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Sanyahumbi A, Karthikeyan G, Aliku T, Beaton A, Carapetis J, Culliford-Semmens N, Engelman D, Kado J, Maguire G, Okello E, Penny DJ, Remond M, Sable CA, Steer A, Wilson N. P3131Evolution of subclinical rheumatic heart disease: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Screening echocardiography (echo) detects subclinical rheumatic heart disease (RHD) which is categorised as definite or borderline. The natural history of subclinical RHD is not known. Follow up single centre studies have included a relatively small number of participants, and have shown variable progression rates.
Aim
To determine incidence of and factors associated with progression and regression among a cohort of children with baseline subclinical RHD across multiple countries and regions.
Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study of RHD evolution in children with subclinical RHD. Study sites were Australia, Fiji, Malawi, New Zealand, and Uganda. Progression or regression was determined from echos obtained at baseline and most recent follow-up. Factors associated with echo progression or regression were identified using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
482 participants (131 with definite, 351 with borderline subclinical RHD) from 5 countries were included (mean age 11.5 years, range 5–19 years). Mean follow up was 3.4 yrs (range 0.4–9.5 yrs). Of 482 participating children, 204 (42%) regressed. Among 131 children with definite lesions, 48 (37%) regressed to borderline or normal, and 83 (63%) remained definite. Among 351 children with borderline lesions, 39 (11.1%) progressed, 156 (44.4%) remained borderline, and 156 (44.4%) regressed to normal. World Heart Federation defines subcategories based on characteristics of affected valves. By subcategory, children with definite C (pathological aortic regurgitation and 2 morphologic characteristics of the aortic valve) and borderline A (at least 2 morphologic features of the mitral valve without pathologic mitral regurgitation or stenosis) were less likely to regress, and borderline A was more likely to progress. In univariable analysis, good adherence (>80%) to penicillin prophylaxis (BPG) was associated with more regression among all patients (definite + borderline) (OR 1.9, CI 1, 3.5; p=0.04) but this association did not remain significant after adjustment. With multivariable analysis, borderlines prescribed BPG was the only factor related to progression from borderline to definite (OR 4.1, CI 1.8, 9.3, p<0.01).
Conclusion
This is the largest reported subclinical RHD cohort followed to report outcomes. 42% of definite RHD regressed with subtype C more likely to regress. 11% of borderline RHD progressed. Borderline A was more likely to progress and less likely to regress. We have also identified that being prescribed BPG is associated with borderline progression. This is likely because children with more advanced borderline disease may be more likely to be prescribed BPG. This study highlights that RHD evolution is variable out to 3–4 years post echo detection. While borderline disease is likely, in some cases, to reflect the earliest change of RHD, how this should be monitored and whether it should be treated with BPG should be a priority for future prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sanyahumbi
- Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, Houston, United States of America
| | - G Karthikeyan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Department of Cardiology, New Delhi, India
| | - T Aliku
- Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Beaton
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Cardiology, Cincinnati, United States of America
| | | | - N Culliford-Semmens
- Starship Children's Hospital, Green Lane Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Services, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Engelman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Tropical Diseases Research Group, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Kado
- Telethon Kids Institute & College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Perth, Australia
| | - G Maguire
- University of Melbourne, Western Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Okello
- Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - D J Penny
- Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology, Houston, United States of America
| | - M Remond
- University of Technology, Sydney, Faculty of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - C A Sable
- Children's National Medical Center, Pediatric Cardiology, Washington, United States of America
| | - A Steer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Tropical Diseases Research Group, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Wilson
- Starship Children's Hospital, Green Lane Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Services, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Sable CA, Scheld WM. Theoretical and practical considerations of antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 45:96-117. [PMID: 1610144 DOI: 10.1159/000421003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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Hiemenz JW, Raad II, Maertens JA, Hachem RY, Saah AJ, Sable CA, Chodakewitz JA, Severino ME, Saddier P, Berman RS, Ryan DM, DiNubile MJ, Patterson TF, Denning DW, Walsh TJ. Efficacy of caspofungin as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis compared to standard therapy in a historical cohort. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1387-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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DiNubile MJ, Strohmaier KM, Lupinacci RJ, Meibohm AR, Sable CA, Kartsonis NA. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin therapy in elderly patients with proven or suspected invasive fungal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:663-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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de Pauw BE, Sable CA, Walsh TJ, Lupinacci RJ, Bourque MR, Wise BA, Nguyen BY, DiNubile MJ, Teppler H. Impact of alternate definitions of fever resolution on the composite endpoint in clinical trials of empirical antifungal therapy for neutropenic patients with persistent fever: analysis of results from the Caspofungin Empirical Therapy Study. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8:31-7. [PMID: 16623818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitivity analyses were incorporated in a Phase III study of caspofungin vs. liposomal amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy for febrile neutropenic patients to determine the impact of varying definitions of fever resolution on response rates. METHODS The primary analysis used a 5-part composite endpoint: resolution of any baseline invasive fungal infection, no breakthrough invasive fungal infection, survival, no premature discontinuation of study drug, and fever resolution for 48 h during the period of neutropenia. Pre-specified analyses used 3 other definitions for fever resolution: afebrile for 24 h during the period of neutropenia, afebrile at 7 days post therapy, and eliminating fever resolution altogether from the composite endpoint. Patients were stratified on entry by use of antifungal prophylaxis and risk of infection. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants or relapsed acute leukemia defined high-risk patients. RESULTS In the primary analysis, 41% of patients in each treatment group met the fever-resolution criteria. Low-risk patients had shorter durations of neutropenia but failed fever-resolution criteria more often than high-risk patients. In each exploratory analysis, response rates increased in both treatment groups compared to the primary analysis, particularly in low-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS Response rates for the primary composite endpoint for both treatment groups in this study were driven by low rates of fever resolution. Requiring fever resolution during neutropenia in a composite endpoint can mask more clinically relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E de Pauw
- University Hospital St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Abstract
A 12-year-old male presented with a 6-week history of apparent digital vasculitis with color changes of the distal fingers and erythematous macules of the palms and soles. Physical examination revealed skin findings of Carney complex and an abnormal cardiac examination. Echocardiography demonstrated a large left atrial mass, which caused partial obstruction during diastole and moderate mitral valve insufficiency. Surgical excision and pathological examination of the mass confirmed the presence of a large, peduculated myxoma. This case illustrates the presentation of Carney complex with left atrial myxoma as apparent vasculitis and Raynaud's phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Mirkinson
- Department of Rheumatology, George Washington University Medical Center, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Porcalla AR, Sable CA, Patel KM, Martin GR, Singh N. The epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in an urban hospital: does African American race protect against coronary artery aneurysms? Pediatr Cardiol 2005; 26:775-81. [PMID: 16421770 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-005-0916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD) is largely unknown. Certain demographic factors and laboratory findings are predictive of the development of coronary artery (CA) aneurysms. The objectives of this study were to determine the epidemiology of KD patients in an urban hospital and determine risk factors associated with their development of CA abnormalities. A longitudinal case series of KD patients admitted to Children's National Medical Center from 1990 to 2002 was examined. Age, sex, ethnic background, duration of fever prior to diagnosis, address, month diagnosed, and CA abnormalities (ectasia or aneurysms) on echocardiography were recorded. Median household income was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau Web site. The Student t-test, logistic regression analyses, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used, with significance assumed at p < 0.05. A total of 302 patients were evaluated. CA abnormalties were found in 27 patients (9%), with aneurysms identified in 13 patients (4%). Age was 2.9 +/- 2.4 years (range, 2 months to 14 years). A total of 51 patients (16%) were < or =1 year and 35 patients (12%) were > or =5 years. Ethnic distribution was 54% (164) African American, 24% (72) Caucasian, 9% (29) Asian/Pacific Islander, 8% (23) Hispanic, and 5% (14) Middle Eastern. Only 2/164 (1.2%) African Americans developed CA aneurysms. Neighborhood median income of the cohort was $45,400 +/- $21,200 ($52,200 +/-$25,800 for patients with aneurysms). A total of 28% of cases clustered between December and January. Cases doubled annually in 1999-2001 compared to 1990-1998 (39 vs 19). Multivariate logistic regression found age between 1 and 5 years [p = 0.045; odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10-0.97] and African American race (p = 0.014; odds ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.68) to be independently protective against CA aneurysms. Duration of fever prior to diagnosis, considered in 210 patients, was different between patients with and without aneurysms (11 +/- 5.3 vs 6.5 +/- 3.8 days, respectively, p = 0.0007). Multivariate logistic regression found fever longer than 5 days to be the only predictive factor associated with the development of aneurysms and any abnormality. African Americans had a shorter duration of fever than the rest of the cohort (6.03 vs 7.31 days), (p = 0.0087). The epidemiology of KD at our hospital is similar to that at other centers except for the predominance of African Americans with a shorter duration of fever prior to diagnosis and a decreased incidence of CA aneurysms compared to other ethnicities. The protective nature of African American ethnicity against the development of CA aneurysms raises speculation about the role of genetics and its interaction with immunity in the pathogenesis of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Porcalla
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Woodson KE, Sable CA, Berger JT, Slack MC, Wernovsky G, Spray TL. A case of congenitally protected d-transposition of the great arteries in a very low-birth-weight infant. Pediatr Cardiol 2003; 24:175-8. [PMID: 12399905 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-002-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An arterial switch is the corrective procedure of choice for d-transposition of the great arteries but may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality when performed in low-birth-weight infants. Conversely, delaying surgery often leads to left ventricular "deconditioning" as pulmonary arteriolar resistance decreases. We present an infant with a birth weight of 940 g with d-transposition of the great arteries with an intact ventricular septum whose bilateral pulmonary artery branch stenosis allowed for maintenance of near systemic left ventricular pressure, thereby protecting against deconditioning. This case also represents the smallest reported patient to undergo a successful balloon atrial septostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Woodson
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010, USA
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9
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Dinubile M, Lupinacci R, Sable C, Kartsonis N. Crit Care 2003; 7:P132. [DOI: 10.1186/cc2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Caspofungin acetate is the first member of the novel echinocandin class of antifungal drugs to be marketed in the United States. It has recently been approved for use in patients with invasive aspergillosis who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy. Accordingly, its safety profile is particularly important to review. The safety and tolerability of caspofungin have been examined in 623 persons, including 295 patients who received >/= 50 mg/day for at least one week in clinical studies. In the 263 patients, given caspofungin in randomized double-blind active-control trials to date, there have been no serious clinical or laboratory drug-related adverse events; caspofungin was discontinued in only 2% of these patients because of drug-related adverse experiences. Caspofungin may have potentially important drug interactions with cyclosporine and tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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11
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Villanueva A, Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Berman RS, DiNubile MJ, Sable CA. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:1529-35. [PMID: 11588698 DOI: 10.1086/323401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2001] [Revised: 05/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspofungin is a new broad-spectrum antifungal drug. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial was conducted to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin relative to amphotericin B in adults with endoscopically documented symptomatic Candida esophagitis. By use of a modified intent-to-treat analysis, endoscopically verified clinical success was achieved in 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59%-86%) and 89% (95% CI, 72%-98%) of patients receiving caspofungin at 50 and 70 mg/day, respectively, and in 63% (95% CI, 49%-76%) of patients given amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day. Therapy was stopped because of drug-related adverse events in 24% of patients in the amphotericin B group and 4% and 7%, respectively, for the caspofungin groups. This report provides the first demonstration of clinical utility for an echinocandin compound. Caspofungin appeared in this study to be as effective as and better tolerated than amphotericin B for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Cross
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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13
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Moak JP, Moore HJ, Lee SW, Giglia TM, Sable CA, Furbush NC, Ringel RR. Case report: pulmonary vein stenosis following RF ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: successful treatment with balloon dilation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2000; 4:621-31. [PMID: 11141209 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026573816874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia may originate from a focal source in one or multiple pulmonary veins. A focal origin facilitates a potential cure amendable to radiofrequency ablation. Herein we report the case of a 16 year old adolescent male with a tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy who presented with very frequent paroxysmal episodes of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia. The origin of the arrhythmia was mapped to the secondary branches of the left lower pulmonary vein using an octapolar micro-mapping catheter. Immediately following application of three radiofrequency lesions, angiography of the left lower pulmonary vein revealed a region of focal stenosis at the site of energy application, with delayed pulmonary venous emptying. Attempts to relieve any element of spasm using direct administration of nitroglycerin were unsuccessful. Three months later repeat catheterization revealed an unchanged region of tight anatomical stenosis. Balloon dilation of two stenotic areas resulted in dramatic relief of the obstruction and improved venous drainage. Recatheterization 6 months later revealed mild restenosis that was successfully redilated. Intracardiac ultrasound demonstrated focal constriction. Care should be exercised in attempting RF ablation in distal arborization sites of the pulmonary veins in children, because of the small caliber compared to adult subjects. Radiofrequency induced focal areas of stenosis may be amenable to balloon catheter dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Moak
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Sable CA, Shaddy RE, Suddaby EC, Hawkins JA, Sell JE, Martin GR. Impact of prolonged waiting times of neonates awaiting heart transplantation. J Perinatol 1997; 17:481-8. [PMID: 9447538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study analyzed waiting times and outcomes of neonates listed for heart transplantation at two medical centers from 1991 through 1994. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis was performed to examine waiting times, charges, morbidity, and outcomes. RESULTS Of the 30 neonates listed for transplantation, 15 received hearts, with 10 late survivors. Waiting time increased from 25 +/- 8 days in 1991 and 1992 to 58 +/- 7 days in 1993 and 1994 (p < 0.01), and the hospital charge per patient increased from $118,300 +/- $31,500 to $198,700 +/- $25,400 (p < 0.05). Freedom from sepsis predicted receiving heart transplantation (p < 0.01). Lack of a preoperative central intravenous catheter, no preoperative mechanical ventilation, and A-negative blood type predicted heart transplantation survival (p < 0.05). The chances of receiving and surviving transplantation were the same in the two periods. There was a trend toward greater morbidity among neonates waiting more than 35 days. CONCLUSIONS Waiting times and charges have increased significantly over the last 4 years. Patients who are free of sepsis, lack a preoperative central intravenous catheter, are not mechanically ventilated preoperatively, and have A-negative blood type have better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
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Abstract
Emerging infections are defined as infections that are newly identified or recognized, or those whose incidence in humans has significantly increased over the past 20 years. The interaction of several factors contributes to the emergence of infectious disease, including changes in human behavior, technological advances, economic development, increased international travel, microbial adaptation and lapses in public health measures. Biomedical research has allowed us to identify and classify previously uncultured pathogens, characterize microbial virulence factors, create new diagnostic tests and develop vaccines. Here, we highlight a few emerging infections and illustrate the role that molecular medicine has played in furthering our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Merck Research Labs BL3-3, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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Hayden FG, Sable CA, Connor JD, Lane J. Intravenous ribavirin by constant infusion for serious influenza and parainfluenzavirus infection. Antivir Ther 1996; 1:51-6. [PMID: 11322259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Three patients with severe lower respiratory tract influenza or parainfluenzavirus infections were treated with continuous ribavirin infusion, given as a 5 mg/kg/hour (h) loading infusion for 8 h followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h for 2 to 6 days. This regimen was generally well tolerated. Plasma ribavirin concentrations were 40 to 60 microM in two patients during the continuous infusion phase and lower concentrations were detectable in tracheobronchial secretions. In temporal association with ribavirin administration, viral shedding diminished in one patient and ceased in two patients, one of whom had developed virus resistant to amantadine. The strategy of continuous ribavirin infusion warrants controlled testing for its antiviral and possible clinical effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Sable CA, Hayden FG. Orthomyxoviral and paramyxoviral infections in transplant patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 9:987-1003. [PMID: 8747776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In summary, orthomyxo- and paramyxoviruses cause clinically important infections in transplant patients. Patients often develop lower respiratory tract involvement and sometimes respiratory failure, which almost is uniformly fatal. Bone marrow transplant recipients appear to be at higher risk of severe disease than are solid-organ recipients, but well defined criteria to predict those patients who will be severely affected are not available. Factors associated with more severe disease include the type of viral pathogen, with pneumonia occurring more commonly with RSV and PIV infection, and the degree of immunosuppression of the patient, particularly the pre-engraftment phase in bone marrow transplant recipients. Because mortality is associated with development of pneumonia, prompt diagnosis and studies for concurrent infections are essential. Evaluation of fever and upper respiratory tract symptoms in patients in the peritransplant period should include sampling of nasopharyngeal and throat for virus isolation and antigen detection for respiratory viruses. If patients develop lower respiratory tract symptoms, early bronchoscopy with BAL is indicated. No specific antiviral therapy has proved effective in the treatment of established respiratory viral infections of transplant patients. Aerosolized ribavirin or, in the instance of influenza A virus infection, oral rimantadine might be considered as early therapy to prevent severe lower respiratory disease. Intravenous ribavirin, currently available on a compassionate use basis, might be considered for treating measles virus infection. In patients with lower tract disease due to RSV, the addition of immunoglobulin with high neutralizing antibody titers to RSV or intravenous ribavirin are additional considerations to forestall respiratory failure. Controlled studies of these interventions are needed in transplant patients before their use can be recommended routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
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18
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Abstract
The role of transthoracic echocardiography as a diagnostic tool in children suspected of having infective endocarditis (IE) has not been defined. We hypothesized that echocardiography is only useful in children in whom there is high clinical suspicion of IE based on physical examination findings or persistently positive blood cultures. Echocardiographic reports and medical records of all inpatients (n = 133) from 1990 to 1992 who underwent echocardiography for suspected IE were reviewed. Fifty-nine of the 133 patients (44%) identified had either persistently positive blood cultures (n = 48), physical examination findings of IE (n = 20), or both (n = 9). The echocardiogram was positive in 7 of these patients (12%) and negative in all 74 patients without positive physical findings or positive blood cultures (p = 0.003). A new or changing precordial murmur, embolic phenomena, congestive heart failure, mechanical ventilation, and positive blood cultures were predictive of positive echocardiograms for IE by univariate analysis. The presence of fever, immune deficiency, and central lines, alone or in combination, was not predictive of a positive echocardiogram. In the absence of physical findings or persistently positive blood cultures, echocardiography is a low-yield study and is unlikely to aid in the diagnosis of IE in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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20
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Sable CA, Scheld WM. Fluoroquinolones: how to use (but not overuse) these antibiotics. Geriatrics (Basel) 1993; 48:41-4, 49-51. [PMID: 8500773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone antibiotics are relatively new agents with long serum half lives, a high degree of bioavailability, and a broad spectrum of activity against many gram-negative and some gram-positive organisms. They are useful in a range of clinical settings but should not be considered as first-line treatment of many infections. Specific indications include chronic osteomyelitis caused by multiple-resistant gram-negative bacilli, chronic bacterial prostatitis refractory to other oral antibiotics, complicated urinary tract infections, and empiric therapy of suspected bacterial GI infections. Quinolones may also be considered when patients are allergic to a conventional agent, when infections are caused by multiple-resistant gram-negative bacilli, or when the toxicity of an alternate therapy is greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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Cobb DK, High KP, Sawyer RG, Sable CA, Adams RB, Lindley DA, Pruett TL, Schwenzer KJ, Farr BM. A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary-artery catheters. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1062-8. [PMID: 1522842 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199210083271505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of infection increases with the prolonged use of central vascular catheters, but it is unclear whether changing catheters every three days, as some recommend, will reduce the rate of infection, It is also unclear whether it is safer to change a catheter over a guide wire or insert it at a new site. METHODS We conducted a controlled trial in adult patients in intensive care units who required central venous or pulmonary-artery catheters for more than three days. Patients were assigned randomly to undergo one of four methods of catheter exchange: replacement every three days either by insertion at a new site (group 1) or by exchange over a guide wire (group 2), or replacement when clinically indicated either by insertion at a new site (group 3) or by exchange over a guide wire (group 4). RESULTS Of the 160 patients, 5 percent had catheter-related bloodstream infections, 16 percent had catheters that became colonized, and 9 percent had major mechanical complications. The incidence rates (per 1000 days of catheter use) of bloodstream infection were 3 in group 1, 6 in group 2, 2 in group 3, and 3 in group 4; the incidence rates of mechanical complications were 14, 4, 8, and 3, respectively. Patients randomly assigned to guide-wire-assisted exchange were more likely to have bloodstream infection after the first three days of catheterization (6 percent vs. 0, P = 0.06). Insertions at new sites were associated with more mechanical complications (5 percent vs. 1 percent, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Routine replacement of central vascular catheters every three days does not prevent infection. Exchanging catheters with the use of a guide wire increases the risk of bloodstream infection, but replacement involving insertion of catheters at new sites increases the risk of mechanical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Cobb
- University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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Sable CA, Wispelwey B. Pharmacologic interventions aimed at preventing the biologic effects of endotoxin. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991; 5:883-98. [PMID: 1783774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In summary, an increased understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of septic shock has led to the development and evaluation of potential adjunctive therapies. Although several agents show promise in certain experimental settings, definitive recommendations regarding the use of these agents are not yet possible. Although several therapies have shown benefit when the subject receives treatment prior to the onset of sepsis, most have had varying degrees of success following the development of septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sable
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville
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