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Peters KB, Alford C, Heltemes A, Savelli A, Landi DB, Broadwater G, Desjardins A, Johnson MO, Low JT, Khasraw M, Ashley DM, Friedman HS, Patel MP. Use, access, and initial outcomes of off-label ivosidenib in patients with IDH1 mutant glioma. Neurooncol Pract 2024; 11:199-204. [PMID: 38496920 PMCID: PMC10940812 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is commonly mutated (mIDH) in gliomas, and this mutant enzyme produces the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). 2HG promotes gliomagenesis and is implicated in epileptogenesis. Ivosidenib (IVO), a small molecule oral mIDH1 inhibitor, is FDA-approved for mIDH1 newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Moreover, IVO has efficacy in clinical trials for recurrent mIDH1 gliomas. Given the lack of targeted treatments for gliomas, we initiated off-label IVO for mIDH glioma patients in October 2020. Methods Retrospectively, we sought to assess early outcomes in our patients and describe their experience on IVO from October 2020 through February 2022. Our objective was to report on the following variables of off-label use of IVO: radiographic response, seizure control, tolerability, and access to the medication. All patients initially received single-agent IVO dosed at 500 mg orally once daily. Results The cohort age range was 21-74 years. Tumor types included astrocytoma (n = 14) and oligodendroglioma (n = 16), with most being grade 2 (n = 21). The best radiographic response in nonenhancing disease (n = 22) was 12 stable diseases, 5 minor responses, 3 partial responses, and 2 progressive diseases. Seizure frequency was stable to improved for most patients (70%, n = 21). IVO was well-tolerated, with the most common toxicities being diarrhea, elevated creatine kinase, and QTc interval prolongation. Most patients (66.7%, n = 20) received drugs via the patient assistance program, with insurance initially covering a third of patients and with ongoing use, later covering 60%. Conclusions Targeted therapies like IVO are options for mIDH glioma patients and can provide positive oncologic and neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Peters
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Candice Alford
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Heltemes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alicia Savelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel B Landi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Annick Desjardins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret O Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin T Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Ashley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henry S Friedman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mallika P Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Moulin N, François I, Coté N, Alford C, Cleary O, Desjardins MR. Surgical repair of propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bones with cortical screws placed in lag fashion in 26 racehorses (2007-2015). Equine Vet J 2018; 50:629-635. [PMID: 29350412 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recommendation of plate fixation for propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal (McIII) or third metatarsal bone (MtIII), lag screw fixation can be a viable surgical option. OBJECTIVES To evaluate short-term outcome and long-term racing performance of horses that underwent lag screw fixation of long condylar fractures of the McIII/MtIII. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records, post-surgical racing performance and outcome of 26 horses with propagating fractures of the medial and/or lateral condyle of McIII/MtIII were reviewed. Medical information included were age, breed, sex, physical examination at admission, circumstances of fracture, radiographic evaluation, anaesthesia and recovery records, surgical and post-operative management, as well as complications. Outcome included racing data and information from telephone interviews. RESULTS Twenty-six horses (9 Standardbreds and 17 Thoroughbreds) were admitted with a long condylar fracture of the McIII/MtIII. Fore- and hindlimbs were equally represented with the left hindlimb being more frequently involved. Most of the fractures had a spiralling component (76%) and four (15%) were comminuted. Fifteen (58%) horses raced post-surgery including nine Standardbreds (100%) and six Thoroughbreds (35%). Twelve of them were placed in at least one race and 11 won at least once. One horse sustained a severe complication in recovery. No significant difference was observed in the racing performances before and after surgery. MAIN LIMITATIONS Follow-up method and duration were not standardised and there is a low number of cases with six surgeons. CONCLUSIONS Long condylar fractures can be repaired using lag fashion technique combined with a half-limb or full-limb tight cast for recovery as a good surgical alternative. Similar results to plate fixation can be expected, with a return to racing of more than 50%, and the prognosis being even better for pacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moulin
- Pole Equin, Vetagro Sup, Lyon, France
| | - I François
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - N Coté
- Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Alford
- Turtle Valley Equine Hospital, Delavan, Wisconsin, USA
| | - O Cleary
- Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Xu H, Huang H, Walker J, Kong C, Rice NG, Mauldin MP, Vocke JD, Bae JH, Sweet W, Elsner FH, Farrell MP, Wang YM, Alford C, Cardenas T, Loomis E. Progress in Developing Novel Double-Shell Metal Targets Via Magnetron Sputtering. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1387459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Xu
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - H. Huang
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - J. Walker
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - C. Kong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | - J. H. Bae
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | - W. Sweet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Y. M. Wang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - C. Alford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - T. Cardenas
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - E. Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
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Affiliation(s)
- R. McEachern
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, CA 94551 (510) 423-4734
| | - C. Alford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, CA 94551 (510) 423-4734
| | - R. Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, CA 94551 (510) 423-4734
| | - D. Makowiecki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, CA 94551 (510) 423-4734
| | - R. Wallace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, CA 94551 (510) 423-4734
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Bhandarkar S, Letts SA, Buckley S, Alford C, Lindsey E, Hughes J, Youngblood KP, Moreno K, Xu H, Huang H, Nikroo A. Removal of the Mandrel from Beryllium Sputter Coated Capsules for NIF Targets. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst07-a1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - S. A. Letts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - S. Buckley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - C. Alford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - E. Lindsey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - J. Hughes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - K. Moreno
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186
| | - H. Xu
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186
| | - H. Huang
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186
| | - A. Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186
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Youngblood K, Alford C, Bhandarkar S, Hayes J, Moreno K, Nikroo A, Xu H. Improving the Reproducibility of the Radial Argon Concentration in Beryllium Shells. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Youngblood
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - C. Alford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - S. Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. Hayes
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - K. Moreno
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - A. Nikroo
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
| | - H. Xu
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186
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Verster J, de Haan L, Benson S, Alford C, Scholey A. 1595 – The effects of mixing alcohol with caffeinated beverages on subjective intoxication. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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8
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Levy G, Beall S, Alford C, Propst A. Does a fall in serum estradiol levels after hCG administration correlate with lower pregnancy rates in patients undergoing fresh art cycles? Fertil Steril 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Alford C, Grant EM, Johnston C, McIntyre P. The use of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate and aspirin in angina patients and enhancement of coronary heart disease databases. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2001.tb01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Focal points
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Wilson SJ, Nutt DJ, Alford C, Argyropoulos SV, Baldwin DS, Bateson AN, Britton TC, Crowe C, Dijk DJ, Espie CA, Gringras P, Hajak G, Idzikowski C, Krystal AD, Nash JR, Selsick H, Sharpley AL, Wade AG. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1577-601. [PMID: 20813762 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110379307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are common in the general population and even more so in clinical practice, yet are relatively poorly understood by doctors and other health care practitioners. These British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines are designed to address this problem by providing an accessible up-to-date and evidence-based outline of the major issues, especially those relating to reliable diagnosis and appropriate treatment. A consensus meeting was held in London in May 2009. Those invited to attend included BAP members, representative clinicians with a strong interest in sleep disorders and recognized experts and advocates in the field, including a representative from mainland Europe and the USA. Presenters were asked to provide a review of the literature and identification of the standard of evidence in their area, with an emphasis on meta-analyses, systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials where available, plus updates on current clinical practice. Each presentation was followed by discussion, aimed to reach consensus where the evidence and/or clinical experience was considered adequate or otherwise to flag the area as a direction for future research. A draft of the proceedings was then circulated to all participants for comment. Key subsequent publications were added by the writer and speakers at draft stage. All comments were incorporated as far as possible in the final document, which represents the views of all participants although the authors take final responsibility for the document.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wilson
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Alford C, Toloubeydokhti T, Al-Katanani Y, Drury K, Williams R, Chenini N. The expression of microRNA (miRNA) mir-23a and 23b and their target gene, CYP19A1 (aromatase) in follicular cells obtained from women undergoing ART. Fertil Steril 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilson SJ, Bailey JE, Alford C, Weinstein A, Nutt DJ. Effects of 5 weeks of administration of fluoxetine and dothiepin in normal volunteers on sleep, daytime sedation, psychomotor performance and mood. J Psychopharmacol 2002; 16:321-31. [PMID: 12503831 DOI: 10.1177/026988110201600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized crossover study of long-term (5 weeks) administration of fluoxetine (20 mg/day) and dothiepin (75 mg/day for 1 week followed by 150 mg/day for 4 weeks) in 12 healthy male volunteers. Subjects were studied on day 10 and day 36 of treatment, with tests of nocturnal sleep, driving performance, continuous electroencephalogram (EEG), sleep during scheduled naps, computerized visual attention tasks, saccadic eye movement measurement and visual analogue ratings of mood. Both drugs had a marked suppressive effect on nocturnal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep; these effects were less at 36 days than at 10 days, and fluoxetine decreased and dothiepin increased REM in daytime naps. Sleep fragmentation after fluoxetine is similar to that reported in the literature. We found no sleep-promoting effects of dothiepin, in contrast to our previous single-dose study, and no subjective sleep effects of either drug. Subjects were less sleepy after both antidepressants than placebo at 5 weeks measured by sleep latencies and EEG. Saccadic eye movement measures were significantly faster after 5 weeks of fluoxetine than after 5 weeks of placebo. Reaction times to a peripheral stimulus during computerized tracking task were shorter after 10 days of dothiepin compared with placebo. Driving performance, visual attention and mood ratings showed no treatment effects. Subjective health reports during each 5 weeks of treatment were similar in number for the two drugs but showed a different profile of side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wilson
- Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
The effects of Red Bull Energy Drink, which includes taurine, glucuronolactone, and caffeine amongst the ingredients, were examined over 3 studies in a total of 36 volunteers. Assessments included psychomotor performance (reaction time, concentration, memory), subjective alertness and physical endurance. When compared with control drinks, Red Bull Energy Drink significantly (P < 0.05) improved aerobic endurance (maintaining 65-75% max. heart rate) and anaerobic performance (maintaining max. speed) on cycle ergometers. Significant improvements in mental performance included choice reaction time, concentration (number cancellation) and memory (immediate recall), which reflected increased subjective alertness. These consistent and wide ranging improvements in performance are interpreted as reflecting the effects of the combination of ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alford
- Psychology Department, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Wilson SJ, Bailey JE, Alford C, Nutt DJ. Sleep and daytime sleepiness the next day following single night-time dose of fluvoxamine, dothiepin and placebo in normal volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2001; 14:378-86. [PMID: 11198056 DOI: 10.1177/026988110001400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effects of sedating and non-sedating antidepressants, we conducted a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study in 12 normal subjects of the effects of a single night-time dose of fluvoxamine 100 mg, dothiepin 100 mg or placebo on night-time sleep recorded at home, and sleepiness and performance the following day. Night-time sleep was altered significantly by both drugs, with main effects on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and sleep continuity. Dothiepin increased total sleep time, REM latency and stage 2 sleep and decreased arousals, wake after sleep onset and stage 1, whereas fluvoxamine decreased total sleep time and REM time and increased wake after sleep onset. Sleep latencies in daytime naps were significantly shorter for dothiepin and longer for fluvoxamine, showing that subjects were more sleepy when taking dothiepin. Electroencephalograms (EEG) performed during performance tasks failed to distinguish significantly between drugs. There were no significant differences between groups on our measures of tracking performance or reaction time; however, these tasks were designed primarily to provide a standard setting in which to monitor continuous EEG, and were unsuitable to detect sleepiness effects themselves. Saccadic eye movement velocity, acceleration and deceleration showed small non-significant changes after both drugs. Mood self ratings showed no significant differences among the groups. Subjective measures of night-time sleep reflected the objective measures of sleep continuity, and the items for difficulty and speed of wakening in the morning were significantly higher (i.e. more difficulty and slower) in the dothiepin group. The home-recorded sleep findings after fluvoxamine in this study were very similar to sleep laboratory studies with other antidepressant drugs, thus providing more validation of the home recording method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wilson
- Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
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Roberts S, Alford C, Rezek I, Everson R, Stone H, Wilson S. Automated assessment of vigilance using committees of radial basis function analysers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:20000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alford C. My working life. Independent living. Nurs Times Nurs Homes 1999; 1:34. [PMID: 10795305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
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Alford C, Everson R, Hapeshi K, Roberts S, Stone H, Wilson S. 602 A new approach to assessing drowsiness and attention through continuous EEG (C-EEG) and neural network methods. Int J Psychophysiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(98)90601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Whitley RJ, Cloud G, Gruber W, Storch GA, Demmler GJ, Jacobs RF, Dankner W, Spector SA, Starr S, Pass RF, Stagno S, Britt WJ, Alford C, Soong S, Zhou XJ, Sherrill L, FitzGerald JM, Sommadossi JP. Ganciclovir treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: results of a phase II study. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1080-6. [PMID: 9129069 DOI: 10.1086/516445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in approximately 1% of newborns in the United States. A phase II evaluation was done of ganciclovir for the treatment of symptomatic congenital CMV infection. Daily doses of 8 or 12 mg/kg were administered in divided doses at 12-h intervals for 6 weeks. Clinical and laboratory evaluations sought evidence of toxicity, quantitative virologic responses in urine, plasma drug concentrations, and clinical outcome. A total of 14 and 28 babies received 8 and 12 mg/kg/day, respectively. Five additional babies received ganciclovir on a compassionate plea basis. Significant laboratory abnormalities included thrombocytopenia (< or = 50,000/mm3) in 37 babies and absolute neutropenia (< or = 500 mm3) in 29 babies. Quantitative excretion of CMV in the urine decreased; however, after cessation of therapy, viruria returned to near pretreatment levels. Hearing improvement or stabilization occurred in 5 (16%) of 30 babies at 6 months or later, indicating efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35233, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35233
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Bunn PA, Chan D, Stewart J, Gera L, Tolley R, Jewett P, Tagawa M, Alford C, Mochzuki T, Yanaihara N. Effects of neuropeptide analogues on calcium flux and proliferation in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1994; 54:3602-10. [PMID: 7516822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and some non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) have neuroendocrine features which include production of a variety of neuropeptides, cell surface expression of the receptors for these peptides, and autocrine stimulation by the peptides. Previous studies showed that some peptide antagonists and anti-peptide antibodies inhibited the growth of SCLC cell lines which expressed receptors for the specific peptide. We and others showed that the heterogeneity of peptide receptor expression and responsiveness was a major potential obstacle for developing therapeutic uses of peptide antagonists. In this manuscript we evaluated the effects of 11 peptide antagonists (3 bombesin-specific, 2 cholecystokinin-specific, 1 arginine vasopressin (AVP)-specific, and 5 substance P derivatives with broad specificity) on peptide-induced calcium mobilization and growth of SCLC and NSCLC cell lines. For each antagonist, we determined the dose-response effects, specificity of peptide antagonism, and biological stability in serum using Indo-1AM-based flow cytometric assays. We found that the three bombesin antagonists, S30, SC196, and L336,175, varied in potency from 10 nM to 10 microM, varied in serum stability from 6 h to more than 24 h, and had no effect on the calcium response elicited by other peptides. None of these compounds effectively inhibited the growth of SCLC cell lines in [3H]dThd and cell growth assays in vitro. Similarly, the three cholecystokinin and AVP antagonists were highly specific for cholecystokinin and AVP, respectively, had widely varying potency, but had little inhibitory effect on SCLC growth in vitro. In contrast, the five substance P derivatives inhibited the calcium response to bombesin, AVP, bradykinin, and fetal bovine serum. None of these five antagonists were as potent as the six specific antagonists described above, but they were more effective in inhibiting the growth of SCLC cell lines in vitro. These substance P derivatives inhibited the growth of peptide-sensitive SCLC cell lines more efficiently than their inhibition of peptide-insensitive NSCLC or breast cancer cell lines. Relatively high concentrations of these substance P derivatives were required to inhibit in vitro growth, even in the absence of added peptide. It is likely that more potent broad spectrum antagonists, toxins, or radiolabeled stable antagonists will need to be developed for maximal clinical development of this type of anti-growth factor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bunn
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver 80262
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Whitley R, Arvin A, Prober C, Corey L, Burchett S, Plotkin S, Starr S, Jacobs R, Powell D, Nahmias A, Sumaya C, Edwards K, Alford C, Caddell G, Soong SJ, Laughlin C, Benton J, Lakeman A, Stagno S. Predictors of morbidity and mortality in neonates with herpes simplex virus infections. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7292(92)90998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Whitley R, Arvin A, Prober C, Burchett S, Corey L, Powell D, Plotkin S, Starr S, Alford C, Connor J, Jacobs R, Nahmias A, Soong SJ, Laughlin C, Benton J, Lakeman A, Stagno S, Caddell G, Watson N. A controlled trial comparing vidarabine with acyclovir in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7292(92)90997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The psychopharmacological profiles of 15 psychotropic drugs used as antidepressants are reviewed, and their relative behavioural toxicity ratings are compared. The pharmacodynamic activity of these drugs was assessed using a standardized test battery which included critical flicker fusion threshold (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), tracking and subjective rating scales. It is reported that there is a wide range of behavioural toxicity exhibited by these compounds, although there is little measurable difference in their clinical efficacy. Drugs which have low behavioural toxicity should therefore be preferred as they are less disruptive of patients' everyday activities, produce better quality of life and are not counter-therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hindmarch
- HPRU, The Robens Instatute, University of Surrey, Milford Hospital, Godalming, Surrey GU7 1 UF, UK
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Abstract
1. The pharmacodynamic effects of buspirone and clobazam were compared in two volunteer studies. Acute doses of buspirone 5 mg, 10 mg and clobazam 10 mg were contrasted with placebo and a verum (lorazepam 1 mg), in a repeated measures design with 10 subjects assessed on a battery of psychometric tests at 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 h post dose. For the combined results clobazam and the lower dose of buspirone (5 mg) were significantly contrasted with lorazepam on measures of subjective sedation, memory and choice reaction time (CRT). The higher dose of buspirone was not statistically different from lorazepam for all measures except memory; whilst contrasting significantly with placebo and clobazam on movement and total reaction time components respectively. Though failing to achieve significance, a similar trend was seen for critical flicker fusion (CFF) with buspirone 10 mg and lorazepam producing the lowest scores indicative of increased sedation. 2. Repeated doses of buspirone 5 mg twice daily, clobazam 10 mg twice daily, or placebo twice daily for 8 consecutive days were compared on the same battery of psychometric tests in a repeated measures design. Nine subjects were assessed on days 1, 3, and 8 of the study. Overall, memory performance significantly decreased with buspirone 5 mg in contrast to both clobazam and placebo whilst the opposite trend was seen with CFF. Clobazam significantly improved TRT in contrast to both placebo and buspirone. 3. These results indicate improved reaction time and memory performance with repeated dosing of clobazam in contrast to buspirone. Impairment following acute administration of buspirone appears limited to the higher (10 mg) dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alford
- Human Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Robens Institute of Health and Safety, University of Surrey, Guildford
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Whitley R, Arvin A, Prober C, Burchett S, Corey L, Powell D, Plotkin S, Starr S, Alford C, Connor J. A controlled trial comparing vidarabine with acyclovir in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:444-9. [PMID: 1988829 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199102143240703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the use of vidarabine, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates continues to be a disease of high morbidity and mortality. We undertook a controlled trial comparing vidarabine with acyclovir for the treatment of neonatal HSV infection. METHODS Babies less than one month of age with virologically confirmed HSV infection were randomly and blindly assigned to receive either intravenous vidarabine (30 mg per kilogram of body weight per day; n = 95) or acyclovir (30 mg per kilogram per day; n = 107) for 10 days. Actuarial rates of mortality and morbidity among the survivors after one year were compared overall and according to the extent of the disease at entry into the study (infection confined to the skin, eyes, or mouth; encephalitis; or disseminated disease). RESULTS After adjustment for differences between groups in the extent of disease, there was no difference between vidarabine and acyclovir in either morbidity (P = 0.83) or mortality (P = 0.27). None of the 85 babies with disease confined to the skin, eyes, or mouth died. Of the 31 babies in this group who were treated with vidarabine and followed for a year, 88 percent (22 of 25) were judged to be developing normally after one year, as compared with 98 percent (45 of 46) of the 54 treated with acyclovir (95 percent confidence interval for the difference, -4 to 24). For the 71 babies with encephalitis, mortality was 14 percent with vidarabine (5 of 36) and with acyclovir (5 of 35); of the survivors, 43 percent (13 of 30) and 29 percent (8 of 28), respectively, were developing normally after one year (95 percent confidence interval for the difference, -11 to 39). For the 46 babies with disseminated disease, mortality was 50 percent (14 of 28) with vidarabine and 61 percent (11 of 18) with acyclovir (95 percent confidence interval for the difference, -20 to 40); of the survivors, 58 percent (7 of 12) and 60 percent (3 of 5), respectively, were judged to be developing normally after one year (95 percent confidence interval for the difference, -40 to 50). Both medications were without serious toxic effects. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter, randomized, blinded study there were no differences in outcome between vidarabine and acyclovir in the treatment of neonatal HSV infection. The study lacked statistical power to determine whether there were sizable differences within the subgroups of those with localized HSV, encephalitis, or disseminated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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27
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Abstract
The regA gene of phage T4 encodes a translational repressor that inhibits utilization of its own mRNA as well as the translation of a number of other phage-induced mRNAs. In recombinant plasmids, autogenous translational repression limits production of the RegA protein when the cloned structural gene is expressed under control of a strong, plasmid-borne promoter (lambda PL). We have found that a genetic fusion which places the regA ribosome binding domain in proximity to active translation leads to partial derepression of wild-type RegA protein synthesis. The derepression is not due to increased synthesis of regA RNA, suggesting that it occurs at the translational level. Derepressed clones of the wild-type regA gene were used to overproduce and purify the repressor. In an in vitro assay the wild-type target was sensitive and a mutant target was resistant to inhibition by the added protein. The results suggest that the sensitivity of a regA-regulated cistron to translational repression may depend on the competition between ribosomes and RegA protein for overlapping recognition sequences in the translation initiation domain of the mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Abstract
We determined serial IgG antibody responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded proteins in sera collected over a one-year interval from 14 subjects with CMV mononucleosis. Antigens from infected human fibroblasts included three components: cytoplasmic, nuclear, and high-speed pellet. Antibody was detected by radioimmunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty to 21 bands were observed with the cytoplasmic component, whereas 10 and 9, respectively, were seen with the nuclear and high-speed pellet antigens. The most intense reactions occurred with the higher-molecular-mass proteins (50-215 kDa) by using the cytoplasmic and high-speed antigens and with the more rapidly migrating proteins (less than 50 kDa) by using the nuclear antigen. The precipitin responses increased for three months or more after onset of symptoms with the nuclear and high-speed pellet antigens but peaked within one to two months with the cytoplasmic antigen.
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Abstract
The electrophysiological effects of phencyclidine were examined in the CA region of slice preparations of the hippocampus of the rat. The only direct effects of phencyclidine on monosynaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral/commissural input to the CA region were local anesthetic-like actions, that were observed at concentration greater than or equal to 50 microM, and were characterized by decreases in the amplitude of both orthodromically- and antidromically-evoked potentials. However, phencyclidine, at concentrations greater than 0.5 microM, increased the apparent sensitivity of slices to perfusion with norepinephrine (NE), such that a previously subthreshold concentration of NE significantly increased the magnitude of the population spike response through an action at beta-adrenergic receptors. This action of phencyclidine appears to reflect its ability to block the high affinity uptake of NE into nerve terminals in the slice preparation. Because these responses were observed at concentrations of phencyclidine which are found in the brains of abusers of phencyclidine, they may play a significant role in the overall neuropharmacological response to phencyclidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Dunwiddie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Post RD, Franks RD, Alford C, Petersen JL, House RM, Jackson AM, Baker NJ. MMPI results associated with abnormal responses to the DST and TRH tests. Psychol Rep 1986; 59:35-8. [PMID: 3090580 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1986.59.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, it was predicted that psychiatric inpatients who obtained abnormal responses on the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) and the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test (TRH) would obtain higher elevations on the MMPI scales associated with depressive symptomatology than inpatients with normal DST and TRH responses. Patients with abnormal DST responses obtained significantly lower scores on the F, Psychopathic Deviate, and Paranoia scales, suggesting that they present themselves on the MMPI as less socially maladjusted, and less alienated from societal values than their depressed inpatient peers who obtained normal DST results. No differences were obtained between abnormal and normal responders on either the DST or TRH with respect to the MMPI scales that are typically associated with depression.
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Wilson MR, Middleton D, Alford C, Sullivan JT, Litman GW, Warr GW. Putative immunoglobulin VH genes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, detected by heterologous cross-hybridization with a murine VH probe. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 12:21-8. [PMID: 3094229 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
By using a defined cDNA probe for the VH region of a murine phosphocholine-binding myeloma protein (S107) we have defined a family of distinct cross-hybridizing DNA sequences in genomic DNA of the goldfish. The estimated number of the goldfish putative VH family detectable by the S107 probe is about 36. By using two putative goldfish VH probes to analyze, by hybridization, the relationships among seven of the goldfish genomic clones, we have determined that the putative goldfish VH genes recognized by the S107 probe comprise at least several distinct families that are not closely related.
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32
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Alford C. Husband and wife team. Interview by Laurence Dopson. Nurs Times 1986; 82:60. [PMID: 3635897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
In a sample of depressed psychiatric inpatients, the Mezzich regression formula, based on five MMPI scales, correlated moderately with clinicians' judgments and yielded few false negative diagnoses in identifying patients with unipolar Major Depressive Disorder, but was less effective in eliminating false positives.
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Abstract
The effects on sleep of four beta-blockers, atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol and pindolol, were studied in a placebo-controlled trial. Drugs were administered in random order to 10 female volunteers who acted as their own controls. Subjects were tested five times, each test period lasting 10 nights (2 baseline, 2 low dose, 4 high dose, and 2 withdrawal). A questionnaire concerning subjective appreciation of the quality of the previous night's sleep was completed each morning. Night recordings of muscle tension, eye movement, heart rate and electroencephalogram were recorded on paper and magnetic tape. Analysis of the subjective questionnaires showed that recollection of dreaming and awakening in the night was increased by the three lipophilic drugs, propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol. These results confirm reports in the literature but are contrary to those expected from considering the effects of noradrenaline on sleep. Analysis of physiological records confirmed subjects' reports that waking was increased by the lipophilic drugs. Dreaming (rapid eye movement sleep, REM) was reduced, as predicted from knowledge of the effect of noradrenaline on sleep. Increased awakening leads to an increase in remembered dreaming which explains the otherwise paradoxical results. Although atenolol had no effect on subjective measures of sleep this hydrophilic drug also reduced REM frequency, suggesting that either it has some central effect, or that REM reduction is due to a peripheral 'shielding' effect.
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McCoy JL, Tagliabue A, Ames RE, Teramoto YA, Cannon GB, Alford C, Herberman RB, Schlom J. Indirect leukocyte migration inhibition in breast cancer and benign breast disease patients by mouse mammary tumor virus grown in feline kidney cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72:569-76. [PMID: 6321840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect migration inhibition assays were performed with normal and mammary tumor-bearing C3H/HeN mice and patients with breast disease to assess cellular immunity against three different mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) preparations grown in feline kidney cell cultures and against a mouse-derived MTV preparation. MTV obtained after passage through feline kidney cells and the mouse-derived MTV were capable of eliciting macrophage migration inhibitory factor production by mouse spleen cells obtained from normal or mammary tumor-bearing C3H/HeN mice, thus demonstrating a similar degree of antigenicity of these preparations. In experiments with human breast cancer patients' leukocytes, leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) was produced by 32-50% of these patients in response to the mouse-derived MTV or to three different MTV preparations obtained after passage through feline kidney cells. A significant proportion (31-54%) of benign breast disease patients also reacted with both the mouse-derived and feline-derived MTV preparations. Patients with both malignant and benign breast disease, however, had a significantly different (P less than .05) pattern of reactivity to mouse- and feline-derived MTV preparations from that observed with normal donors. Finally, some LIF activity was also observed (but not statistically significant with the use of nonparametric analysis methods) when feline leukemia virus was used as antigen with these patients. The data suggest that both breast cancer and benign breast disease patients were reactive against antigens largely specific for MTV in the feline cells and, presumably, were not reactive against feline cellular components, although the second possibility cannot be completely ruled out.
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36
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Dworsky M, Yow M, Stagno S, Pass RF, Alford C. Cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk and transmission in infancy. Pediatrics 1983; 72:295-9. [PMID: 6310479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Of unselected postpartum women, 39% reactivated cytomegalovirus in breast milk, vaginal secretions, urine, and/or saliva. Consumption of infected breast milk led to infection of 69% of the infants. Although there was some milk secretory immune response to this virus, it prevented neither viral shedding nor viral transmission. All infected infants chronically shed cytomegalovirus. However, no infants have yet demonstrated chronic sequelae. Two preterm infants did develop a significantly acute problem, pneumonitis, which did resolve. The possibility that an unnecessary and perhaps more severe illness might occur in low-birth-weight seronegative infants fed banked human milk from sources other than the mother is disturbing and needs resolution.
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Wunderlich D, Teramoto YA, Alford C, Schlom J. The use of lymphocytes from axillary lymph nodes of mastectomy patients to generate human monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1981; 17:719-30. [PMID: 6800799 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(81)90227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cannon GB, Dean JH, Herberman RB, Keels M, Alford C. Lymphoproliferative responses to autologous tumor extracts as prognostic indicators in patients with resected breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1981; 27:131-8. [PMID: 6456999 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910270202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with operable breast cancer were tested postoperatively to assess lymphoproliferative responses. Patients with lymphocytes capable of recognizing and proliferating in response to autologous tumor extracts had a significantly longer disease-free interval than those with a low response to their autologous extract. In this group of patients, immunological responses to autologous tumors predicted subsequent clinical course better than pathological evaluation based on tumor presence in axillary lymph nodes. Low or negative reactivity to autologous tumor often was not accompanied by a general, impaired ability to respond in LP assays. In fact, patients with low autologous tumor response and normal MLC were at particularly high risk for recurrence.
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Abstract
Genomic complexity of human CMV is one of the largest among various DNA viruses. With such genome complexity and widespread distribution, even a minimal frequency of mutation will be enough to create a complicated genetic heterogeneity in this virus. The virus genome is relatively stable during subcultivation in tissue culture. Variants with minor modification in restriction enzyme sites do gradually develop. These variants share substantial restriction fragment pattern homology with the parental virus. Virus DNA has a molecular weight of 150 X 10(6) daltons for a complete genome. The DNA contains 2 covalently linked L and S components which are separated by internal inverted repetitious sequences of both terminal-end sequences. L and S components are oriented invertably with 4 isomeric arrangements. No tandem repeated sequences have been found. Based on DNA restriction pattern analysis, we conclude that the majority of recurrent infections represent reactivation of existing latent viruses; however, reinfections by a new virus strain do occur occasionally. By studying virus strains isolated from the consecutive congenitally infected infants and strains from mothers and their congenitally infected offspring, we furthermore conclude that the latent virus in women is relatively stable genetically. Moreover, the virus strains after being transmitted to the offspring are still genetically similar to that of the mothers. As in vitro, spontaneous minor variations occur after the in vivo residence. In a long period of evolution the accumulation of minor variations might create great diversity with major similarity.
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Abstract
Vidarabine is the first drug to become generally available in the USA for parenteral treatment of life-threatening or debilitating herpes simplex virus infections of man. For the past decade laboratory and clinical studies have been in progress to assess the pharmacology of the compound, its mechanism of action and its potential usefulness in clinical investigations. Currently, clinical usefulness has been established for herpes simplex infections of the eye and brain. Further studies in progress are evaluating the drug's ability to prevent progressive disease from herpes zoster in the immunocompromised patient, reduce mortality and morbidity from neonatal herpes simplex virus infection and improve outcome of chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Cannon GB, McCoy JL, Jerome LJ, Reddick R, Alford C, Tinley V, Herberman RB. Immunologic relationship between breast carcinoma and benign breast disease as detected by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978; 61:1181-6. [PMID: 280705 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/61.5.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with benign diseases of the breast reacted in a migration inhibition assay with extracts of breast cancer and benign breast lesions and a human breast cancer-derived cell line, MCF-7. The incidence of reactivity of the patients with benign breast diseases against these antigens was similar to that of breast cancer patients. In addition, patients with breast cancer reacted to some extracts of benign breast lesions. The reactivity occurred in patients with several different histopathologic types of breast lesions, but was not found in women with no detectable pathologic lesions.
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45
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Djeu J, Payne S, Alford C, Heim W, Pomeroy T, Cohen M, Oldham R, Herberman RB. Detection of decreased proportion of lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 29 degrees C in the blood of cancer patients. Analysis of factors affecting the assay. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1977; 8:405-19. [PMID: 562243 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(77)90005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Alford C, Sledge R. Microprocessor Architecture for Discrete Manufacturing Control, Part I: History and Problem Definition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1109/tmft.1976.1136021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McCoy JL, Herberman RB, Rosenberg EB, Donnelly FC, Levine PH, Alford C. 51 Chromium-release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity of human leukemia and lymphoid tissue-culture cells. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1973; 37:59-67. [PMID: 4123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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