Osuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sawada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Manabu Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M. Schmidt
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokio 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takafumi Osuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokio 113-8656 Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sawada
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokio 113-8656 Japan
| | - Manabu Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokio 113-8656 Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokio 113-8656 Japan
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Abstract
When applying photochromic switches as functional units in light-responsive materials or devices, an often disregarded yet crucial property is their resistance to fatigue during photoisomerization. In the large family of diarylethene photoswitches, formation of an annulated isomer as a byproduct of the photochromic reaction turns out to prevent the desired high reversibility for many different derivatives. To overcome this general problem, we have synthesized and thoroughly investigated the fatigue behavior of a series of diarylethenes, varying the nature of the hetaryl moieties, the bridging units, and the substituents. By analysis of photokinetic data, a quantification of the tendency for byproduct formation in terms of quantum yields could be achieved, and a strong dependency on the electronic properties of the substituents was observed. In particular, substitution with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or 3,5-bis(pentafluorosulfanyl)phenyl groups strongly suppresses the byproduct formation and opens up a general strategy to construct highly fatigue-resistant diarylethene photochromic systems with a large structural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Herder
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Grabowsky S, Weber M, Chen YS, Lentz D, Schmidt BM, Hesse M, Luger P. Electron Density of Corannulene from Synchrotron Data at 12 K, Comparison with Fullerenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2010-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The electron density of corannulene, C20H10, was derived from a high-resolution synchrotron data set (sinθ /λ = 1.11 Å−1) measured at 12 K and from an ab-initio geometry optimization on the B3LYP/6-31G* level. A full topological analysis yielded atomic and bond-topological properties which were compared between experimental and theoretical findings and, as far as steric congruences exist, with corresponding fragments of the fullerene C70. For the four different types of C-C bonds in corannulene, a rather close bond-order range between 1.3 and 1.8 was found indicating a considerable delocalization in this molecule. As was already found earlier in fullerene cages, the deformation density on the C-C bonds is not arranged symmetrically. There is more density located outside than inside the corannulene bowl so that in total, charge accumulation is shifted to the outer surface of the molecule. The electrostatic potential suggests an H...π stacking in the crystal which directs the relative orientation of the two crystallographically independent corannulene molecules. The positively charged rim region of one molecule is oriented almost perpendicular to the negative potential region at the bottom of a second molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Grabowsky
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a and Fabeckstraße 34 – 36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a and Fabeckstraße 34 - 36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, c/o Advanced Photon Source/ANL, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Bldg. 434D, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a and Fabeckstraße 34 - 36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a and Fabeckstraße 34 - 36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Hesse
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a and Fabeckstraße 34 - 36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a and Fabeckstraße 34 - 36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
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Schmidt BM, Topolinski B, Yamada M, Higashibayashi S, Shionoya M, Sakurai H, Lentz D. Fluorinated and trifluoromethylated corannulenes. Chemistry 2013; 19:13872-80. [PMID: 24009101 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and properties of corannulenes carrying electron-withdrawing groups (F, CF3 , C6 F5 ) are reported. Direct fluorination of corannulene (C20 H10 ) was carried out with xenon difluoride, and the crystal structure of the product was confirmed by the X-ray analysis. Novel trifluoromethylated corannulenes, including the versatile 4,9-dibromo-1,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)corannulene, were obtained by various established ring-closing reactions. Besides the use of hexafluorobutyne for the construction of fluoranthenes by Diels-Alder reaction as precursor molecules to form 1,2-disubstituted corannulenes, bis(pentafluorophenyl)acetylene was employed as dienophile. The molecular structure and crystal packing of a trifluoromethylated corannulene was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis and compared with those known brominated and trifluoromethylated corannulenes. The general electron-acceptor properties of corannulenes bearing substituents introduced in particular positions by liquid-phase synthesis are discussed together with published computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M Schmidt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin (Germany); Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787 (Japan)
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Schmidt BM, Topolinski B, Higashibayashi S, Kojima T, Kawano M, Lentz D, Sakurai H. The Synthesis of Hexafluorosumanene and Its Congeners. Chemistry 2013; 19:3282-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M. Schmidt
- Research Center for Molecular Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444‐8787 (Japan)
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34‐36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Berit Topolinski
- Research Center for Molecular Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444‐8787 (Japan)
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34‐36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Shuhei Higashibayashi
- Research Center for Molecular Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444‐8787 (Japan)
| | - Tatsuhiro Kojima
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790‐784 (South Korea)
| | - Masaki Kawano
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang 790‐784 (South Korea)
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34‐36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Research Center for Molecular Scale Nanoscience, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444‐8787 (Japan)
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Topolinski B, Schmidt BM, Higashibayashi S, Sakurai H, Lentz D. Sumanenylferrocenes and their solid state self-assembly. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:13809-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schmidt BM, Seki S, Topolinski B, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Sakurai H, Lentz D. Elektronische Eigenschaften trifluormethylierter Corannulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schmidt BM, Seki S, Topolinski B, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Sakurai H, Lentz D. Electronic Properties of Trifluoromethylated Corannulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11385-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mebs S, Weber M, Luger P, Schmidt BM, Sakurai H, Higashibayashi S, Onogi S, Lentz D. Experimental electron density of sumanene, a bowl-shaped fullerene fragment; comparison with the related corannulene hydrocarbon. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2218-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Topolinski B, Schmidt BM, Kathan M, Troyanov SI, Lentz D. Corannulenylferrocenes: towards a 1D, non-covalent metal–organic nanowire. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6298-300. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Duric S, Schmidt BM, Ninnemann NM, Lentz D, Tzschucke CC. Synthesis of Trifluorostyrene Derivatives by Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Lithium Trimethoxy(trifluorovinyl)borate with Aryl Bromides. Chemistry 2011; 18:437-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schmidt BM, Schmieder RE. [Proven and new parameters of hypertensive target organ damage]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2006; 131:H20-3. [PMID: 17109244 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-955057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Schmidt
- Medizinische Klinik 4/Nephrologie und Hypertensiologie, Clinical Research Center, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Tillmann HC, Stuck BA, Feuring M, Rossol-Haseroth K, Tran BM, Lösel R, Schmidt BM, Hörmann K, Wehling M, Schultz A. Delayed genomic and acute nongenomic action of glucocorticosteroids in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:67-73. [PMID: 14984440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticosteroids are effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, a disease characterized by a variety of symptoms, e.g. rhinorrhea and itching. The time course of symptomatic relief for allergic rhinitis by steroids has not been examined in detail to date, although the onset of steroid action is one of the main discriminations between genomic and nongenomic actions of steroids. We therefore investigated the time course of subjective and objective measures of nasal affection after steroid administration in patients with allergic rhinitis following specific allergen challenge. METHODS Six female and 18 male volunteers (median age 26 years) with a history of allergic rhinitis but currently free of symptoms were included in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, three-period crossover study. A single dose of either betamethasone (60 mg), methylprednisolone (400 mg) or placebo was given intravenously, 5 min after intranasal allergen provocation. After 10, 20, 60, 150 and 240 min, nasal itching and nasal obstruction were assessed using a standardized visual analogue scale. In addition, nasal airflow was measured by anterior rhinomanometry. RESULTS Nasal itching was markedly reduced following either of the two steroids within 10 min after administration of study drug. Itching was depressed by 38% following betamethasone (P<0.05) and by 18% following methylprednisolone (P=0.07) compared with placebo. Nasal airflow and nasal obstruction were not significantly altered by steroids during the first 2 h of the study. However, after 150 min, nasal airflow was 21% rsp. 19% higher after methylprednisolone and betamethasone (P<0.05) compared with placebo. After 240 min, nasal airflow was increased by 20% following betamethasone (P<0.05) and by 19% following methylprednisolone. Nasal obstruction was also beneficially affected by both steroids 150 and 240 min after administration compared with placebo (P<0.05 for both time points following betamethasone). CONCLUSION This study for the first time shows rapid in vivo effects of external glucocorticosteroids in humans. Itching, a pathophysiologically complex sensation, is favourably influenced by steroids within 10 min, therefore presumably via nongenomic mechanisms. Though no detailed mechanisms can be derived from this study, steroid interaction with receptors in the central nervous system may play an important role in mediating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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