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Tafurt-Cardona Y, Suares-Rocha P, Silva BO, Moraes KCM, Marin-Morales MA. Toxic effects of Arianor Ebony hair dye on human cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12777. [PMID: 37493773 PMCID: PMC10361642 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the risks of hair dye exposure, we investigated cellular and molecular effects of Arianor Ebony dye, which is a mixture of azo and anthraquinone dyes, used in the composition of the black color. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and gene expression of relevant molecules of apoptotic and oxidative stress mechanisms were investigated in HepG2 cells exposed to Arianor Ebony. Results showed that the dye did not induce cytotoxicity to exposed cells at a concentration up to 50 µg/mL compared to the negative control. However, genotoxic assays indicated that the dye was able to damage the genetic material at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, with induction factor values of exposed cells two- to five-fold higher than those recorded for the negative control. Moreover, the lowest observed effect concentration was 12.5 µg/mL. For gene expression, relevant changes were observed in cytochrome c and caspase 9, which decreased in cells incubated with the dye in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the negative control. In parallel, the expression of genes for antioxidant enzymes was increased in exposed cells, suggesting the presence of metabolic routes that protect cells against the toxic effect of the dye, avoiding exacerbated cellular death. Results suggested that the dye disrupted cellular homeostasis through mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be hazardous to human health. Thus, further investigations are necessary to deeply understand the mechanisms of action of the dye, considering its toxic potential found in our ex vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tafurt-Cardona
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Campus, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universitaria Navarra - UNINAVARRA, Neiva-Huila, Colombia
| | - P Suares-Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Campus, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - B O Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Campus, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
- Centro Universitário FUNCESI, Itabira, MG, Brasil
| | - K C M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Campus, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Marin-Morales
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Campus, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
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Silva BO, Orlando JB, Pires CL, Hiruma-Lima CA, de Mascarenhas Gaivão I, Perazzo FF, Maistro EL. Genotoxicity induced by nerol, an essential oil present in citric plants using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and HepG2/C3A cells as a model. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2021; 84:518-528. [PMID: 33761836 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1902443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nerol (cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol) is a monoterpene widely used in cosmetic products, household detergents and cleaners, as well as a flavoring in several food products. Despite the high level of human exposure to nerol, an absence of studies regarding potential genetic toxicity in human cells exists. The aim of this investigation was to examine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this monoterpene on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as hepatic metabolizing HepG2/C3A human cell line. Cytotoxicity was assessed using trypan blue staining and MTT assay while genotoxicity was determined utilizing the comet and micronucleus test. Cytotoxicity tests showed cell viability greater than 70% for concentrations between 2.5 and 500 µg/ml. Both cell types exhibited significant DNA damage and chromosomal mutations after medium and high concentration incubation with nerol indicating that the safety of use of this monoterpene in various formulations to which humans are exposed needs to be monitored and requires more comprehensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ogushi Silva
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Marília, Brazil
| | - Juliana Botinhon Orlando
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Marília, Brazil
| | - Camila Lehnhardt Pires
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Geral E Aplicada - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Instituto De Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Geral E Aplicada - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Instituto De Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Isabel de Mascarenhas Gaivão
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology and Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fábio Ferreira Perazzo
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Edson Luis Maistro
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP - Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Marília, Brazil
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Geral E Aplicada - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Instituto De Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil
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Orlando JB, Silva BO, Pires-Cunha CL, Hiruma-Lima CA, Gaivão IODM, Maistro EL. Genotoxic effects induced by beta-myrcene following metabolism by liver HepG2/C3A human cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:176-185. [PMID: 30806179 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1577195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Beta-myrcene [or myrcene (1,6-Octadiene, 7-methyl-3-methylene-)] and the essential oils containing this monoterpene have been widely used in cosmetics, detergents, and soaps, and as flavoring additives for food and beverages. Due to the potentially high level of human exposure to beta-myrcene, and absence of studies involving its genotoxicity in human cells, the aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this terpenoid in non-metabolizing cells (leukocytes) and liver metabolizing cells (HepG2/C3A cells). Prior to the genotoxic assessment by the comet and micronucleus (MN) assays, a range of beta-myrcene concentrations was tested in a preliminary MTT assay. Regarding the MTT assay, the results showed cytotoxic effects for leukocytes at 250 µg/ml and higher concentrations, while for HepG2/C3A cells, absence of cytotoxicity was noted relative to all tested concentrations (after 24 hr exposure). Thus, the concentrations of 2.5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml for leukocytes, and 2.5, 100, and 1000 µg/ml for HepG2/C3A cells were selected for subsequent assays. Genotoxicity evaluation demonstrated significant DNA damage in the comet assay and significant chromosomal abnormalities including nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds in HepG2/C3A cells at beta-myrcene concentrations of 100 and 1000 µg/ml. Under our experimental conditions, caution is recommended in the use of beta-myrcene, since this compound produced genotoxic effects especially after metabolic activation using human HepG2/C3A cells, which may be associated with carcinogenic and teratogenic effects previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Botinhon Orlando
- a Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia , São Paulo State University - UNESP , Marília , Brazil
| | - Brian Ogushi Silva
- a Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia , São Paulo State University - UNESP , Marília , Brazil
| | - Camila Lehnhardt Pires-Cunha
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências , São Paulo State University - UNESP , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências , São Paulo State University - UNESP , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Isabel O'Neill de Mascarenhas Gaivão
- c Department of Genetics and Biotechnology and Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV) , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - Edson Luis Maistro
- a Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia , São Paulo State University - UNESP , Marília , Brazil
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências , São Paulo State University - UNESP , Botucatu , Brazil
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Azinge EC, Sofola OA, Silva BO. Relationship between salt intake, salt-taste threshold and blood pressure in Nigerians. West Afr J Med 2011; 30:373-376. [PMID: 22752827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have found an association between sodium intake and blood pressure. Salt taste threshold is thought to be another marker of sodium intake. OBJECTIVE This study sought to assess two markers of sodium intake, 24-hour-urinary sodium and salt-taste threshold. We also determined the relationship between these two markers and blood pressure. METHODS Salt taste threshold was measured by the ability of the subjects to discern the taste of salt in graded solutions of saline. Twenty-four urinary sodium was measured by flame photometry in a 24-hour urine collection. Other plasma and urine electrolytes and creatinine were measured using standard automated chemistry methods. RESULTS There was a significantly higher salt intake measured as 24-hour urinary sodium/mmol of creatinine in the hypertensive group, (36.6±20mmol/L/mmol creatinine) compared with the normotensive group (14.8±5.8mmol/L/mmol creatinine) p<0.001. Urinary potassium was also higher in the hypertensive subjects. When the subjects were grouped into low and high salt taste threshold, the high salt threshold group also had significantly higher 24 hour urinary sodium (30.3±5mmol/L creatinine vs the low STT urinary sodium of (19.5±14 p <.05). CONCLUSION Sodium intake measured as 24-hour urinary sodium is increased in subjects with hypertension attesting to sodium intake as a risk factor for the development of high blood pressure. Subjects with high salt taste threshold also have increased urinary sodium excretion which may predispose them to development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Azinge
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nigeria, diarrhoeal disease is second only to malaria as a cause of death the under 5 age group. This study was aimed at assessing the benefit or otherwise of zinc supplement in acute diarrhoea. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a multi-centred randomized double blind controlled study. Children with acute diarrhoea aged between 6 and 24 months were randomized into zinc supplemented and placebo groups. Plasma zinc levels were analyzed at enrollment and at the end of the study. The children were reviewed for the next three months from the time of enrollment. RESULTS The mean plasma zinc levels at baseline and at the end of the study were 0.06 +/- 0.04 and 0.067 +/- 0.03 ppm in the zinc supplemented group and 0.11 +/- 0.02 and 0.05 +/- 0.03 ppm in the control group. The differences were not statistically significant. The zinc supplemented group had an average weight gain of 1.1 kg as against 0.73 kg (p = 0.00) for the control group in the study period. No adverse effect was reported on account of zinc supplementation. CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation is beneficial in acute diarrhoea as observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Fajolu
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos
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Silva BO. First derivative spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic simultaneous determination of benzoic and salicylic acids in pharmaceutical preparations. Nig Q J Hosp Med 2008; 18:92-95. [PMID: 19068560 DOI: 10.4314/nqjhm.v18i2.44994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two methods are presented for the simultaneous determination of benzoic and salicylic acids in pharmaceutical preparations using first (1D) derivative spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Benzoic and salicylic acids were determined by measurement of first derivative amplitude at the zero crossing points 283 and 310 nm respectively. Methanolic solutions obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 20-60 and 10-30 microg/ml for benzoic and salicylic acids respectively. The HPLC method depends upon using a Vydac reversed-phase column at ambient temperature with a mobile phase consisting of 20:80 (ACN:H2O) at a flow rate 0.5 ml min(-1) Quantitation was achieved with UV detection of 230 nm at 0 min and 204 nm at 4 min based on peak area. For the two methods the regression line equations were derived with correlation coefficient better than 0.995. The two methods were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of benzoic and salicylic acids in laboratory-prepared mixtures and in creams with good accuracy and precision. No significant differences were found between the results obtained both by the HPLC and derivative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the Petrifilm Staph Express Count plate (3M, Minneapolis, MN) for diagnosis of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of experiment 1 was to determine the sensitivity of Petrifilm compared with results of standard and augmented microbiological techniques, and the objective of experiment 2 was to compare microbiological results of composite and quarter milk samples processed using Petrifilm. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine the specificity of the Petrifilm method based on different interpretation parameters, and the objective of experiment 4 was to determine the repeatability of reading Petrifilm Staph Express plates. Results of standard microbiological techniques used for experiments 1 and 2 were compared with results of samples preprocessed using centrifugation or preincubation. The prevalence of recovery of Staph. aureus from milk samples processed using Petrifilm was significantly greater than the prevalence of milk samples processed using standard microbiological techniques. The sensitivity of isolation of Staph. aureus was 65.6, 75.0, 84.4, and 87.5% for standard, centrifugation, incubation, and Petrifilm methods, respectively. The occurrence of a distinct pink zone surrounding a colony was highly specific for Staph. aureus, and the specificity was 98.5 and 96.0% for experiments 3 and 4, respectively. The use of a weak pink zone to diagnose Staph. aureus resulted in a high rate of false-positive results. The interpretation of results of Petrifilm Staph Express was associated with the person that read the plates. Results from all 4 experiments indicate potential for the Petrifilm products as a diagnostic tool in some herd situations when Staph. aureus is the pathogen of interest. Results also indicate the need for standardization of interpretive criteria for personnel working with the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Silva
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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