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Smith CJ, Scott K, Parrett T, Rao D. An Extremely Rare Variant of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Masquerading as Chronic Pancreatitis. Am J Clin Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac126.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/Objective
Primary Pancreatic signet-ring cell carcinoma (PPSRCC) is an extremely rare histologic variant with sparse literature. Herein, we describe a case of PPSRCC in a 75-year-old female with positive family history of pancreatic cancer (47y/o brother). The diagnosis was delayed secondary to diagnostic challenges on initial fine-needle aspiration (FNA).
Methods/Case Report
Diagnosing PPSRCC on FNA can be extremely difficult. Primary, and metastatic neoplasms to the pancreas may exhibit cytomorphological similarities to signet-ring cells, posing diagnostic challenges. Further, sampling of abundant background inflammatory cells during a biopsy can result in incorrect diagnosis of pancreatitis. Given the strong clinical suspicion based on imaging findings, a second FNA was performed which showed few atypical cells suspicious for carcinoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and Whipple resection. The tumor morphology is characterized by infiltrating cells with large mucin vacuoles and peripheric nucleus comprising > 50% of the mass lesion with perineural invasion, in a background of chronic inflammation and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, grade III. A diagnosis of PPSRCC was rendered. Notably, lymph nodes (LN) showed no evidence of metastasis.
Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
NA.
Conclusion
Based on limited literature, PPSRCC is considered an aggressive malignancy with low survival rate, because of a high rate of metastasis. However, our case was rather unique given the lack of LN metastasis and the neodjuvant treatment strategy. As of February 2022, <10 cases have been reported with ill-defined characteristics and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
| | - K Scott
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
| | - T Parrett
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
| | - D Rao
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
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2
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Smith CJ, Scott K, Rao D. Is the Primary Tumor Site of Ampullary Carcinoma Distinct in the Setting of Morphology Subtype? Am J Clin Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac126.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/Objective
Ampullary cancer (AC) are rare and represents only 6% of the malignant periampullary tumors. Two main histologic subtypes of AC are pancreatobiliary (Pb-AC), and intestinal (In-AC). The data on the influencing role of several characteristics associated with AC subtypes on long term outcome is still emerging. Our study aimed to analyze the two subtypes Pb-AC and In-AC regarding their primary tumor site, median overall survival, and associated precursor lesion.
Methods/Case Report
Using the cBioPortal platform and systematic bioinformatical analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas Baylor College of Medicine Cell Reports, 2016, 133 AC patients were included and analyzed based on their morphology subtype. Of which 62 patients had the intestinal subtype, and 71 had the pancreaticobiliary morphological subtype.
Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
The role of primary tumor site was statistically significant (p-value = 0.01) among subtypes Pb-AC and In-AC (See Figure). Remarkably, the primary tumor site most associated with the pancreaticobiliary subtype was the distal bile duct, and the intestinal subtype was intra-ampullary. Additionally, the precursor lesion identification (absent vs present) was statistically significant among the subtypes (p-value = 0.01). Further, the median overall survival in ampullary carcinoma varied among the morphology of the two subtypes: In-AC (75.56 months, (95% CI: 57.04-NA)) and Pb-AC (27.04 months, (95% CI: 18.29-NA)).
Conclusion
The findings in this study highlight the complex multifactorial role of the two morphological subtypes in AC. Further studies are essential for understanding the underlying tumor site specific molecular signatures leading to subtyping and their impact on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
| | - K Scott
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
| | - D Rao
- Pathology , University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri , United States
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3
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Kirmse B, Hobbs C, Aaron L, Montepiedra G, Summar M, Williams PL, Smith CJ, Van Dyke R, Yu C, Ryckman KK, Borkowsky W. Acylcarnitines and Genetic Variation in Fat Oxidation Genes in HIV-infected, Antiretroviral-treated Children With and Without Myopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e306-e311. [PMID: 35622436 PMCID: PMC9288497 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial toxicity resulting in myopathy and lactic acidosis has been described in antiretroviral (ARV)-exposed patients. We hypothesized that myopathy in HIV-infected, ARV-treated children would be associated with metabolic (acylcarnitines) and genetic (variants in metabolic genes) markers of dysfunctional fatty acid oxidation (FAO). METHODS Acylcarnitine profiles (ACP) were analyzed for 74 HIV-infected children on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-containing ARV. Thirty-seven participants with ≥2 creatine kinase measurements >500 IU (n = 18) or evidence of echocardiographic cardiomyopathy (n = 19) were matched with 37 participants without myopathy. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FAO genes were also evaluated. RESULTS Abnormal ACP was 73% (95% CI: 56%-86%) and 62% (95% CI: 45%-78%) in the myopathic and nonmyopathic groups, respectively. No significant association was found between myopathy and having an abnormal ACP (OR = 2.10, P = 0.22). In univariate analysis, a 1-year increase in NRTI use was associated with a 20% increase in odds of at least 1 ACP abnormality [OR (95% CI) = 1.20 (1.03-1.41); P = 0.02), and a 1-year increase in protease inhibitor use was associated with 28% increase in the odds of having at least 1 ACP abnormality [OR (95% CI) = 1.28 (1.07-1.52); P = 0.006). Three SNPs, all in the gene for the carnitine transporter ( SLC22A5 ), were associated with the cardiomyopathy phenotype. CONCLUSION FAO appears to be altered in HIV-infected children with and without myopathy, but abnormal FAO does not fully explain myopathy in ARV-exposed children. Further study of SLC22A5 variation in ARV-exposed people is warranted carnitine transporter dysfunction-related cardiomyopathy may be treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kirmse
- From the Division of Genetics & Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Charlotte Hobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, New York University/Langone School of Medicine, New York
| | - Lisa Aaron
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Grace Montepiedra
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Marshall Summar
- From the Division of Genetics & Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Paige L Williams
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Caitlin J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Chunli Yu
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, New York, NY
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - William Borkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, New York University/Langone School of Medicine, New York
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Keating C, Bolton-Warberg M, Hinchcliffe J, Davies R, Whelan S, Wan AHL, Fitzgerald RD, Davies SJ, Ijaz UZ, Smith CJ. Temporal changes in the gut microbiota in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) outweigh the response to diet supplementation with macroalgae. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:7. [PMID: 33500003 PMCID: PMC7934267 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaculture successfully meets global food demands for many fish species. However, aquaculture production of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is just 2.5% of total market production. For cod farming to be a viable economic venture specific challenges on how to increase growth, health and farming productivity need to be addressed. Feed ingredients play a key role here. Macroalgae (seaweeds) have been suggested as a functional feed supplement with both health and economic benefits for terrestrial farmed animals and fish. The impact of such dietary supplements to cod gut integrity and microbiota, which contribute to overall fish robustness is unknown. The objective of this study was to supplement the diet of juvenile Atlantic cod with macroalgae and determine the impacts on fish condition and growth, gut morphology and hindgut microbiota composition (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing). Fish were fed one of three diets: control (no macroalgal inclusion), 10% inclusion of either egg wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum) or sea lettuce (Ulva rigida) macroalgae in a 12-week trial. RESULTS The results demonstrated there was no significant difference in fish condition, gut morphology or hindgut microbiota between the U. rigida supplemented fish group and the control group at any time-point. This trend was not observed with the A. nodosum treatment. Fish within this group were further categorised as either 'Normal' or 'Lower Growth'. 'Lower Growth' individuals found the diet unpalatable resulting in reduced weight and condition factor combined with an altered gut morphology and microbiome relative to the other treatments. Excluding this group, our results show that the hindgut microbiota was largely driven by temporal pressures with the microbial communities becoming more similar over time irrespective of dietary treatment. The core microbiome at the final time-point consisted of the orders Vibrionales (Vibrio and Photobacterium), Bacteroidales (Bacteroidetes and Macellibacteroides) and Clostridiales (Lachnoclostridium). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that U. rigida macroalgae can be supplemented at 10% inclusion levels in the diet of juvenile farmed Atlantic cod without any impact on fish condition or hindgut microbial community structure. We also conclude that 10% dietary inclusion of A. nodosum is not a suitable feed supplement in a farmed cod diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Keating
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
- Water and Environment Group, Infrastructure and Environment Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
| | - M Bolton-Warberg
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - J Hinchcliffe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Davies
- AquaBioTech Group, Central Complex, Naggar Street, Targa Gap, Mosta, G.C, MST 1761, Malta
| | - S Whelan
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - A H L Wan
- Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
- Aquaculture Nutrition and Aquafeed Research Unit, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - R D Fitzgerald
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - S J Davies
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - U Z Ijaz
- Water and Environment Group, Infrastructure and Environment Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
| | - C J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
- Water and Environment Group, Infrastructure and Environment Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
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Castanheira M, Doyle TB, Smith CJ, Mendes RE, Sader HS. Combination of MexAB-OprM overexpression and mutations in efflux regulators, PBPs and chaperone proteins is responsible for ceftazidime/avibactam resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from US hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2588-2595. [PMID: 31225882 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate ceftazidime/avibactam resistance mechanisms among Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates and compare with isolates susceptible to this combination. METHODS During 2015, 2548 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected in 106 US hospitals and 46 (1.8%) were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam. These isolates were matched with 109 ceftazidime/avibactam-susceptible isolates resistant to other antipseudomonal agents and were evaluated for the presence of β-lactam resistance mechanisms using WGS analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Results were analysed using logistic regression comparing the isolate groups to understand the mechanisms of ceftazidime/avibactam resistance. RESULTS Two isolates carried the MBLs blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2 and another three had unique alterations or deletions in the chromosomal AmpC Ω-loop associated with ceftazidime/avibactam resistance. Overexpression of mexA (+27.4%), disruptions in ampP (+21.7%), mexR (+17.1%) and mexZ (+14.6%) and alterations in ctpA (+13.0%), dnaK (+17.8%) and ftsI (+20.8%) were significantly more prevalent among ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant isolates when compared with their susceptible counterparts independently or in combination. The combination of dnaK alterations and mexA overexpression was more common among ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant by 82×; mexR disruptions and mexA overexpression by 45×; and other two- or three-genotype interactions that included alterations/disruptions in dnaK, ftsI, nalD, mexR, mexZ and mexA overexpression by 6.5× to 34×. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam among P. aeruginosa clinical isolates has been shown to be a complex interplay of resistance mechanisms that can affect ceftazidime and/or avibactam and some similar findings were reported in laboratory isolates exposed to ceftazidime ± avibactam.
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6
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West RM, Smith CJ, Pavitt SH, Butler CC, Howard P, Bates C, Savic S, Wright JM, Hewison J, Sandoe JAT. 'Warning: allergic to penicillin': association between penicillin allergy status in 2.3 million NHS general practice electronic health records, antibiotic prescribing and health outcomes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2075-2082. [PMID: 31225607 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of reported penicillin allergy (PenA) and the impact these records have on health outcomes in the UK general population are unknown. Without such data, justifying and planning enhanced allergy services is challenging. OBJECTIVES To determine: (i) prevalence of PenA records; (ii) patient characteristics associated with PenA records; and (iii) impact of PenA records on antibiotic prescribing/health outcomes in primary care. METHODS We carried out cross-sectional/retrospective cohort studies using patient-level data from electronic health records. Cohort study: exact matching across confounders identified as affecting PenA records. Setting: English NHS general practices between 1 April 2013 and 31 March 2014. Participants: 2.3 million adult patients. Outcome measures: prevalence of PenA, antibiotic prescribing, mortality, MRSA infection/colonization and Clostridioides difficile infection. RESULTS PenA prevalence was 5.9% (IQR = 3.8%-8.2%). PenA records were more common in older people, females and those with a comorbidity, and were affected by GP practice. Antibiotic prescribing varied significantly: penicillins were prescribed less frequently in those with a PenA record [relative risk (RR) = 0.15], and macrolides (RR = 4.03), tetracyclines (RR = 1.91) nitrofurantoin (RR = 1.09), trimethoprim (RR = 1.04), cephalosporins (RR = 2.05), quinolones (RR = 2.10), clindamycin (RR = 5.47) and total number of prescriptions were increased in patients with a PenA record. Risk of re-prescription of a new antibiotic class within 28 days (RR = 1.32), MRSA infection/colonization (RR = 1.90) and death during the year subsequent to 1 April 2013 (RR = 1.08) increased in those with PenA records. CONCLUSIONS PenA records are common in the general population and associated with increased/altered antibiotic prescribing and worse health outcomes. We estimate that incorrect PenA records affect 2.7 million people in England. Establishing true PenA status (e.g. oral challenge testing) would allow more people to be prescribed first-line antibiotics, potentially improving health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M West
- Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C J Smith
- Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S H Pavitt
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C C Butler
- University of Oxford Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Oxford, UK
| | - P Howard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | - S Savic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - J M Wright
- Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Hewison
- Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J A T Sandoe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Castanheira M, Doyle TB, Hubler C, Healy M, Smith CJ, Mendes RE. 600. β-Lactam Resistance Mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Analyzed Using Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) and Transcriptions Analysis and Their Impact in Resistance to New β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitors. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6. [PMCID: PMC6810560 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion Disclosures
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8
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Smith CJ, Jasper EA, Baer RJ, Breheny PJ, Paynter RA, Bao W, Robinson JG, Dagle JM, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Ryckman KK. Genetic Risk Scores for Maternal Lipid Levels and Their Association with Preterm Birth. Lipids 2019; 54:641-650. [PMID: 31468542 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Maternal lipid profiles are associated with risk for preterm birth (PTB), although the lipid component and effect size are inconsistent between studies. It is also unclear whether these associations are the result of excessive changes in lipid metabolism during pregnancy or genetic variability in genes controlling basal lipid metabolism. This study investigates the association between genetic risk scores (GRS) for four lipid components (high-density lipoprotein [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein [LDL-C], triacylglycerols [TAG], and total cholesterol [TC]) with risk for PTB. Subjects included 954 pregnant women from California for whom second trimester serum samples were available, of which 479 gave birth preterm and 475 gave birth at term. We genotyped 96 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which were selected from genome-wide association studies of lipid levels in adult populations. Lipid-specific GRS were constructed for HDL-C, LDL-C, TAG, and TC. The associations between GRS and PTB were analyzed using logistic regression. A higher HDL-C GRS was associated with increased risk for PTB overall and spontaneous PTB. Higher TAG and TC GRS were associated with decreased risk for PTB overall and spontaneous PTB. This study identifies counter-intuitive associations between lipid GRS and spontaneous PTB. Further replication studies are needed to confirm these findings, but they suggest that our current scientific understanding of the relationship between lipid metabolism, PTB, and genetics is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-3535, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jasper
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-3535, USA
| | - Rebecca J Baer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-5004, USA.,California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2545, USA
| | - Patrick J Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, 145N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-3535, USA
| | - Randi A Paynter
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2545, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2545, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-3535, USA
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-3535, USA
| | - John M Dagle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1009, USA
| | - Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2545, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-2545, USA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242-3535, USA
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Duncan LR, Smith CJ, Flamm RK, Mendes RE. Regional analysis of telavancin and comparator antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus collected in the USA 2014-2016. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:118-123. [PMID: 31325617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The in vitro antimicrobial activities of telavancin and comparator antimicrobials were evaluated against recent Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clinical isolates collected in the United States of America (USA). METHODS A total of 15882 S. aureus isolates were collected (2014-2016) as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program from sites located in all US Census Bureau divisions. Broth microdilution MIC values were measured using current reference methods. Data were stratified by year and census division, and resistance rates were analysed for significant trends. Previously published data on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSA isolates (collected 2011-2013) were merged with the current isolate set to examine longer term resistance trends. RESULTS Telavancin antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MDR MRSA isolates (MIC50/90 values, 0.03/0.06μg/mL for both subsets) remained unchanged over the 3-year surveillance period, and all isolates were susceptible to telavancin. No difference in telavancin activity was noted when MIC data were stratified by year or US Census Bureau division. When merged data (2011-2016) were analysed, the MRSA rate decreased for the entire USA and six individual census divisions, although the overall rate remained considerable. The overall US MDR MRSA rate also remained considerable and was unchanged from 2011-2016. CONCLUSIONS The sustained potent activity of telavancin against US S. aureus isolates (100% susceptible) and the high rates of MRSA and MDR MRSA in the USA support the continued use of telavancin to treat indicated serious infections caused by S. aureus.
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Kovac U, Jasper EA, Smith CJ, Baer RJ, Bedell B, Donovan BM, Weathers N, Prosenc Zmrzljak U, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Rozman D, Ryckman KK. The Association of Polymorphisms in Circadian Clock and Lipid Metabolism Genes With 2 nd Trimester Lipid Levels and Preterm Birth. Front Genet 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31249592 PMCID: PMC6584752 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the circadian system in humans and animals can lead to various adverse reproductive outcomes due to genetic mutations and environmental factors. In addition to the clock, lipid metabolism may also play an important role in influencing reproductive outcomes. Despite the importance of the circadian clock and lipid metabolism in regulating birth timing few studies have examined the relationship between circadian genetics with lipid levels during pregnancy and their relationship with preterm birth (PTB). In this study we aimed to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes from the circadian clock and lipid metabolism influence 2nd trimester maternal lipid levels and if this is associated with an increased risk for PTB. We genotyped 72 SNPs across 40 genes previously associated with various metabolic abnormalities on 930 women with 2nd trimester serum lipid measurements. SNPs were analyzed for their relationship to levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) using linear regression. SNPs were also evaluated for their relationship to PTB using logistic regression. Five SNPs in four genes met statistical significance after Bonferroni correction (p < 1.8 × 10-4) with one or more lipid levels. Of these, four SNPs were in lipid related metabolism genes: rs7412 in APOE with total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, rs646776 and rs599839 in CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1 gene cluster with total cholesterol, HDL and LDL and rs738409 in PNPLA3 with HDL and TG and one was in a circadian clock gene: rs228669 in PER3 with TG. Of these SNPs only PER3 rs228669 was marginally associated with PTB (p = 0.02). In addition, PER3 rs228669 acts as an effect modifier on the relationship between TG and PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursa Kovac
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elizabeth A Jasper
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Caitlin J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Rebecca J Baer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Bedell
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brittney M Donovan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nancy Weathers
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ursula Prosenc Zmrzljak
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Smith CJ, Huff AK, Zhang H, Mo Y, Leopold KR. A strong dependence of the CH 3 internal rotation barrier on conformation in thioacetic acid: Microwave measurements and an energy decomposition analysis. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:134302. [PMID: 30954056 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotational spectra of thioacetic acid (CH3COSH) have been observed by pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Spectroscopic constants are reported for both the syn and anti conformers of the parent species, as well as the 34S and 13C carbonyl isotopologues. Transitions arising from the lowest A and E internal rotor states of the methyl group have been observed and analyzed. Experimental values of the three-fold internal rotation barrier, V3, for the syn and anti conformers of the parent isotopologue are 76.300(12) and 358.056(51) cm-1, respectively, indicating a large effect of the S-H orientation on the CH3 internal rotation potential. M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) calculations are in good agreement with these results. The block localized energy decomposition method has been applied to understand the origins of this strong dependence of V3 on conformation. The results indicate that π conjugation from the SH to the carbonyl group and steric repulsion between the SH and the methyl group in the anti form are main contributors to the difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Anna K Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008 USA
| | - Kenneth R Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Hernández-Nava E, Mahoney P, Smith CJ, Donoghue J, Todd I, Tammas-Williams S. Additive manufacturing titanium components with isotropic or graded properties by hybrid electron beam melting/hot isostatic pressing powder processing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4070. [PMID: 30858554 PMCID: PMC6411771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A methodology has been demonstrated to consolidate Ti-6Al-4V powder without taking it to the liquid state by novel combination of the electron beam melting additive manufacture and hot isostatic pressing processes. This results in improved static mechanical properties (both strength and yield) in comparison to standard EBM processed material. In addition, the ability to generate microstructurally graded components has been demonstrated by generating a component with a significant change in both microstructure and mechanical properties. This is revealed by the use of electron backscattered diffraction and micro hardness testing to produce maps showing a clear distinction between materials consolidated in different ways. The variation in microstructure and mechanical properties is attributed to the different thermal history experienced by the material at different locations. In particular, it is found that the rapid cooling experienced during EBM leads to a typical fine α lath structure, whereas a more equiaxed α grains generated by diffusion is found in HIP consolidated powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hernández-Nava
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - P Mahoney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - C J Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - J Donoghue
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - I Todd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - S Tammas-Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.,Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Tsikopoulou I, Moraitis ML, Geropoulos A, Papadopoulou KN, Papageorgiou N, Plaiti W, Smith CJ, Karakassis I, Eleftheriou A. Long-term changes in the structure of benthic communities: Revisiting a sampling transect in Crete after 24 years. Mar Environ Res 2019; 144:9-19. [PMID: 30501903 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A bathymetric transect in the north coast of Crete first studied in 1989, was revisited 24 years later. Identical sampling design, season, techniques and protocols were followed in both studies in order to minimize bias in the long-term comparisons. This comprehensive macrofaunal dataset (4 stations, 2 sampling seasons, 7 replicates in each study) revealed changes in benthic diversity and community composition between the sampling periods. The recorded changes were higher at the stations located close to the coastal zone. In addition, while benthic communities showed lower total abundance during the recent sampling period, species abundances were more evenly distributed indicating that some species dominated the historical communities. In spite of these changes, the ecological status remained above the threshold values for good ecological status. The results indicated that changes in the benthic community seem to have been driven by local anthropogenic factors and natural variability rather than by large-scale factors such as nutrients influxes in the entire Mediterranean Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsikopoulou
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - M L Moraitis
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Geropoulos
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - K N Papadopoulou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources, GR 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - N Papageorgiou
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - W Plaiti
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, GR 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - C J Smith
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources, GR 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - I Karakassis
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Eleftheriou
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, GR 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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Smith CJ, Baer RJ, Oltman SP, Breheny PJ, Bao W, Robinson JG, Dagle JM, Liang L, Feuer SK, Chambers CD, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Ryckman KK. Maternal dyslipidemia and risk for preterm birth. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209579. [PMID: 30576377 PMCID: PMC6303099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal lipid profiles during pregnancy are associated with risk for preterm birth. This study investigates the association between maternal dyslipidemia and subsequent preterm birth among pregnant women in the state of California. Births were identified from California birth certificate and hospital discharge records from 2007-2012 (N = 2,865,987). Preterm birth was defined as <37 weeks completed gestation and dyslipidemia was defined by diagnostic codes. Subtypes of preterm birth were classified as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), spontaneous labor, and medically indicated, according to birth certificate data and diagnostic codes. The association between dyslipidemia and preterm birth was tested with logistic regression. Models were adjusted for maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index, insurance type, and education. Maternal dyslipidemia was significantly associated with increased odds of preterm birth (adjusted OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.39, 1.59). This finding was consistent across all subtypes of preterm birth, including PPROM (adjusted OR: 1.54, 95%CI: 1.34, 1.76), spontaneous (adjusted OR: 1.51, 95%CI: 1.39, 1.65), and medically indicated (adjusted OR: 1.454, 95%CI: 1.282, 1.649). This study suggests that maternal dyslipidemia is associated with increased risk for all types of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Baer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Scott P. Oltman
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jennifer G. Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John M. Dagle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sky K. Feuer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christina D. Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelli K. Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Keating C, Hughes D, Mahony T, Cysneiros D, Ijaz UZ, Smith CJ, O'Flaherty V. Cold adaptation and replicable microbial community development during long-term low-temperature anaerobic digestion treatment of synthetic sewage. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5004848. [PMID: 29846574 PMCID: PMC5995215 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and activity of a cold-adapting microbial community was monitored during low-temperature anaerobic digestion (LtAD) treatment of wastewater. Two replicate hybrid anaerobic sludge bed-fixed-film reactors treated a synthetic sewage wastewater at 12°C, at organic loading rates of 0.25-1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m-3 d-1, over 889 days. The inoculum was obtained from a full-scale anaerobic digestion reactor, which was operated at 37°C. Both LtAD reactors readily degraded the influent with COD removal efficiencies regularly exceeding 78% for both the total and soluble COD fractions. The biomass from both reactors was sampled temporally and tested for activity against hydrolytic and methanogenic substrates at 12°C and 37°C. Data indicated that significantly enhanced low-temperature hydrolytic and methanogenic activity developed in both systems. For example, the hydrolysis rate constant (k) at 12°C had increased 20-30-fold by comparison to the inoculum by day 500. Substrate affinity also increased for hydrolytic substrates at low temperature. Next generation sequencing demonstrated that a shift in a community structure occurred over the trial, involving a 1-log-fold change in 25 SEQS (OTU-free approach) from the inoculum. Microbial community structure changes and process performance were replicable in the LtAD reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Keating
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D Hughes
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - T Mahony
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D Cysneiros
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - U Z Ijaz
- Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Rankine Building, 79-85 Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - C J Smith
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - V O'Flaherty
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Ryckman KK, Smith CJ, Baer RJ, Oltman SP, Breheny PJ, Bao W, Robinson JG, Dagle JM, Liang L, Feuer S, Chambers CD, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. 706: Maternal dyslipidemia and risk for preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Smith CJ, Ryckman KK, Bahr TM, Dagle JM. Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 are associated with response to indomethacin among neonates with patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:776-780. [PMID: 28609430 PMCID: PMC5645220 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common complication seen in preterm infants. Indomethacin is routinely used to treat PDA. Evidence suggests that the response of indomethacin is highly heritable. This study investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP2C9 and the closure of PDA in response to indomethacin.MethodsSix SNPs in CYP2C9 were analyzed for association with indomethacin response. A case-control analysis was performed among neonates who responded to indomethacin (responders) and among those who required surgical ligation (non-responders). Independent transmission disequilibrium tests were performed among parent-child trios of responders and non-responders.ResultsThe G allele of rs2153628 was associated with increased odds of response to indomethacin in the case-control analysis (odds ratios (OR): 1.918, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.056, 3.483). Among indomethacin responders, the G allele of rs2153628 and the T allele of rs1799853 were overtransmitted from the parents to their child (OR: 2.667, 95% CI: 1.374, 5.177 and OR: 2.375, 95% CI: 1.040, 5.425, respectively), consistent with the case-control analysis.ConclusionWe identified an association between two SNPs in CYP2C9, rs2153628 and rs1799853, and indomethacin response for the treatment of PDA. These findings suggest that response to indomethacin in the closure of PDA may be influenced by polymorphisms associated with altered indomethacin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Corresponding Author: Caitlin J. Smith, MS, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Office S471, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242. Tel: (319) 384-1572, Fax: (319) 384-4155.
| | - Kelli K. Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pediatrics – Division of Neonatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Timothy M. Bahr
- Department of Pediatrics – Division of Neonatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John M. Dagle
- Department of Pediatrics – Division of Neonatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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18
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Spracklen CN, Smith CJ, Saftlas AF, Triche EW, Bjonnes A, Keating BJ, Saxena R, Breheny PJ, Dewan AT, Robinson JG, Hoh J, Ryckman KK. Genetic predisposition to elevated levels of C-reactive protein is associated with a decreased risk for preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2017; 36:30-35. [PMID: 27657194 PMCID: PMC5538572 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2016.1223303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between genetic predisposition to elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)and risk for preeclampsia using validated genetic loci for C-reactive protein. METHODS Preeclampsia cases (n = 177) and normotensive controls (n = 116) were selected from live birth certificates to nulliparous Iowa women during the period August 2002-May 2005. Disease status was verified by the medical chart review. Genetic predisposition to CRP was estimated by a genetic risk score on the basis of established loci for CRP levels. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between the genotype score and preeclampsia. Replication analyses were performed in an independent, US population of preeclampsia cases (n = 516) and controls (n = 1,097) of European ancestry. RESULTS The genetic risk score (GRS) related to higher levels of CRP demonstrated a significantly decreased risk of preeclampsia (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.96). When the GRS was analyzed by quartile, an inverse linear trend was observed (p = 0.0006). The results were similar after adjustments for the body mass index (BMI), smoking, and leisure-time physical activity. In the independent replication population, the association with the CRP GRS was also marginally significant (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.92, 1.02). Meta-analysis of the two studies was statistically significant (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90, 0.99). CONCLUSION Our data suggest an inverse, counterintuitive association between the genetic predisposition to elevated levels of CRP and a decreased risk of preeclampsia. This suggests that the blood CRP level is a marker of preeclampsia, but it does not appear to be a factor on the causal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra N. Spracklen
- Present address: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 5100 Genetic Medicine Building, CB #7264, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (work was performed at Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S471 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242)
| | - Caitlin J. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S471 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Audrey F. Saftlas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S427 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Elizabeth W. Triche
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, 121 S. Main St., 2 floor, Box G-S121-2, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5, Boston, MA 02114 and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Division of Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5, Boston, MA 02114 and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Patrick J. Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145Riverside Drive, N336 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Andrew T. Dewan
- Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 403, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Jennifer G. Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S455 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Josephine Hoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Kelli K. Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S414 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Abstract
Patients with cardiac failure require careful evaluation to determine the precise nature of the cause of their illness. Genetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are well known but inherited conditions may lead to unexpected consequences through intermediate mechanisms not readily recognised as a feature of the inherited disorder. We describe a case of dilated cardiomyopathy resulting from prolonged hypocalcaemia due to previously undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism resulting from DiGeorge Syndrome and describe the features of this case and the treatment of hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jamieson
- A Jamieson, Medical Unit, St John's Hospital, Howden S Road, Livingston EH54 6PP, UK. Email
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20
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Smith CJ, Ryckman KK, Barnabei VM, Howard BV, Isasi CR, Sarto GE, Tom SE, Van Horn LV, Wallace RB, Robinson JG. The impact of birth weight on cardiovascular disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:239-245. [PMID: 26708645 PMCID: PMC4788544 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional risk factors predict 75-80% of an individual's risk of incident CVD. However, the role of early life experiences in future disease risk is gaining attention. The Barker hypothesis proposes fetal origins of adult disease, with consistent evidence demonstrating the deleterious consequences of birth weight outside the normal range. In this study, we investigate the role of birth weight in CVD risk prediction. METHODS AND RESULTS The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) represents a large national cohort of post-menopausal women with 63,815 participants included in this analysis. Univariable proportional hazards regression analyses evaluated the association of 4 self-reported birth weight categories against 3 CVD outcome definitions, which included indicators of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, carotid artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. The role of birth weight was also evaluated for prediction of CVD events in the presence of traditional risk factors using 3 existing CVD risk prediction equations: one body mass index (BMI)-based and two laboratory-based models. Low birth weight (LBW) (<6 lbs.) was significantly associated with all CVD outcome definitions in univariable analyses (HR = 1.086, p = 0.009). LBW was a significant covariate in the BMI-based model (HR = 1.128, p < 0.0001) but not in the lipid-based models. CONCLUSION LBW (<6 lbs.) is independently associated with CVD outcomes in the WHI cohort. This finding supports the role of the prenatal and postnatal environment in contributing to the development of adult chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- University of Iowa Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - K K Ryckman
- University of Iowa Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - V M Barnabei
- University at Buffalo, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 219 Bryant Street, Buffalo, NY, 14221, USA
| | - B V Howard
- Medstar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA; Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Research, USA
| | - C R Isasi
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - G E Sarto
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S E Tom
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L V Van Horn
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R B Wallace
- University of Iowa Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - J G Robinson
- University of Iowa Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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21
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Smith CJ, Saftlas AF, Spracklen CN, Triche EW, Bjonnes A, Keating B, Saxena R, Breheny PJ, Dewan AT, Robinson JG, Hoh J, Ryckman KK. Genetic Risk Score for Essential Hypertension and Risk of Preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:17-24. [PMID: 26002928 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a hypertensive complication of pregnancy characterized by novel onset of hypertension after 20 weeks gestation, accompanied by proteinuria. Epidemiological evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility exists for preeclampsia; however, whether preeclampsia is the result of underlying genetic risk for essential hypertension has yet to be investigated. Based on the hypertensive state that is characteristic of preeclampsia, we aimed to determine if established genetic risk scores (GRSs) for hypertension and blood pressure are associated with preeclampsia. METHODS Subjects consisted of 162 preeclamptic cases and 108 normotensive pregnant controls, all of Iowa residence. Subjects' DNA was extracted from buccal swab samples and genotyped on the Affymetrix Genome-wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Missing genotypes were imputed using MaCH and Minimac software. GRSs were calculated for hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) using established genetic risk loci for each outcome. Regression analyses were performed to determine the association between GRS and risk of preeclampsia. These analyses were replicated in an independent US population of 516 cases and 1,097 controls of European ancestry. RESULTS GRSs for hypertension, SBP, DBP, and MAP were not significantly associated with risk for preeclampsia (P > 0.189). The results of the replication analysis also yielded nonsignificant associations. CONCLUSIONS GRSs for hypertension and blood pressure are not associated with preeclampsia, suggesting that an underlying predisposition to essential hypertension is not on the causal pathway of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Audrey F Saftlas
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Triche
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brendan Keating
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick J Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew T Dewan
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Josephine Hoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA;
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Achhra AC, Mocroft A, Reiss P, Sabin C, Ryom L, de Wit S, Smith CJ, d'Arminio Monforte A, Phillips A, Weber R, Lundgren J, Law MG. Short-term weight gain after antiretroviral therapy initiation and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: the D:A:D study. HIV Med 2015. [PMID: 26216031 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the gain in body mass index (BMI) observed immediately after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. METHODS We analysed data from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) cohort study. Outcomes were development of (i) CVD (composite of myocardial infarction/stroke/coronary procedure) and (ii) diabetes. The main exposure variable was change in BMI from ART initiation (pre-ART) to 1 year after initiation (continuous variable) in treatment-naïve individuals initiating ART with no history of CVD or diabetes (for respective outcomes). BMI [weight (kg)/(height (m))(2)] was categorized as underweight (< 18.5), normal (18.5-25), overweight (25-30) and obese (> 30). Poisson regression models were fitted stratified for each pre-ART BMI category to allow for category-specific estimates of incidence rate ratio (IRR). Models were adjusted for pre-ART BMI and CD4 count, key known risk factors (time-updated where possible) and calendar year. RESULTS A total of 97 CVD events occurred in 43,982 person-years (n = 9321) and 125 diabetes events in 43,278 person-years (n = 9193). In fully adjusted analyses for CVD, the IRR/unit gain in BMI (95% confidence interval) in the first year of ART, by pre-ART BMI category, was: underweight, 0.90 (0.60-1.37); normal, 1.18 (1.05-1.33); overweight, 0.87 (0.70-1.10), and obese, 0.95 (0.71-1.28) (P for interaction = 0.04). For diabetes, the IRR/unit gain in BMI was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.21), regardless of pre-ART BMI (P for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Short-term gain in BMI following ART initiation appeared to increase the longer term risk of CVD, but only in those with pre-ART BMI in the normal range. It was also associated with increased risk of diabetes regardless of pre-ART BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Achhra
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Mocroft
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - P Reiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Sabin
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Ryom
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S de Wit
- Infectious Diseases Department, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - A Phillips
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Weber
- University Hospital in Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Lundgren
- Rigshospitalet & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M G Law
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Saunders P, Goodman AL, Smith CJ, Marshall N, O'Connor JL, Lampe FC, Johnson MA. Does gender or mode of HIV acquisition affect virological response to modern antiretroviral therapy (ART)? HIV Med 2015; 17:18-27. [PMID: 26140659 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous UK studies have reported disparities in HIV treatment outcomes for women. We investigated whether these differences persist in the modern antiretroviral treatment (ART) era. METHODS A single-centre cohort analysis was carried out. We included in the study all previously ART-naïve individuals at our clinic starting triple ART from 1 January 2006 onwards with at least one follow-up viral load (VL). Time to viral suppression (VS; first viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL), virological failure (VF; first of two consecutive VLs > 200 copies/mL more than 6 months post-ART) and treatment modification were estimated using standard survival methods. RESULTS Of 1086 individuals, 563 (52%) were men whose risk for HIV acquisition was sex with other men (MSM), 207 (19%) were men whose risk for HIV acquisition was sex with women (MSW) and 316 (29%) were women. Median pre-ART CD4 count and time since HIV diagnosis in these groups were 298, 215 and 219 cells/μL, and 2.3, 0.3 and 0.3 years, respectively. Time to VS was comparable between groups, but women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-4.22] and MSW (aHR 3.28; 95% CI 1.91-5.64) were at considerably higher risk of VF than MSM. Treatment switches and complete discontinuation were also more common among MSW [aHR 1.38 (95% CI 1.04-1.81) and aHR 1.73 (95% CI 0.97-3.16), respectively] and women [aHR 1.87 (95% CI 1.43-2.46) and aHR 3.20 (95% CI 2.03-5.03), respectively] than MSM. CONCLUSIONS Although response rates were good in all groups, poorer virological outcomes for women and MSW have persisted into the modern ART era. Factors that might influence the differences include socioeconomic status and mental health disorders. Further interventions to ensure excellent response rates in women and MSW are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saunders
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A L Goodman
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Marshall
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J L O'Connor
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - F C Lampe
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M A Johnson
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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24
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Ryckman KK, Spracklen CN, Smith CJ, Robinson JG, Saftlas AF. Maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2015; 122:643-51. [PMID: 25612005 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid levels during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been extensively studied; however, it remains unclear whether dyslipidaemia is a potential marker of preexisting insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between lipid measures throughout pregnancy and GDM. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched PubMed-MedLine and SCOPUS (inception until January 2014) and reference lists of relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Publications describing original data with at least one raw lipid (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], or triglyceride) measurement during pregnancy in women with GDM and healthy pregnant controls were retained. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data extracted from 60 studies were pooled and weighted mean difference (WMD) in lipid levels was calculated using random effects models. Meta-regression was also performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS Triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in women with GDM compared with those without GDM (WMD 30.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 25.4-36.4). This finding was consistent in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. HDL-C levels were significantly lower in women with GDM compared with those without GDM in the second (WMD -4.6, 95% CI -6.2 to -3.1) and third (WMD -4.1, 95% CI -6.5 to -1.7) trimesters of pregnancy. There were no differences in aggregate total cholesterol or LDL-C levels between women with GDM and those without insulin resistance. AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis shows that triglycerides are significantly elevated among women with GDM compared with women without insulin resistance and this finding persists across all three trimesters of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
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25
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of a variety of metabolic disturbances including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and elevated fasting blood sugar. Although the risk for metabolic syndrome has largely been attributed to adult lifestyle factors such as poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and smoking, there is now strong evidence suggesting that predisposition to the development of metabolic syndrome begins in utero. First posited by Hales and Barker in 1992, the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis proposes that susceptibility to adult chronic diseases can occur in response to exposures in the prenatal and perinatal periods. This hypothesis has been continually supported by epidemiologic studies and studies involving animal models. In this review, we describe the structural, metabolic and epigenetic changes that occur in response to adverse intrauterine environments including prenatal and postnatal diet, maternal obesity, and pregnancy complications. Given the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in both the developed and developing worlds, a greater understanding and appreciation for the role of the intrauterine environment in adult chronic disease etiology is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Correspondence: Kelli K Ryckman, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, 145 Riverside Drive, S414 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA, Tel +1 319 384 1562, Fax +1 319 384 4155, Email
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26
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Nelson MD, Trojanowski NF, George-Raizen JB, Smith CJ, Yu CC, Fang-Yen C, Raizen DM. The neuropeptide NLP-22 regulates a sleep-like state in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2846. [PMID: 24301180 PMCID: PMC3867200 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides play central roles in the regulation of homeostatic behaviors such as sleep and feeding. Caenorhabditis elegans displays sleep-like quiescence of locomotion and feeding during a larval transition stage called lethargus and feeds during active larval and adult stages. Here we show that the neuropeptide NLP-22 is a regulator of Caenorhabditis elegans sleep-like quiescence observed during lethargus. nlp-22 shows cyclical mRNA expression in synchrony with lethargus; it is regulated by LIN-42, an orthologue of the core circadian protein PERIOD; and it is expressed solely in the two RIA interneurons. nlp-22 and the RIA interneurons are required for normal lethargus quiescence, and forced expression of nlp-22 during active stages causes anachronistic locomotion and feeding quiescence. Optogenetic stimulation of RIA interneurons has a movement-promoting effect, demonstrating functional complexity in a single neuron type. Our work defines a quiescence-regulating role for NLP-22 and expands our knowledge of the neural circuitry controlling Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Spracklen CN, Smith CJ, Saftlas AF, Robinson JG, Ryckman KK. Maternal hyperlipidemia and the risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:346-58. [PMID: 24989239 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Published reports examining lipid levels during pregnancy and preeclampsia have been inconsistent. The objective of this meta-analysis was to test the association between preeclampsia and maternal total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-C, and triglyceride levels measured during pregnancy. We conducted a systematic search for studies published between the index date until July 2013 reporting maternal lipid levels in women with preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women. Seventy-four studies met all eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Weighted mean differences in lipid levels were calculated using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was investigated using the I(2) statistic. Meta-regression was used to identify sources of heterogeneity. Preeclampsia was associated with elevated total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, and triglyceride levels, regardless of gestational age at the time of blood sampling, and with lower levels of HDL-C in the third trimester. A marginal association was found with LDL-C levels. Statistical heterogeneity was detected in all analyses. Meta-regression analyses suggested that differences in body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) across studies may be partially responsible for the heterogeneity in the triglyceride and LDL-C analyses. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that women who develop preeclampsia have elevated levels of total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, and triglycerides during all trimesters of pregnancy, as well as lower levels of HDL-C during the third trimester.
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28
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Ryckman KK, Smith CJ, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Momany AM, Berberich SL, Murray JC. Metabolic heritability at birth: implications for chronic disease research. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1049-57. [PMID: 24850141 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies of the adult human metabolome have identified genetic variants associated with relative levels of several acylcarnitines, which are important clinical correlates for chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. We have previously shown that these same metabolite levels are highly heritable at birth; however, no studies to our knowledge have examined genetic associations with these metabolites measured at birth. Here, we examine, in 743 newborns, 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 candidate genes previously associated with differing relative levels of short-chain acylcarnitines in adults. Six SNPs (rs2066938, rs3916, rs3794215, rs555404, rs558314, rs1799958) in the short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene (ACADS) were associated with neonatal C4 levels. Most significant was the G allele of rs2066938, which was associated with significantly higher levels of C4 (P = 1.5 × 10(-29)). This SNP explains 25 % of the variation in neonatal C4 levels, which is similar to the variation previously reported in adult C4 levels. There were also significant (P < 1 × 10(-4)) associations between neonatal levels of C5-OH and SNPs in the solute carrier family 22 genes (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5) and the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 gene (MCCC1). We have replicated, in newborns, SNP associations between metabolic traits and the ACADS and SLC22A4 genes observed in adults. This research has important implications not only for the identification of rare inborn errors of metabolism but also for personalized medicine and early detection of later life risks for chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA,
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29
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Anastasopoulou A, Mytilineou C, Lefkaditou E, Dokos J, Smith CJ, Siapatis A, Bekas P, Papadopoulou KN. Diet and feeding strategy of blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus. J Fish Biol 2013; 83:1637-1655. [PMID: 24298955 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diet and feeding strategy of the blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus in the deep waters of the eastern Ionian Sea were investigated. Sampling was carried out using experimental bottom longline fishing at depths ranging from 300 to 855 m in summer and autumn 2010. Diet variability with fish size, season, area, sex and depth zone was tested and only season was found to significantly affect the diet of the species. Of the 870 stomachs examined, only 1·4% were empty. Cumulative prey curves showed that the sample sizes were adequate to describe the main prey items of the diet for both seasons. Prey identified belonged primarily to three major groups: fishes, cephalopods and dendrobranchiatan and caridean shrimps. In autumn, the above three major groups were found as principal prey, whereas in summer cephalopods followed by fishes were the principal prey and shrimps were found as secondary prey. SIMPER analysis indicated high dissimilarity between seasons and highlighted that Sepiolidae, Myctophidae, fishes, cephalopods, shrimps and other crustaceans contributed to seasonal differences in the diet of G. melastomus. The prey diversity index was higher in autumn than in summer. A high dietary overlap was observed between the two seasons. Galeus melastomus behaved as an opportunistic predator with a variety of unimportant prey in its diet. Feeding strategy indicated that G. melastomus holds a generalist niche with a considerable specialization at the individual level. This strategy seems to be an adaptation to a food-scarce environment, as typified in deep-water habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anastasopoulou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km Athens Sounio, Mavro Lithari, P. O. Box 712, 19013 Anavissos, Attica, Greece
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30
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Mytilineou C, Tsagarakis K, Bekas P, Anastasopoulou A, Kavadas S, Machias A, Haralabous J, Smith CJ, Petrakis G, Dokos J, Kapandagakis A. Spatial distribution and life-history aspects of blackspot seabream Pagellus bogaraveo (Osteichthyes: Sparidae). J Fish Biol 2013; 83:1551-1575. [PMID: 24298951 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution and life history aspects of Pagellus bogaraveo in the eastern Ionian Sea were investigated using the data from 13 different studies carried out in the area from 1983 to 2010. The spatial patterns of the abundance, biomass and mean size showed that the species inhabits the shallow waters of the shelf (<170 m depth) as juveniles up to a certain size (<180 mm total length, LT ), moving to deeper waters of the slope (mainly 400-500 m depth) as adults. The spatial pattern of abundance indicated a continuous distribution of the species in deep waters, with hot-spot areas of high values, whereas in shallow waters distribution was more discontinuous, with higher concentrations of juveniles in estuaries and brackish waters. The study of biological aspects of the species revealed (1) a difference in the increase in mass between males and females, (2) protandrous hermaphroditism, accompanied by the presence of primary females and males that do not change sex, (3) a sex ratio in favour of females >250 mm LT , (4) the presence of hermaphrodites between 200 and 370 mm, (5) a long reproduction period from June to March, (6) a size at first maturity around 300 mm and (7) a diet composition of adults based mainly on fishes, and also on opportunistic behaviour in the food scarce environment of deep waters. The results suggest that the species' distribution and feeding strategies are the most appropriate for the oligotrophic eastern Ionian waters and that these conditions result in smaller sizes of the species in the east Mediterranean Sea compared to the west basin and the east Atlantic Ocean, with implications for the growth and reproductive biology of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Mytilineou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio, P. O. Box 1712, 19013 Anavissos Attica, Greece
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Thakker DH, Cullinan P, Hubbard R, Smith CJ, MacNeill SJ. P273 Asthma: Is It as Predictable as the Seasons? Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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35
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Smith CJ. Type I and Type II errors: what are they and why do they matter? Phlebology 2012; 27:199-200. [DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2012.012j04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Rowland Hill Street, LondonNW3 2PF, UK
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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41
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Smith CJ. Repeated measurements on individuals. Phlebology 2011; 26:313-4. [DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2011.011j05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Smith CJ. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Phlebology 2011; 26:271-3. [DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2011.011j04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Murray M, Hogg RS, Lima VD, May MT, Moore DM, Abgrall S, Bruyand M, D'Arminio Monforte A, Tural C, Gill MJ, Harris RJ, Reiss P, Justice A, Kirk O, Saag M, Smith CJ, Weber R, Rockstroh J, Khaykin P, Sterne JAC. The effect of injecting drug use history on disease progression and death among HIV-positive individuals initiating combination antiretroviral therapy: collaborative cohort analysis. HIV Med 2011; 13:89-97. [PMID: 21819529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined whether determinants of disease progression and causes of death differ between injecting drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs who initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS The ART Cohort Collaboration combines data from participating cohort studies on cART-naïve adults from cART initiation. We used Cox models to estimate hazard ratios for death and AIDS among IDUs and non-IDUs. The cumulative incidence of specific causes of death was calculated and compared using methods that allow for competing risks. RESULTS Data on 6269 IDUs and 37 774 non-IDUs were analysed. Compared with non-IDUs, a lower proportion of IDUs initiated cART with a CD4 cell count <200 cells/μL or had a prior diagnosis of AIDS. Mortality rates were higher in IDUs than in non-IDUs (2.08 vs. 1.04 per 100 person-years, respectively; P<0.001). Lower baseline CD4 cell count, higher baseline HIV viral load, clinical AIDS at baseline, and later year of cART initiation were associated with disease progression in both groups. However, the inverse association of baseline CD4 cell count with AIDS and death appeared stronger in non-IDUs than in IDUs. The risk of death from each specific cause was higher in IDUs than non-IDUs, with particularly marked increases in risk for liver-related deaths, and those from violence and non-AIDS infection. CONCLUSION While liver-related deaths and deaths from direct effects of substance abuse appear to explain much of the excess mortality in IDUs, they are at increased risk for many other causes of death, which may relate to suboptimal management of HIV disease in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
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46
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Sherr L, Lampe FC, Clucas C, Johnson M, Fisher M, Leake Date H, Anderson J, Edwards S, Smith CJ, Hill T, Harding R. Self-reported non-adherence to ART and virological outcome in a multiclinic UK study. AIDS Care 2011; 22:939-45. [PMID: 20574863 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2010.482126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adherence is of fundamental importance to ART success. We examined the association of self-reported non-adherence with demographic factors, health and behaviour issues, and virological outcome, in a multi-clinic study. Seven hundred and seventy-eight HIV patients in five clinics in London and Brighton completed a questionnaire on adherence and HIV/health issues at baseline in 2005/6. For 486 subjects taking ART, non-adherence in the past week was defined as: (A)>or=1 dose missed or taken incorrectly (wrong time/circumstances); (B)>or=1 dose missed; (C)>or=2 doses missed. Questionnaire data were matched with routine treatment and virology data for consenting subjects (61.4%). We assessed four virological outcomes in 307 of 486 patients: (i) VL>50c/mL using latest VL at the questionnaire and excluding patients starting HAART<24 weeks ago; (ii) VL>50c/mL using the first VL from 6 to 12 months post-questionnaire; (iii) any VL>50c/mL from 6 to 12 months post-questionnaire; (iv) among patients with VL<50c/mL at questionnaire, time to first subsequent VL>50c/mL over two years follow up. Non-adherence was reported by 278 (57.2%), 102 (21.0%) and 49 (10.1%) of 486 patients, for definitions A, B and C, respectively. Non-adherence declined markedly with older age, and tended to be more commonly reported by Black patients, those born outside the UK, those with greater psychological symptoms and those with suicidal thoughts. There was a weaker association with physical symptoms and no association with gender/sexuality, education, unemployment, or risk behaviour (p>0.1). In logistic regression analyses, younger age, non-UK birth and psychological variables were independent predictors of non-adherence [e.g., for non-adherence B: odds ratios (95% CI) were 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) for every year older age; 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) for non-UK born; 2.3 (1.5, 3.7) for suicidal thoughts]. Non-adherence was associated with poorer virological outcome; the most consistent association was for definition C. Among 255 patients with VL<50c/mL at baseline, non-adherence definition C was independently associated with subsequent VL>50c/mL [adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) 3.2 (1.5, 7.2)]. Non-UK birth and psychological symptoms predicted non-adherence, but the most striking association was with younger age. Age should be an important consideration in clinical strategies to minimise non-adherence and in decisions regarding ART initiation. A simple measure of non-adherence can identify patients at risk of poorer virological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sherr
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW32PF, UK.
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Abstract
This overview highlights some of the key issues involved in performing and interpreting hypothesis tests. We describe the general approach taken in performing a hypothesis test with a focus on how to state the null and alternative hypothesis, and why two-sided tests are usually more appropriate than one-sided tests. We describe best practice techniques in performing and presenting the results of hypothesis tests. We recommend that, alongside any p-values, authors should also present estimates of the size of any treatment effects and their confidence intervals. Furthermore, they should specify the exact p-value rather than using terms such as 'NS' or the commonly used asterix notation. We discuss other pitfalls that are encountered at the analysis stage such as the use of repeated observations on individuals, the use of multiple tests on the data and the erroneous use of parametric tests when data are not normally distributed and vice versa. We highlight these points using two different examples: one looking at the use of compression stockings for preventing the occurrence of DVT on long-haul flights and a second hypothetical study comparing laser versus surgery techniques for the removal of varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Cambiano V, Lampe FC, Rodger AJ, Smith CJ, Geretti AM, Lodwick RK, Holloway J, Johnson M, Phillips AN. Use of a prescription-based measure of antiretroviral therapy adherence to predict viral rebound in HIV-infected individuals with viral suppression. HIV Med 2010; 11:216-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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