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Jotshi A, Sukla KK, Haque MM, Bose C, Varma B, Koppiker CB, Joshi S, Mishra R. Exploring the human microbiome - A step forward for precision medicine in breast cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1877. [PMID: 37539732 PMCID: PMC10644338 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second most frequent cancer in the world and the most common malignancy in women is breast cancer. Breast cancer is a significant health concern in India with a high mortality-to-incidence ratio and presentation at a younger age. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have identified gut microbiota as a significant factor that can have an influence on the development, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer. This review article aims to describe the influence of microbial dysbiosis on breast cancer occurrence and the possible interactions between oncobiome and specific breast cancer molecular subtypes. The review further also discusses the role of epigenetics and diet/nutrition in the regulation of the gut and breast microbiome and its association with breast cancer prevention, therapy, and recurrence. Additionally, the recent technological advances in microbiome research, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genome sequencing, single-cell sequencing, and microbial metabolomics along with recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have also been reviewed. This is an attempt to present a comprehensive status of the microbiome as a key cancer biomarker. CONCLUSION We believe that correlating microbiome and carcinogenesis is important as it can provide insights into the mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis can influence cancer development and progression, leading to the potential use of the microbiome as a tool for prognostication and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jotshi
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research: A Joint Initiative of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune and Prashanti Cancer Care Mission (PCCM)PuneIndia
| | | | | | - Chandrani Bose
- Life Sciences R&D, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services LimitedPuneIndia
| | - Binuja Varma
- TCS Genomics Lab, Tata Consultancy Services LimitedNew DelhiIndia
| | - C. B. Koppiker
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research: A Joint Initiative of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune and Prashanti Cancer Care Mission (PCCM)PuneIndia
- Prashanti Cancer Care Mission, Pune, India and Orchids Breast Health Centre, a PCCM initiativePuneIndia
| | - Sneha Joshi
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research: A Joint Initiative of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune and Prashanti Cancer Care Mission (PCCM)PuneIndia
| | - Rupa Mishra
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research: A Joint Initiative of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune and Prashanti Cancer Care Mission (PCCM)PuneIndia
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2
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Bose T, Wasimuddin, Acharya V, Pinna NK, Kaur H, Ranjan M, SaiKrishna J, Nagabandi T, Varma B, Tallapaka KB, Sowpati DT, Haque MM, Dutta A, Siva AB, Mande SS. A cross-sectional study on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection across three COVID-19 waves in India. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1238829. [PMID: 37744900 PMCID: PMC10511876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1238829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have plagued the world through successive waves of infection over the past three years. Independent research groups across geographies have shown that the microbiome composition in COVID-19 positive patients (CP) differs from that of COVID-19 negative individuals (CN). However, these observations were based on limited-sized sample-sets collected primarily from the early days of the pandemic. Here, we study the nasopharyngeal microbiota in COVID-19 patients, wherein the samples have been collected across the three COVID-19 waves witnessed in India, which were driven by different variants of concern. Methods The nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 589 subjects providing samples for diagnostics purposes at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India and subjected to 16s rRNA gene amplicon - based sequencing. Findings We found variations in the microbiota of symptomatic vs. asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. CP showed a marked shift in the microbial diversity and composition compared to CN, in a wave-dependent manner. Rickettsiaceae was the only family that was noted to be consistently depleted in CP samples across the waves. The genera Staphylococcus, Anhydrobacter, Thermus, and Aerococcus were observed to be highly abundant in the symptomatic CP patients when compared to the asymptomatic group. In general, we observed a decrease in the burden of opportunistic pathogens in the host microbiota during the later waves of infection. Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the first analytical cross-sectional study of this scale, which was designed to understand the relation between the evolving nature of the virus and the changes in the human nasopharyngeal microbiota. Although no clear signatures were observed, this study shall pave the way for a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and help gather preliminary evidence on whether interventions to the host microbiota can help in better protection or faster recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tungadri Bose
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Wasimuddin
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Varnali Acharya
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nishal Kumar Pinna
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harrisham Kaur
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jandhyala SaiKrishna
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tulasi Nagabandi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Binuja Varma
- TCS Genomics Lab, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Divya Tej Sowpati
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Anirban Dutta
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sharmila S. Mande
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Srivastava P, Chaudhary S, Malhotra S, Varma B, Sunil S. Transcriptome analysis of human macrophages upon chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection reveals regulation of distinct signaling and metabolic pathways during the early and late stages of infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17158. [PMID: 37408916 PMCID: PMC10318463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are efficient reservoirs for viruses that enable the viruses to survive over a longer period of infection. Alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are known to persist in macrophages even after the acute febrile phase. The viral particles replicate in macrophages at a very low level over extended period of time and are localized in tissues that are often less accessible by treatment. Comprehensive experimental studies are thus needed to characterize the CHIKV-induced modulation of host genes in these myeloid lineage cells and in one such pursuit, we obtained global transcriptomes of a human macrophage cell line infected with CHIKV, over its early and late timepoints of infection. We analyzed the pathways, especially immune related, perturbed over these timepoints and observed several host factors to be differentially expressed in infected macrophages in a time-dependent manner. We postulate that these pathways may play crucial roles in the persistence of CHIKV in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sakshi Chaudhary
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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4
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Narang A, Uppilli B, Vivekanand A, Naushin S, Yadav A, Singhal K, Shamim U, Sharma P, Zahra S, Mathur A, Seth M, Parveen S, Vats A, Hillman S, Dolma P, Varma B, Jain V, Prasher B, Sengupta S, Mukerji M, Faruq M. Frequency spectrum of rare and clinically relevant markers in multiethnic Indian populations (ClinIndb): A resource for genomic medicine in India. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1833-1847. [PMID: 32906206 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There have been concerted efforts toward cataloging rare and deleterious variants in different world populations using high-throughput genotyping and sequencing-based methods. The Indian population is underrepresented or its information with respect to clinically relevant variants is sparse in public data sets. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of monogenic disease-causing variants in Indian populations. Toward this, we have assessed the frequency profile of monogenic phenotype-associated ClinVar variants. The study utilized a genotype data set (global screening array, Illumina) from 2795 individuals (multiple in-house genomics cohorts) representing diverse ethnic and geographically distinct Indian populations. Of the analyzed variants from Global Screening Array, ~9% were found to be informative and were either not known earlier or underrepresented in public databases in terms of their frequencies. These variants were linked to disorders, namely inborn errors of metabolism, monogenic diabetes, hereditary cancers, and various other hereditary conditions. We have also shown that our study cohort is genetically a better representative of the Indian population than its representation in the 1000 Genome Project (South Asians). We have created a database, ClinIndb, linked to the Leiden Open Variation Database, to help clinicians and researchers in diagnosis, counseling, and development of appropriate genetic screening tools relevant to the Indian populations and Indians living abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Narang
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharathram Uppilli
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asokachandran Vivekanand
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Salwa Naushin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arti Yadav
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Singhal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Zahra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aradhana Mathur
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Malika Seth
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Vats
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sara Hillman
- NIHR UCL Clinical Lecturer and Subspecialty Trainee Maternal and Fetal Medicine, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, UK
| | - Padma Dolma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, Ladakh, India
| | - Binuja Varma
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bhavana Prasher
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Thergaonkar RW, Narang A, Gurjar BS, Tiwari P, Puraswani M, Saini H, Sinha A, Varma B, Mukerji M, Hari P, Bagga A. Targeted exome sequencing in anti-factor H antibody negative HUS reveals multiple variations. Clin Exp Nephrol 2017; 22:653-660. [PMID: 28939980 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-017-1478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) may lie within genes regulating or activating the alternate complement and related pathways converging on endothelial cell activation. METHODS We tested 32 Indian patients of aHUS negative for antibodies to complement factor H for genetic variations in a panel of 15 genes, i.e., CFH, CFHR1-5, CFI, CFB, C3, CD46, MASP2, DGKE, ADAMTS13, THBD and PLG using next-generation DNA sequencing and for copy number variation in CFHR1-3. RESULTS Despite absence of a public database of exome variations in the Indian population and limited functional studies, we could establish a genetic diagnosis in 6 (18.8%) patients using a stringent scheme of prioritization. One patient carried a likely pathogenic variation. The number of patients carrying possibly pathogenic variation was as follows: 1 variation: 5 patients, 2 variations: 9 patients, 3 variations: 5 patients, 4 variations: 9 patients, 5 variations: 2 patients and 6 variations: 2 patients. Homozygous deletion of CFHR1-3 was present in five patients; none of these carried a diagnostic genetic variation. Patients with or without diagnostic variation did not differ significantly in terms of enrichment of genetic variations that were rare/novel or predicted deleterious, or for possible environmental triggers. CONCLUSION We conclude that genetic testing for multiple genes in patients with aHUS negative for anti-FH antibodies reveals multiple candidate variations that require prioritization. Population data on variation frequency of the Indian population and supportive functional studies are likely to improve diagnostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Thergaonkar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ankita Narang
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pradeep Tiwari
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Puraswani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Himanshi Saini
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Aditi Sinha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Binuja Varma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Hari
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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6
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Sharma A, Ansari AH, Kumari R, Pandey R, Rehman R, Mehani B, Varma B, Desiraju BK, Mabalirajan U, Agrawal A, Mukhopadhyay A. Human brain harbors single nucleotide somatic variations in functionally relevant genes possibly mediated by oxidative stress. F1000Res 2017; 5:2520. [PMID: 28149503 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9495.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic variation in DNA can cause cells to deviate from the preordained genomic path in both disease and healthy conditions. Here, using exome sequencing of paired tissue samples, we show that the normal human brain harbors somatic single base variations measuring up to 0.48% of the total variations. Interestingly, about 64% of these somatic variations in the brain are expected to lead to non-synonymous changes, and as much as 87% of these represent G:C>T:A transversion events. Further, the transversion events in the brain were mostly found in the frontal cortex, whereas the corpus callosum from the same individuals harbors the reference genotype. We found a significantly higher amount of 8-OHdG (oxidative stress marker) in the frontal cortex compared to the corpus callosum of the same subjects (p<0.01), correlating with the higher G:C>T:A transversions in the cortex. We found significant enrichment for axon guidance and related pathways for genes harbouring somatic variations. This could represent either a directed selection of genetic variations in these pathways or increased susceptibility of some loci towards oxidative stress. This study highlights that oxidative stress possibly influence single nucleotide somatic variations in normal human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Sharma
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Asgar Hussain Ansari
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Renu Kumari
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Rakhshinda Rehman
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Bharati Mehani
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Binuja Varma
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Bapu K Desiraju
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Arijit Mukhopadhyay
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
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7
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Prasher B, Varma B, Kumar A, Khuntia BK, Pandey R, Narang A, Tiwari P, Kutum R, Guin D, Kukreti R, Dash D, Mukerji M. Ayurgenomics for stratified medicine: TRISUTRA consortium initiative across ethnically and geographically diverse Indian populations. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 197:274-293. [PMID: 27457695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic differences in the target proteins, metabolizing enzymes and transporters that contribute to inter-individual differences in drug response are not integrated in contemporary drug development programs. Ayurveda, that has propelled many drug discovery programs albeit for the search of new chemical entities incorporates inter-individual variability "Prakriti" in development and administration of drug in an individualized manner. Prakriti of an individual largely determines responsiveness to external environment including drugs as well as susceptibility to diseases. Prakriti has also been shown to have molecular and genomic correlates. We highlight how integration of Prakriti concepts can augment the efficiency of drug discovery and development programs through a unique initiative of Ayurgenomics TRISUTRA consortium. METHODS Five aspects that have been carried out are (1) analysis of variability in FDA approved pharmacogenomics genes/SNPs in exomes of 72 healthy individuals including predominant Prakriti types and matched controls from a North Indian Indo-European cohort (2) establishment of a consortium network and development of five genetically homogeneous cohorts from diverse ethnic and geo-climatic background (3) identification of parameters and development of uniform standard protocols for objective assessment of Prakriti types (4) development of protocols for Prakriti evaluation and its application in more than 7500 individuals in the five cohorts (5) Development of data and sample repository and integrative omics pipelines for identification of genomic correlates. RESULTS Highlight of the study are (1) Exome sequencing revealed significant differences between Prakriti types in 28 SNPs of 11 FDA approved genes of pharmacogenomics relevance viz. CYP2C19, CYP2B6, ESR1, F2, PGR, HLA-B, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB1, LDLR, CFTR, CPS1. These variations are polymorphic in diverse Indian and world populations included in 1000 genomes project. (2) Based on the phenotypic attributes of Prakriti we identified anthropometry for anatomical features, biophysical parameters for skin types, HRV for autonomic function tests, spirometry for vital capacity and gustometry for taste thresholds as objective parameters. (3) Comparison of Prakriti phenotypes across different ethnic, age and gender groups led to identification of invariant features as well as some that require weighted considerations across the cohorts. CONCLUSION Considering the molecular and genomics differences underlying Prakriti and relevance in disease pharmacogenomics studies, this novel integrative platform would help in identification of differently susceptible and drug responsive population. Additionally, integrated analysis of phenomic and genomic variations would not only allow identification of clinical and genomic markers of Prakriti for application in personalized medicine but also its integration in drug discovery and development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Prasher
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine & CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative research, CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India.
| | - Binuja Varma
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Bharat Krushna Khuntia
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Ankita Narang
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Pradeep Tiwari
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative research, CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India
| | - Rintu Kutum
- G.N.Ramachandran Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative research, CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine & CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine & CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Debasis Dash
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; G.N.Ramachandran Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative research, CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine & CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative research, CSIR-IGIB, Delhi, India.
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8
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Sharma A, Ansari AH, Kumari R, Pandey R, Rehman R, Mehani B, Varma B, Desiraju BK, Mabalirajan U, Agrawal A, Mukhopadhyay A. Human brain harbors single nucleotide somatic variations in functionally relevant genes possibly mediated by oxidative stress. F1000Res 2016; 5:2520. [PMID: 28149503 PMCID: PMC5265704 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9495.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic variation in DNA can cause cells to deviate from the preordained genomic
path in both disease and healthy conditions. Here, using exome sequencing of
paired tissue samples, we show that the normal human brain harbors somatic
single base variations measuring up to 0.48% of the total variations.
Interestingly, about 64% of these somatic variations in the brain are expected
to lead to non-synonymous changes, and as much as 87% of these represent
G:C>T:A transversion events. Further, the transversion events in the brain
were mostly found in the frontal cortex, whereas the corpus callosum from the
same individuals harbors the reference genotype. We found a significantly higher
amount of 8-OHdG (oxidative stress marker) in the frontal cortex compared to the
corpus callosum of the same subjects (p<0.01), correlating with the higher
G:C>T:A transversions in the cortex. We found significant enrichment for axon
guidance and related pathways for genes harbouring somatic variations. This
could represent either a directed selection of genetic variations in these
pathways or increased susceptibility of some loci towards oxidative stress. This
study highlights that oxidative stress possibly influence single nucleotide
somatic variations in normal human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Sharma
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Asgar Hussain Ansari
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Renu Kumari
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Rakhshinda Rehman
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Bharati Mehani
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Binuja Varma
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit- TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Bapu K Desiraju
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Arijit Mukhopadhyay
- Genomics & Molceular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (AcSIR-IGIB), Delhi, 110020, India; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
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9
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Halder A, Jain M, Chaudhary I, Varma B. Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion in monozygotic twins with discordant phenotype and deletion size. Mol Cytogenet 2012; 5:13. [PMID: 22413934 PMCID: PMC3325853 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a pair of male monozygotic twins with 22q11.2 microdeletion, discordant phenotype and discordant deletion size. The second twin had findings suggestive of DiGeorge syndrome, while the first twin had milder anomalies without any cardiac malformation. The second twin had presented with intractable convulsion, cyanosis and cardiovascular failure in the fourth week of life and expired on the sixth week of life, whereas the first twin had some characteristic facial appearance with developmental delay but no other signs of the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome including cardiovascular malformation. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis had shown a microdeletion on the chromosome 22q11.2 in both twins. The interphase FISH did not find any evidence for the mosaicism. The genomic DNA microarray analysis, using HumanCytoSNP-12 BeadChip (Illumina), was identical between the twins except different size of deletion of 22q11.2. The zygosity using HumanCytoSNP-12 BeadChip (Illumina) microarray analysis suggested monozygosity. This observation indicates that altered size of the deletion may be the underlying etiology for the discordance in phenotype in monozygotic twins. We think early post zygotic events (mitotic non-allelic homologous recombination) could have been played a role in the alteration of 22q11.2 deletion size and, thus phenotypic variability in the monozygotic twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Halder
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Isha Chaudhary
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Binuja Varma
- The Centre for Genomic Application, 254 Okhla Industrial Area Phase III, New Delhi, India
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10
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Chauhan G, Tabassum R, Mahajan A, Dwivedi OP, Mahendran Y, Kaur I, Nigam S, Dubey H, Varma B, Madhu SV, Mathur SK, Ghosh S, Tandon N, Bharadwaj D. Common variants of FTO and the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Indians. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:720-6. [PMID: 21814223 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Common variants of fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO, fat mass- and obesity-associated gene) have been shown to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in population of European and non-European ethnicity. However, studies in Indian population have provided inconsistent results. Here, we examined association of eight FTO variants (rs1421085, rs8050136, rs9939609, rs9930506, rs1861867, rs9926180, rs2540769 and rs708277) with obesity and type 2 diabetes in 5364 North Indians (2474 type 2 diabetes patients and 2890 non-diabetic controls) in two stages. None of the variants including previously reported intron 1 variants (rs1421085, rs8050136, rs9939609 and rs9930506) showed body mass index (BMI)-dependent/independent association with type 2 diabetes. However, rs1421085, rs8050136 and rs9939609 were associated with obesity status and measures of obesity (BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio) in stage 2 and combined study population. Meta-analysis of the two study population results also revealed that rs1421085, rs8050136 and rs9939609 were significantly associated with BMI both under the random- and fixed-effect models (P (random/fixed)=0.02/0.0001, 0.004/0.0006 and 0.01/0.01, respectively). In conclusion, common variants of FTO were associated with obesity, but not with type 2 diabetes in North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chauhan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
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11
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Grover S, Gourie-Devi M, Baghel R, Sharma S, Bala K, Gupta M, Narayanasamy K, Varma B, Gupta M, Kaur K, Talwar P, Kaur H, Giddaluru S, Sharma A, Brahmachari SK, Consortium IGV, Kukreti R. Genetic profile of patients with epilepsy on first-line antiepileptic drugs and potential directions for personalized treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:927-41. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The first-line antiepileptic drugs, although affordable and effective in the control of seizures, are associated with adverse drug effects, and there is large interindividual variability in the appropriate dose at which patients respond favorably. This variability may partly be explained by functional consequences of genetic polymorphisms in the drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as the CYP450 family, microsomal epoxide hydrolase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, drug transporters, mainly ATP-binding cassette transporters, and drug targets, including sodium channels. The purpose of this study was to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of such genetic variants in patients with epilepsy from North India administered first-line antiepileptic drugs, such as phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid, and compare them with worldwide epilepsy populations. Materials & methods: SNP screening of 19 functional variants from 12 genes in 392 patients with epilepsy was carried out, and the patients were classified with respect to the metabolizing rate of their drug-metabolizing enzymes, efflux rate of drug transporters and sensitivity of drug targets. Results: A total of 16 SNPs were found to be polymorphic, and the allelic frequencies for these SNPs were in conformance with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Among all the polymorphisms studied, functional variants from genes encoding CYP2C19, EPHX1, ABCB1 and SCN1A were highly polymorphic in North Indian epilepsy patients, and might account for differential drug response to first-line antiepileptic drugs. Conclusion: Interethnic differences were elucidated for several polymorphisms that might be responsible for differential serum drug levels and optimal dose requirement for efficacious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | | | - Ruchi Baghel
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Institute of Human Behavior & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Bala
- Institute of Human Behavior & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Meena Gupta
- Institute of Human Behavior & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | | | - Binuja Varma
- The Centre for Genomic Application (TCGA), New Delhi, India
| | - Meenal Gupta
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Kavita Kaur
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Puneet Talwar
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Abhay Sharma
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Samir K Brahmachari
- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
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12
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Majumder PP, Staats HF, Sarkar-Roy N, Varma B, Ghosh T, Maiti S, Narayanasamy K, Whisnant CC, Stephenson JL, Wagener DK. Genetic determinants of immune-response to a polysaccharide vaccine for typhoid. Hugo J 2010; 3:17-30. [PMID: 21119757 DOI: 10.1007/s11568-010-9134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Differences in immunological response among vaccine recipients are determined both by their genetic differences and environmental factors. Knowledge of genetic determinants of immunological response to a vaccine can be used to design a vaccine that circumvents immunogenetic restrictions. The currently available vaccine for typhoid is a pure polysaccharide vaccine, immune response to which is T-cell independent. Little is known about whether genetic variation among vaccinees associates with variation in their antibody response to a polysaccharide vaccine. We conducted a study on 1,000 individuals resident in an area at high-risk for typhoid; vaccinated them with the typhoid vaccine, measured their antibody response to the vaccine, assayed >2,000 curated SNPs chosen from 283 genes that are known to participate in immune-response; and analyzed these data using a strategy to (a) minimize the statistical problems associated with testing of multiple hypotheses, and (b) internally cross-validate inferences, using a half-sample design, with little loss of statistical power. The first stage analysis, using the first half-sample, identified 54 SNPs in 43 genes to be significantly associated with immune response. In the second-stage, these inferences were cross-validated using the second half-sample. First-stage results of only 8 SNPs (out of 54) in 7 genes (out of 43) were cross-validated. We tested additional SNPs in these 7 genes, and found 8 more SNPs to be significantly associated. Haplotypes constructed with these SNPs in these 7 genes also showed significant association. These 7 genes are DEFB1, TLR1, IL1RL1, CTLA4, MAPK8, CD86 and IL17D. The overall picture that has emerged from this study is that (a) immune response to polysaccharide antigens is qualitatively different from that to protein antigens, and (b) polymorphisms in genes involved in polysaccharide recognition, signal transduction, inhibition of T-cell proliferation, pro-inflammatory signaling and eventual production of antimicrobial peptides are associated with antibody response to the polysaccharide vaccine for typhoid. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11568-010-9134-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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13
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Abstract
Witkop tooth and nail syndrome is an autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia characterized by hypodontia and nail dysplasia. Mutations in MSX-1 have been identified as being involved in the syndrome. Mandibular incisors, secondary molars and maxillary canines are the most frequently missing teeth. Tooth shape may vary, and conical and narrow crowns are common. Nail dysplasia affects finger- and toenails, and is often more severe in childhood. Nails may be spoon-shaped, rigid, slow-growing and easily broken. The clinical and radiographic features of a mother and child presenting with this rare condition are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Devadas
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India.
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14
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Joseph T, Varma B, Mungara J. A study of root canal morphology of human primary molars using computerised tomography: an in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2005; 23:7-12. [PMID: 15858299 DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the size, morphology and variation of the root canals of primary teeth are useful in visualizing the pulp cavity during treatment. This study was carried out to investigate the applicability of Computed Tomography in studying the root canal morphology of the primary molars. A total of 60 primary molars.without any macroscopic root resorption were collected and divided into four groups. The samples were arranged in wax block and then scanned for evaluation in the CT Scanner both in axial and coronal plane. The results obtained from the scanned images were statistically analyzed to know the frequency, mean and standard deviation for all the groups. The images showed the complexity of the root canals of the primary molars and also several capabilities of the CT Scan in advance Endodontic research in primary teeth were observed.
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15
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Joseph T, Varma B, Mungara J. A compound composite odontoma associated with unerupted permanent incisor--a case report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2004; 22:114-7. [PMID: 15573658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Odontomas are the most common type of odontogenic tumors and generally they are asymptomatic. Frequently it may interfere with the eruption of the teeth. This is a case report of a compound composite odontoma in a 9 year old girl, which results in failure of eruption of the permanent upper right central incisor while the contralateral tooth had erupted. A calcified mass was seen in the radiograph and was provisionally diagnosed as odontoma following which the odontoma was enucleated. Routine follow up was done for more than a year and no recurrence was seen. This case report indicates that early diagnosis and management ensures better prognosis.
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16
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Herle GP, Joseph T, Varma B, Jayanthi M. Comparative evaluation of glass ionomer and resin based fissure sealant using noninvasive and invasive techniques--a SEM and microleakage study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2004; 22:56-62. [PMID: 15491087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of using invasive and non-invasive techniques was assessed by Scanning electron microscopy, and by microleakage of Glass ionomer (GC VII, Fuji) and Resin based sealant (Helioseal-F, Ivoclar Vivadent). 100 young premolars were used for this study, and they were divided into four groups: Group I: non-invasive technique GC VII, Group II: Invasive GC VII, Group III: Non-Invasive Helioseal-F, Group IV: Invasive, Helioseal-F. 5 teeth from each group were evaluated under SEM. It was seen that the flow and adaptation of GC VII was slightly better than Helioseal F, and the invasive technique provided the best flow and adaptation. For microleakage analysis 5% methylene blue was used. It was seen that minimal microleakage was seen in Group IV (P<0.01). Considering the recent controversies using resin based sealants, it can be said that GC VII can be a viable alternative for pit and fissure sealants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Herle
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai
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17
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Varma B, Tandon S. Enamel etching by carbon dioxide laser. An in-vitro comparative evaluation. Indian J Dent Res 1997; 8:19-25. [PMID: 9495133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enamel surfaces etched with carbon dioxide laser and 37% phosphoric acid were compared with regard to surface topography. The shear bond strengths of composite bonded to enamel etched by laser and acid were also compared in the study. Out of the 72 human healthy premolars selected for the study, 12 teeth were used for studying the surface topography using scanning electron microscope. The shear bond strengths were evaluated using a Hounsfield Tensometer in the remaining 60 teeth. Under scanning electron microscope, carbon dioxide laser etching of enamel produced a poor etch pattern. The shear bond strengths of composite bonded to laser etched enamel appeared inferior as compared to those on acid etched enamel. Paired t-test gave a statistically significant difference between the shear bond strengths of composite bonded to laser etched and acid etched enamel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Varma
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Surgery, Manipal, India
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18
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19
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Abstract
The results of operative treatment of 78 cases of un-united fractures of the humeral diaphysis are reported. The operation consisted of medullary nail fixation, the nail being bent at the fracture site in order to engage the cortex above and below the fracture, and was followed by plaster splintage. Forty-nine cases showed evidence of union within 20 weeks and 21 united between 20 and 30 weeks. Of the remaining cases, two had broken nails and five were lost to follow-up.
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Abstract
1. Observations were made on the effects of 4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammonium chloride (McN-A-343) on responses of isolated segments of the central artery of the rabbit's ear to sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline.2. With low frequencies of nerve stimulation (2-5 Hz), McN-A-343 caused a decrease in responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. This effect of McN-A-343 was abolished by dexamphetamine or atropine. In the presence of atropine, McN-A-343 caused an increase in responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation.3. With high frequencies of nerve stimulation (10-20 Hz), McN-A-343 caused an increase in responses. This effect was not qualitatively changed in the presence of atropine.4. When McN-A-343 had an inhibitory effect on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, responses to noradrenaline were unaffected.5. It is suggested that McN-A-343 acts on muscarinic receptors through which noradrenaline release may be inhibited; it may also act on the cholinergic stage in adrenergic transmission postulated by Burn & Rand (1959).
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Rand MJ, Varma B. Effects of McN-A-343 on responses induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation in the rabbit isolated ear artery. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 40:158P-159P. [PMID: 4321079 PMCID: PMC1702690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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22
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Rand MJ, Varma B. The effects of cholinomimetic drugs on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline in the rabbit ear artery. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 38:758-70. [PMID: 5441788 PMCID: PMC1702590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb09885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of infusions of the cholinomimetic drugs acetylcholine, methacholine, muscarine, carbachol, arecoline and pilocarpine were examined on vasoconstrictor responses of the perfused rabbit ear artery to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to injections of noradrenaline.2. The first effect of very low concentrations of acetylcholine or muscarine was a slight enhancement of responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, but when higher concentrations of acetylcholine, methacholine, muscarine, carbachol and arecoline were infused, these vasoconstrictor responses were decreased. With still higher concentrations the responses tended to increase in size during the infusion. After stopping an infusion, the depressed vasoconstrictor responses rapidly recovered and became enhanced.3. Infusions of pilocarpine in a wide range of concentrations generally caused enhancement of responses.4. The depressant effects of cholinomimetic drugs on the responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were antagonized by atropine. Larger concentrations of the drugs overcame the blockade by atropine.5. The effects of acetylcholine, methacholine and muscarine on the responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were more pronounced at low than at high frequencies of stimulation.6. Vasoconstrictor responses to injected noradrenaline were enhanced by acetylcholine or methacholine, whereas responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were decreased by the same concentrations of these choline esters.7. It is suggested that cholinomimetic drugs may act on receptor sites associated with the adrenergic terminal axon and that they may facilitate or impair the release of noradrenaline and impair noradrenaline uptake.
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