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Zhang M, Xiao B, Chen X, Ou B, Wang S. Physical exercise plays a role in rebalancing the bile acids of enterohepatic axis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14065. [PMID: 38037846 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common diseases of lipid metabolism disorders, which is closely related to bile acids disorders and gut microbiota disorders. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and processed by gut microbiota in intestinal tract, and participate in metabolic regulation through the enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids not only promote the consumption and absorption of intestinal fat but also play an important role in biological metabolic signaling network, affecting fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that exercise plays an important role in regulating the composition and function of bile acid pool in enterohepatic axis, which maintains the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota. Exercise has been recommended by several health guidelines as the first-line intervention for patients with NAFLD. Can exercise alter bile acids through the microbiota in the enterohepatic axis? If so, regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy for NAFLD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we tried to review the relationship among NAFLD, physical exercise, bile acids, and gut microbiota through the existing data and literature, highlighting the role of physical exercise in rebalancing bile acid and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed adjuvant for clinical application in oral vaccines is available. In this review, we systematically updated the research progress of oral vaccine adjuvants over the past 2 decades, including biogenic adjuvants, non-biogenic adjuvants, and their multi-type composite adjuvant materials, and introduced their immune mechanisms of adjuvanticity, aiming at providing theoretical basis for developing feasible and effective adjuvants for oral vaccines. Based on these insights, we briefly discussed the challenges in the development of oral vaccine adjuvants and prospects for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haihui Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China. .,School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Li S, Ou B, Lv Y, Gan T, Zhao H, Liu W. VP39 of Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus cannot efficiently rescue the nucleocapsid assembly of vp39-null Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virol J 2021; 18:81. [PMID: 33879205 PMCID: PMC8059189 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) vp39 is conserved in all sequenced baculovirus genomes. In previous studies, VP39 has been identified as the major capsid structure protein of baculoviruses and found to be essential for nucleocapsid assembly. The nucleocapsid composition and structure of Group I and II NPVs of the Alphabaculovirus genus are very similar. It is not clear whether the major capsid structure protein VP39 of Group I NPVs is functionally identical to or substitutable with the Group II NPV VP39. In this study, the function of Group II Spodoptera litura MNPV (SpltMNPV) VP39 in Group I AcMNPV was characterized. Methods Sequence alignment of AcMNPV VP39 and SpltMNPV VP39 was performed using Clustal X and edited with GeneDoc. To determine whether VP39 of Group I NPVs can be functionally substituted by Group II NPV VP39, a vp39-null AcMNPV (vAcvp39KO) and a vp39-pseudotyped AcMNPV (vAcSpltvp39:FLAG), in which the Group I AcMNPV vp39 coding sequence was replaced with that of SpltMNPV from Group II NPVs, were constructed via homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Using an anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody, immunoblot analysis was performed to examine SpltMNPV VP39 expression. Fluorescence and light microscopy were used to monitor viral replication and infection. Viral growth curve analysis was performed using a fifty percent tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) endpoint dilution assay. Viral morphogenesis was detected using an electron microscope. Results Sequence alignment indicated that the N-termini of AcMNPV VP39 and SpltMNPV VP39 are relatively conserved, whereas the C-terminus of SpltMNPV VP39 lacks the domain of amino acid residues 306–334 homologous to AcMNPV VP39. Immunoblot analysis showed that SpltMNPV VP39 was expressed in vAcSpltvp39:FLAG. Fluorescence and light microscopy showed that vAcSpltvp39:FLAG did not spread by infection. Viral growth curve analysis confirmed a defect in infectious budded virion production. Electron microscopy revealed that although masses of abnormally elongated empty capsid structures existed inside the nuclei of Sf9 cells transfected with vAcSpltvp39:FLAG, no nucleocapsids were observed. Conclusion Altogether, our results demonstrated that VP39 from SpltMNPV cannot efficiently substitute AcMNPV VP39 during nucleocapsid assembly in AcMNPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Li
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Bingming Ou
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Yina Lv
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Tian Gan
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Haizhou Zhao
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
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4
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhang G, Sun J, Guo L, Jiang M, Ou B, Zhang W, Si H. Transcriptomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Under the Stress Condition Caused by Litsea cubeba L. Essential Oil via RNA Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1693. [PMID: 33013718 PMCID: PMC7509438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Litsea cubeba L. essential oil (LCEO) is a natural essential oil with considerable antimicrobial activity, and it can gradually replace some chemical additives in the food industry. However, the genetic evidences of stress response of bacteria under sub-lethal treatment with LCEO is limited. To this end, transcriptomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus 29213 under a low concentration of LCEO was performed. Bacterial RNA samples were extracted from 1/4 MIC (0.07 μL/mL) of LCEO-treated and non-treated S. aureus 29213. The transcriptional results were obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). After treated with LCEO of S. aureus 29213, 300, and 242 genes were significantly up and down-regulated. Up-regulated genes were mainly related to cell membrane (wall) stress stimulon including genes related to two-component regulatory system (VraS), histidine metabolism (hisABCD etc.) and L-lysine biosynthesis (thrA, lysC, asd etc.). Significant differences were also founded between LCEO-treated and non-treated groups in peptidoglycan biosynthesis related pathways. Down-regulated genes were related to nitrogen metabolism (NarGHIJ etc.), carotenoid biosynthesis (all) and pyruvate metabolism (phdA, pflB, pdhC etc.) of S. aureus 29213 in an LCEO-existing environment compared to the control. At the same time, we confirmed that LCEO can significantly affect the staphyloxanthin level of S. aureus 29213 for the first time, which is closely related to the redox state of S. aureus 29213. These evidences expanded the knowledge of stress response of S. aureus 29213 strain under sub-lethal concentration of LCEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiao Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunru Chen
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Geyin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Junying Sun
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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5
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Chen L, Ou B, Zhang M, Chou CH, Chang SK, Zhu G. Coexistence of Fosfomycin Resistance Determinant fosA and fosA3 in Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Pets with Urinary Tract Infection in Taiwan. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:415-423. [PMID: 32667841 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the characteristics of fosA and fosA3 in Enterobacter cloacae isolated from aspirated and catheterized urine culture specimens of companion pets in Taiwan. A total of 19 E. cloacae isolates from pets with urinary tract infection were screened for the presence of fosA, fosA3, and fosC2 and for the genetic context of them by PCR amplification and sequencing. The transferability, resistance phenotypes, plasmid replicon typing properties and genetic environments of fosA- and/or fosA3-positive strains were characterized. Five E. cloacae isolates were positive for fosA and three coharbored fosA and fosA3. No fosC determinant was detected. Transconjugants of fosA3 were successfully acquired, while the acquisition of fosA transconjugants was failed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the three fosA3-positive isolates and their transconjugants were ≥256 mg/L, whereas the MICs of the five fosA-positive isolates ranged from 64 mg/L to 256 mg/L. Three plasmid replicons (InCFrepB, InCL/M, and InCHI2) were identified in fosA- and fosA3-positive E. cloacae isolates. Different genetic contexts lay in the downstream region of fosA and fosA3, respectively. Eight distinct patterns based on the similarity value of more than 80% were typed for all the 8 fosA-positive isolates. In conclusion, the fosA concomitant with fosA3 were found in E. cloacae isolates. The fosA3 not only exhibits stronger activity of inactivating fosfomycin than fosA but also possesses stronger potential to spread than fosA. Different genetic backgrounds exist in these fosA- and fosA3-positive isolates, and different mobile elements may confer the dissemination of fosA and fosA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Kuang Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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6
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Ou B, Jiang B, Jin D, Yang Y, Zhang M, Zhang D, Zhao H, Xu M, Song H, Wu W, Chen M, Lu T, Huang J, Seo H, Garcia C, Zheng W, Guo W, Lu Y, Jiang Y, Yang S, Kaushik RS, Li X, Zhang W, Zhu G. Engineered Recombinant Escherichia coli Probiotic Strains Integrated with F4 and F18 Fimbriae Cluster Genes in the Chromosome and Their Assessment of Immunogenic Efficacy in Vivo. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:412-426. [PMID: 31944664 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
F4 (K88) and F18 fimbriaed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the predominant causes of porcine postweaning diarrhea (PWD), and vaccines are considered the most effective preventive approach against PWD. Since heterologous DNA integrated into bacterial chromosomes could be effectively expressed with stable inheritance, we chose probiotic EcNc (E. coli Nissle 1917 prototype cured of cryptic plasmids) as a delivery vector to express the heterologous F4 or both F4 and F18 fimbriae and sequentially assessed their immune efficacy of anti-F4 and F18 fimbriae in both murine and piglet models. Employing the CRISPR-cas9 technology, yjcS, pcadA, lacZ, yieN/trkD, maeB, and nth/tppB sites in the chromosome of an EcNc strain were targeted as integration sites to integrate F4 or F18 fimbriae cluster genes under the Ptet promotor to construct two recombinant integration probiotic strains (RIPSs), i.e., nth integration strain (EcNcΔnth/tppB::PtetF4) and multiple integration strain (EcNc::PtetF18x4::PtetF4x2). Expression of F4, both F4 and F18 fimbriae on the surfaces of two RIPSs, was verified with combined methods of agglutination assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The recombinant strains have improved adherence to porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines. Mice and piglets immunized with the nth integration strain and multiple integration strain through gavage developed anti-F4 and both anti-F4 and anti-F18 IgG immune responses. Moreover, the serum antibodies from the immunized mice and piglets significantly inhibited the adherence of F4+ or both F4+ and F18+ ETEC wild-type strains to porcine intestinal cell lines in vitro, indicating the potential of RIPSs as promising probiotic strains plus vaccine candidates against F4+/F18+ ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Boyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Duo Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haizhou Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Mengxian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haoliang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ti Lu
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Hyesuk Seo
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Carolina Garcia
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Weiyi Guo
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Yinhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Radhey S. Kaushik
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Xinchang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
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7
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Jiang B, Li Z, Ou B, Duan Q, Zhu G. Targeting ideal oral vaccine vectors based on probiotics: a systematical view. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3941-3953. [PMID: 30915504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have great potential to be engineered into oral vaccine delivery systems, which can facilitate elicitation of mucosal immunity without latent risks of pathogenicity. Combined with the progressive understanding of probiotics and the mucosal immune system as well as the advanced biotechniques of genetic engineering, the development of promising oral vaccine vectors based on probiotics is available while complicated and demanding. Therefore, a systematical view on the design of practical probiotic vectors is necessary, which will help to logically analyze and resolve the problems that might be neglected during our exploration. Here, we attempt to systematically summarize several fundamental issues vital to the effectiveness of the vector of probiotics, including the stability of the engineered vectors, the optimization of antigen expression, the improvement of colonization, and the enhancement of immunoreactivity. We also compared the existent strategies and some developing ones, attempting to figure out an optimal strategy that might deserve to be referred in the future development of oral vaccine vectors based on probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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8
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Ou B, Garcia C, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhu G. Techniques for chromosomal integration and expression optimization in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2467-2478. [PMID: 29981268 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to the inherent expression stability and low metabolic burden to the host cell, the expression of heterologous proteins in the bacterial chromosome in a precise and efficient manner is highly desirable for metabolic engineering and live bacterial applications. However, obtaining suitable chromosome expression levels is particularly challenging. In this minireview, we briefly present the technologies available for the integration of heterologous genes into Escherichia coli chromosomes and strategies to optimize the expression levels of heterologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Carolina Garcia
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yejun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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9
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Ou B, Yang Y, Tham WL, Chen L, Guo J, Zhu G. Genetic engineering of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for clinical application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8693-9. [PMID: 27640192 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been used as a probiotic. Genetic engineering has enhanced the utility of EcN in several vaccine and pharmaceutical preparations. We discuss in this mini review the genetics and physical properties of EcN. We also discuss the numerous genetic engineering strategies employed for EcN-based vaccine development, including recombinant plasmid transfer, genetic engineering of cryptic plasmids or the EcN chromosome, EcN bacterial ghosts and its outer membrane vesicles. We also provide a current update on the progress and the challenges regarding the use of EcN in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wai Liang Tham
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Jitao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Ou B, Xia P, Zhou M, Li L, Zhu G. The flagellin hypervariable region is a potential flagella display domain in probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:603-10. [PMID: 27071621 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most studied probiotic, Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) possesses flagella of serotype H1. To explore the potential to use EcN flagellin in flagella display applications, we investigated the effect of deleting amino acids in the hypervariable region of flagellin on EcNc (EcN cured of its two cryptic plasmids pMUT1 and pMUT2). Two EcNc flagellin isogenic mutants with deletions of amino acid residual from 277 to 286 and from 287 to 296 in the hypervariable domain were constructed. Both mutants were flagellated, adherent to IPEC-J2 cells, and colonized BALB/c mice. These hypervariable regions may have future utility in the display of heterologous epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Luan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Ou B, Chen L, Song Y, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Li L, Tham WL, Francis DH, Zhu G. Impact of acquisition of 16S rRNA methylase RmtB on the fitness of Escherichia coli. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 6:32-38. [PMID: 27530836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the biological phenotypes of 16S rRNA methylase RmtB in Escherichia coli and the impact of RmtB acquisition on the fitness of the target bacterium. An rmtB in-frame deletion mutant in E. coli was constructed using a suicide vector (pDMS197)-based double crossover allelic exchange, and its corresponding complemented strain was established. Combined studies of microdilution susceptibility testing, conjugation experiments, growth kinetics assays, competitive experiments, biofilm formation tests and motility assays were performed to study the rmtB-mediated fitness among the prototype E. coli strain, its isogenic mutant and the corresponding complemented strain. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines for the rmtB wild-type strain, its isogenic mutant and the complemented strain were ≥1024, ≤2 and ≥1024mg/L, respectively. Both the growth rates and the competitive abilities of the wild-type and complemented strains were relatively inferior to the ΔrmtB mutant. There was no significant difference in biofilm formation and motility among the three strains. In conclusion, the data presented here suggest that acquisition of the 16S rRNA methylase gene rmtB in E. coli can exact a fitness cost on the bacteria, subsequently reducing the growth rate slightly and decreasing the competitive capacity of the bacterium, whereas it does not affect biofilm formation or motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yujie Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wai Liang Tham
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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12
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Mullen W, Nemzer B, Ou B, Stalmach A, Hunter J, Clifford MN, Combet E. The antioxidant and chlorogenic acid profiles of whole coffee fruits are influenced by the extraction procedures. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:3754-3762. [PMID: 21401105 DOI: 10.1021/jf200122m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Commercial whole coffee fruit extracts and powder samples were analyzed for chlorogenic acids (CGA), caffeine and antioxidant activities. CGA and caffeine were characterized by LC-MS(n) and HPLC accordingly, and quantified by UV absorbance. ORAC, HORAC, NORAC, SORAC and SOAC (antioxidant capacities) were assessed. Three caffeoylquinic acids, three feruloylquinic acids, three dicaffeoylquinic acids, one p-coumaroylquinic acid, two caffeoylferuloylquinic acids and three putative chlorogenic lactones were quantified, along with a methyl ester of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (detected in one sample, the first such report in any coffee material). Multistep whole coffee fruit extracts displayed higher CGA content than single-step extracts, freeze-dried, or air-dried whole raw fruits. Caffeine in multistep extracts was lower than in the single-step extracts and powders. Antioxidant activity in whole coffee fruit extracts was up to 25-fold higher than in powders dependent upon the radical. Total antioxidant activity of samples displayed strong correlation to CGA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mullen
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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Stahl L, Miller KB, Apgar J, Sweigart DS, Stuart DA, McHale N, Ou B, Kondo M, Hurst WJ. Preservation of cocoa antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, flavan-3-ols, and procyanidin content in foods prepared with cocoa powder. J Food Sci 2010; 74:C456-61. [PMID: 19723182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of common cooking processes on cocoa flavanols. Antioxidant activity, total polyphenols (TP), flavanol monomers, and procyanidin oligomers were determined in chocolate frosting, a hot cocoa drink, chocolate cookies, and chocolate cake made with natural cocoa powder. Recoveries of antioxidant activity, TP, flavanol monomers, and procyanidins ranged from 86% to over 100% in the chocolate frosting, hot cocoa drink, and chocolate cookies. Losses were greatest in the chocolate cake with recoveries ranging from 5% for epicatechin to 54% for antioxidant activity. The causes of losses in baked chocolate cakes were investigated by exchanging baking soda with baking powder or combinations of the 2 leavening agents. Use of baking soda as a leavening agent was associated with increased pH and darkening color of cakes. Losses of antioxidant activity, TP, flavanol monomers, and procyanidins were associated with an increased extractable pH of the baked cakes. Chocolate cakes made with baking powder for leavening resulted in an average extractable pH of 6.2 with essentially complete retention of antioxidant activity and flavanol content, but with reduced cake heights and lighter cake color. Commercially available chocolate cake mixes had final pHs above 8.3 and contained no detectable monomeric flavanols after baking. These results suggest that baking soda causes an increase in pH and subsequent destruction of flavanol compounds and antioxidant activity. Use of an appropriate leavening agent to moderate the final cake pH to approximately 7.25 or less results in both good leavening and preservation of cocoa flavanols and procyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stahl
- The Hershey Co., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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14
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Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL. Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:4619-26. [PMID: 11599998 DOI: 10.1021/jf010586o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1722] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An improved method of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay has been developed and validated using fluorescein (3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran-1[3H],9'[9H]-xanthen]-3-one) as the fluorescent probe. Our results demonstrate that fluorescein (FL) is superior to B-phycoerythrin. The oxidized FL products induced by peroxyl radical were identified by LC/MS, and the reaction mechanism was determined to follow a classic hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. In addition, methodological and mechanistic comparison of ORAC(FL) with other widely used methods was discussed. It is concluded that, unlike other popular methods, the improved ORAC(FL) assay provides a direct measure of hydrophilic chain-breaking antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Brunswick Laboratories, 6 Thacher Lane, Wareham, Massachusetts 02571, USA.
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15
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Wang YD, Kashiwagi K, Chen HB, Jin M, Ou B, Iizuka Y, Tanaka Y, Tsukahara S. Effects of isopropyl unoprostone ophthalmic solution on cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Ophthalmologica 2001; 215:229-34. [PMID: 11340397 DOI: 10.1159/000050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of isopropyl unoprostone (referred to as unoprostone) ophthalmic solution on the barrier function of cultured rabbit corneal epithelium grown on permeable supports. METHODS Rabbit corneal epithelial cells cultured on collagen-coated filter inserts were administered one of the following for 30 min: unoprostone in vehicle solution (polysorbate 80), unoprostone in vehicle solution with a preservative (benzalkonium chloride), preservative only or vehicle only. For a control, no chemicals were added to the medium. After administration, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurement, a sensitive method by which to investigate the barrier function, and morphological observation using phase-contrast microscopy were performed before exposure and at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure. The transmission electron-microscopic observation was performed before and 72 h after exposure in all experimental conditions. RESULTS The cells exposed to unoprostone with the preservative showed a significant decrease in the TER, although no morphological changes were observed. The corneal epithelial cells exposed to unoprostone without preservative, the vehicle only or the preservative only did not show any differences from the control group at any measurements. CONCLUSION The corneal barrier function is damaged by a combined solution of unoprostone and preservative, but not by a single solution of unoprostone, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Yamanashi, Japan
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16
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Ou B, Nakagawa M, Yonemochi H, Ri C, Ishida S, Takahashi N, Saikawa T, Ito M. Baroreflex sensitivity predicts the induction of ventricular arrhythmias by cesium chloride in rabbits. Jpn Circ J 1999; 63:783-8. [PMID: 10553921 DOI: 10.1253/jcj.63.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the genesis of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with long QT syndrome, and in cesium chloride (Cs)-induced VT in animals. The present study investigated whether baroreflex sensitivity predicts the induction of VT by Cs in the rabbit in vivo. Monophasic action potentials (MAPs) of the left ventricular endocardium were recorded simultaneously with the surface ECG in 27 rabbits. Rabbits were divided into 4 groups based on the Cs-induced ventricular arrhythmias: (1) no ventricular premature contractions (No-VPC group), (2) single or paired VPC (VPC group), (3) monomorphic VT (MVT group), and (4) polymorphic VT (PVT group). Baroreflex sensitivity was significantly lower in the MVT and PVT groups than in the No-VPC and VPC groups. The plasma norepinephrine concentration before Cs injection was significantly higher in the MVT group than in the other 3 groups, and the norepinephrine concentration after Cs injection was significantly higher in the MVT and PVT groups than in the No-VPC and VPC groups. Baroreflex sensitivity was negatively correlated with the norepinephrine concentration before Cs injection. These results suggest that autonomic nervous system dysfunction, as defined by reduced baroreflex sensitivity, and elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict increased susceptibility to Cs-induced VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Oita Medical University, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to visualize the three-dimensional arrangement of collagen fibrils in aged human ciliary body and discuss their significance. The ciliary bodies obtained from two human eyes were treated with a NaOH cell-maceration method for 7 days, then prepared conventionally for light and scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology of the collagen tissue in the ciliary body appeared almost the same as that normally observed. Cellular elements were completely removed, but collagen fibrils were well preserved. In the stroma of the ciliary body, collagen fibrils were arranged irregularly. In the areas of the radial and circular ciliary muscles, considerable numbers of collagen fiber bundles were observed running in a circular direction. A honeycomb structure was seen in the pars plana, the walls and base of which were formed by interweaving collagen fibrils. The results suggested that collagen fibrils in the aged human ciliary body may be largely involved in the presbyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Yamanashi, Japan
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18
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Ou B, Abe K, Chen HB, Ohno S, Tsukahara S. Acid phosphatase localization in accumulated membranous organelles of optic nerve axons following acute elevation of intraocular pressure. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1998; 42:373-6. [PMID: 9822965 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-5155(98)00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acid phosphatase localization in accumulated membranous organelles of optic nerve axons of guinea pigs following acute elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) was determined, employing light and electron microscopic enzymic cytochemistry with beta-glycerophosphate as a substrate. Positive reaction products appeared to accumulate in the region of the lamina cribrosa, as revealed with light microscopic enzyme cytochemistry. Electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry also demonstrated that such reaction products mainly localized on multivesicular or multilamellar bodies and myelin-like structures in the unmyelinated optic nerve axons. Following an acutely elevated IOP, retrograde-moving membranous organelles in the optic nerve axons were found to contain AcPase, suggesting that these organelles could be degraded in the axons through the lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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19
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Chen HB, Yamabayashi S, Ou B, Tanaka Y, Ohno S, Tsukahara S. Histochemical study on rat tear film and ocular surface epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 1998; 17:642-9. [PMID: 9663854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the histochemistry of the tear film, conjunctival goblet cells and corneal superficial epithelial cells by an in vivo cryofixation with the freeze-substitution method. METHODS Following rapid freezing of the eyeballs by an isopentane-propane mixture cooled by liquid nitrogen directly, the specimens were freeze-substituted and then embedded in Lowicryl K4M resin at low temperature, or in epoxy resin for histochemical study, using light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The tear film was weakly positive with periodic acid-Schiff staining, but negative with alcian blue at pH 2.5 or pH 1.0 and high iron diamine staining. Conjunctival goblet cells were positively stained by all these techniques. There was a gradually weakening staining intensity of mucus from the goblet cells to the conjunctival surface. With the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver protein method the tear film was weakly stained, while glycocalices, vesicles, glycogen in epithelial cytoplasm and the mucus secretory granules of goblet cells were all intensely stained. CONCLUSIONS The tear film consists mainly of dilute mucus and contains either neutral or acid glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan
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20
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Thompson DC, Porter SE, Bauer AK, Das KC, Ou B, Dwyer-Nield L, White CW, Malkinson AM. Cytokine-induced nitric oxide formation in normal but not in neoplastic murine lung epithelial cell lines. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:L922-32. [PMID: 9609731 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.6.l922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytomix, a mixture of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta, induces nitric oxide (NO) production in lung epithelial cell lines. It is not known whether neoplastic transformation alters a cell's ability to form NO in response to cytokines. The present study investigated NO formation in two murine lines of immortalized "normal" (nontumorigenic) lung epithelial cells of alveolar type II origin, E10 and C10, and their sibling spontaneous transformants, E9 and A5. Nontumorigenic cells elaborated much more NO after cytomix exposure than did their tumorigenic counterparts. NO production was prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis and NO synthase and attenuated by dexamethasone. Northern and Western blot analyses of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) demonstrated cytomix-induced induction of iNOS only in nontumorigenic cells. The deficiency in NO production in tumorigenic cells was not associated with reduced iNOS mRNA stability or with differences in cytomix-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Although cytomix caused a greater production of NO in E10 cells than in E9 cells, the same treatment induced equivalent proliferation in both cell lines. These results indicate a specific deficiency in cytokine-induced NO synthesis in transformed murine lung epithelial cells relative to their normal progenitor cells and provide a model for investigating iNOS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262-0238, USA
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21
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Ou B, Ohno S, Tsukahara S. Ultrastructural changes and immunocytochemical localization of microtubule-associated protein 1 in guinea pig optic nerves after acute increase in intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39:963-71. [PMID: 9579475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate ultrastructural changes and localization of microtubule-associated protein 1 (MAP 1) in optic nerves of guinea pigs in conditions of acute increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS Intraocular pressure was increased acutely in 40 guinea pig eyes, and 40 eyes were examined in 20 normal control animals. Analytic methods included quick-freezing and deep-etching (QF-DE) and conventional fixation. Microtubule-associated protein 1 immunocytochemistry was performed. RESULTS In conventional ultrathin sections, an alteration of the axoplasmic ultrastructure was seen only at the level of the lamina cribrosa sclerae. The number of microtubules was significantly decreased in the axoplasm that exhibited accumulations of membranous organelles. Cross-bridged filaments on microtubules were significantly reduced in number when determined by the QF-DE method. The immunostaining of tubulin or MAP 1 was less positive than in other samples with normal IOP, revealed by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that MAP 1 was significantly decreased in the axoplasm that showed accumulations of membranous organelles. CONCLUSIONS The acute alteration of axoplasmic ultrastructures in some parts of the optic nerves at the level of the lamina cribrosa involves a decrease in the amount of MAP 1 and a decrease in the number of axonal cross-bridges on microtubules in a condition of acutely increased IOP, which could be related to microtubule instability and abnormal organelle transport in the axoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan
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22
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Cheng Y, Poulos NE, Lung ML, Hampton G, Ou B, Lerman MI, Stanbridge EJ. Functional evidence for a nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor suppressor gene that maps at chromosome 3p21.3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3042-7. [PMID: 9501212 PMCID: PMC19691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignancy that is prevalent among populations from Southeast Asia. Epidemiological studies indicate that genetic predisposition, Epstein-Barr virus, and environmental conditions may play a role in determining incidence. Molecular studies have implicated a tumor suppressor gene(s) on the short arm of chromosome 3. In this study we provide functional evidence, via monochromosome transfer, for a tumor suppressor gene(s) activity in chromosome 3p21.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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23
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Chen HB, Kashiwagi K, Yamabayashi S, Kinoshita T, Ou B, Tsukahara S. Anterior chamber angle biometry: quadrant variation, age change and sex difference. Curr Eye Res 1998; 17:120-4. [PMID: 9523088 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.17.2.120.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the anterior change angle width (ACAW) in healthy volunteers quantitatively using an anterior eye segment analysis system and to clarify the involvement of aging and sex in ACAW. METHODS The ACAW of the upper, lower, medial, and lateral quadrants of 42 eyes from 42 healthy volunteers was measured by the NIDEK EAS-1000 anterior eye segment analysis system, a non-invasive in vivo measuring method based on Scheimpflug image analysis. Data from all subjects were employed to investigate aging and quadrant differences; and age-matched male and female subjects were chosen from all subjects to study sex difference and aging. RESULTS Young subjects showed no significant inter-quadrant differences of ACAW. However, ACAW showed a significant negative correlation with age in all quadrants, but the lateral quadrant showed much more narrowing than the others. The age-matched study revealed that ACAW narrowing was much greater in females than in males, and a polynomial regression analysis showed that this sex difference appeared in subjects older than middle age. CONCLUSIONS The anterior eye segment analysis system revealed that ACAW decreased with age, especially in the lateral quadrant. The significantly more marked narrowness of ACAW in females older than middle age may be related to the high incidence of angle closure glaucoma in elderly females.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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24
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Chen HB, Yamabayashi S, Ou B, Tanaka Y, Ohno S, Tsukahara S. Structure and composition of rat precorneal tear film. A study by an in vivo cryofixation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38:381-7. [PMID: 9040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To visualize the in vivo structure and to investigate the composition of rat precorneal tear film. METHODS An in vivo cryofixation with freeze substitution method of electron microscopy was used for the study. For light and transmission electron microscopy, a small amount of aluminum powder was used as a tracer spread on the corneal surface. The eyeballs were immediately and quickly frozen by pouring an isopentane-propane mixture cooled by liquid nitrogen directly over the eyes. For scanning electron microscopy, the corneal surface was freeze-fractured after the cryofixation. The specimens were then freeze-substituted and prepared conventionally for microscopic observation. RESULTS The tear film appeared as a layer of homogeneous and fine network-like structures varying from 2 to 6 microns in thickness on the corneal surface, with a membrane-like layer covering its surface. The aluminum powder was located on the surface of the tear film. The tear film could be removed completely by applying 10% or 20% acetylcysteine, but not by phosphate buffer. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo structure of the rat tear film is composed primarily of mucus, with a lipid layer covering its surface but without a free aqueous layer. The "three layers theory" of tear film structure requires revisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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25
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Ou B, Ohno S, Terada N, Fujii Y, Ueda H, Chen HB, Tsukahara S. Ultrastructural study of axonal cytoskeletons in the optic nerve damaged by acutely elevated intraocular pressure using the quick-freezing and deep-etching technique. Ophthalmic Res 1997; 29:48-54. [PMID: 9112267 DOI: 10.1159/000267991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the ultrastructure of axonal cytoskeletons in guinea pig optic nerve damage induced by acutely elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) employing the quick-freezing and deep-etching method. An IOP of 60 mm Hg was maintained for 4 h. The unmyelinated axoplasm of the optic nerve at the normal IOP was filled with longitudinally oriented neurofilaments and bundled microtubules, which were cross-linked by numerous cross-bridges. Membranous organelles, such as mitochondria and vesicles, were scattered in the axoplasm. These organelles were similarly interconnected with microtubules or neurofilaments by the cross-bridges. The unmyelinated axoplasm of the optic nerve following acutely elevated IOP was shown to include intraaxonal collections of various membranous organelles and reduction of microtubules and neurofilaments. The cross-bridges linking microtubules, neurofilaments and membranous organelles in such axoplasm appeared to be dramatically reduced in number. Thus, it is suggested that the ultrastructural changes of axonal cytoskeletons in some optic nerves following elevated IOP might include the reduction of microtubules, neurofilaments and their associated cross-bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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Chen HB, Yamabayashi S, Ou B, Tsukahara S. Morphological changes in rabbit ciliary epithelium and blood-aqueous barriers after intravitreal 10(-5) M endothelin-1. Exp Eye Res 1996; 62:605-12. [PMID: 8983942 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1996.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphological changes in the ciliary epithelium and blood-aqueous barriers were observed with a tracer, horseradish peroxidase, after 10 microliters of 10(-5) M endothelin-1 was injected intravitreally. A decrease of intraocular pressure and an increase of anterior chamber flare were found, and the structure of the ciliary epithelium changed drastically 6-7 hr after the injection. Swelling of mitochondria appeared in both non-pigmented and pigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body. Intercellular spaces and ciliary channels were markedly dilated in the iridial processes. Some non-pigmented epithelial cells in both iridial and ciliary processes appeared to be degenerated and necrotic. Horseradish peroxidase leaked into the posterior chamber via extremely dilated ciliary channels and necrotic cells. The dose of 10(-5) M endothelin-1 seems to be so large that a toxic action occurred. The mechanism of the effect of endothelin on intraocular pressure was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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Chen HB, Ou B, Yamabayashi S, Ohno S, Tsukahara S. [Ultrastructural study on rat precorneal tear film by quick freezing-freeze substitution method]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1996; 100:453-7. [PMID: 8712077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of rat precorneal tear film was visualized by the quick freezing-freeze substitution (QF-FS) method and the conventional fixative method under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the QF-FS method, the eyeballs of rats were quickly frozen with an isopentane-propane mixture cooled by liquid nitrogen applied directly to the eyes. After enucleating the eyes and fracturing the frozen corneas, the corneas were prepared for SEM observation. In contrast to the conventional fixative method, by which the microvilli of the surface epithelial cells could be visualized clearly, a very thin membrane-like structure was observed to cover the corneal surface in the eyes prepared by the QF-Fs method. Between the membrane-like structure and corneal surface, a homogeneous and fine network-like structure was observed. The results suggest that the structure of the tear film might be different from the one we have believed to consist of three layers until now. The QF-FS method is considered to be useful for the morphological study of the precorneal tear film.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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Ou B, Ohno S, Terada N, Fujii Y, Chen HB, Yamabayashi S, Tsukahara S. Ultrastructural study of the cytoskeleton of optic nerve axons in guinea pigs as revealed by a quick-freezing, deep-etching method. Ophthalmic Res 1996; 28:29-35. [PMID: 8726674 DOI: 10.1159/000267870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the cytoskeleton of optic nerve axons in guinea pigs was examined by the quick-freezing and deep-etching (QF-DE) method. The optic nerve tissues were treated with 0.5% saponin before QF. In the replicas, the axoplasm, as observed with conventional ultrathin sections, was seen to be composed of longitudinally oriented microtubules (MT) and neurofilaments (NF). Thin and elaborate cross-linking structures were observed in the interstices between MTs, NFs, and membranous organelles. They consisted of two different types: NF-associated cross-linking structures (about 20-50 nm in length) and MT-associated structures (about 10-20 nm in length), and may play a role in the slow transport of NF and MT and fast transport of organelles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan
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Chen HB, Yamabayashi S, Ou B, Ohno S, Tsukahara S. Ultrastructural studies on the corneal superficial epithelium of rats by in vivo cryofixation with freeze substitution. Ophthalmic Res 1995; 27:286-95. [PMID: 8552369 DOI: 10.1159/000267738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The method of in vivo cryofixation with freeze substitution (VC-FS) was used to examine the natural ultrastructure of the corneal superficial epithelium under the transmission electron microscope, and the results have been compared with the conventional method. With the VC-FS method, the ultrastructure down to 8 microns in depth was well preserved in the specimen. There was a layer of homogeneous material thought to be tear film on the corneal surface. Except for the intercellular spaces presenting under the first and sometimes also the second layers of the epithelial cells, other adjacent cells were in close contact without any spaces between them or between the desmosomes. In contrast, when using the conventional method, intercellular spaces were found between adjacent cells in all the layers of epithelium, and no tear film remained on the corneal surface. VC-FS is considered to be a better way to preserve the structure of tissue in its natural state than the conventional method and to be a useful method for the morphological study of the corneal epithelium and the tear film. Intercellular spaces, a kind of artifact, can be reduced by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical College, Japan
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Abstract
The ultrastructure of basal lamina (BL) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in guinea pigs was studied by the quick-freezing, deep-etching (QF-DE) method. The retinal tissue was quickly frozen, fractured and deeply etched. A replica was prepared by shadowing with platinum and carbon. Electron micrographs of the BL of RPE provide a three-dimensional (3-D) ultrastructure. The lamina lucida was filled with traversing filamentous structures, which connected the basal infolding of RPE with the lamina densa. The lamina densa consisted of a 3-D meshwork structure. It is suggested that the traversing filamentous structures in the lamina lucida might play a role in anchoring the basal infolding of RPE and in maintaining the normal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
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Ishizuka K, Yamazaki T, Inoue K, Kouchi K, Ou B, Namura S. [A morphological study of the cranial base and dentofacial structure of Japanese with Angle Class II, div. 1 malocclusion--as compared with American white with Angle Class II, div. 1 malocclusion]. Nihon Kyosei Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1989; 48:1-6. [PMID: 2637311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the morphological differences of Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion between Japanese and American Caucasians by comparing their cranial base and dentofacial morphology. Materials were lateral cephalograms of 61 Japanese (30 males: mean age 12y3m and 31 females: mean age 12y10m) and 67 American Caucasians (27 males: mean age 13y6m and 40 females: mean age 13y) with Angle class II, div. 1 permanent dentition. Results were as follows: 1. The anterior cranial base length in Japanese with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion was significantly shorter than that of American Caucasians. 2. The maxillary length in Japanese with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion was significantly shorter than that of American Caucasians. 3. Less than SNA, less than SNB and less than ANB showed no significant difference between Japanese and American Caucasians with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion. 4. The whole mandibular length in Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion of Japanese males and American males showed no significant difference. But the mandibular body length of Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion in Japanese females was significantly shorter than that of American ones. 5. No significant difference was observed in gonial angle when the two groups were studied. 6. As compared with American Caucasians, the backward rotation of the mandible was evidently observed in Japanese with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion.
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Motoyoshi M, Yamazaki T, Inoue K, Ou B, Satou Y, Namura S. [The application of the finite element method to craniofacial growth analysis. Part 2. The comparison of finite element method and biorthogonal analysis]. Nihon Kyosei Shika Gakkai Zasshi 1987; 46:360-9. [PMID: 3506563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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