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Hosch S, Wagner P, Giger JN, Dubach N, Saavedra E, Perno CF, Gody JC, Pagonendji MS, Ngoagouni C, Ndoua C, Nsanzabana C, Vickos U, Daubenberger C, Schindler T. PHARE: a bioinformatics pipeline for compositional profiling of multiclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections from long-read Nanopore sequencing data. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024:dkae060. [PMID: 38502783 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of drug-resistant clones of Plasmodium falciparum is a major public health concern, and the ability to detect and track the spread of these clones is crucial for effective malaria control and treatment. However, in endemic settings, malaria infected people often carry multiple P. falciparum clones simultaneously making it likely to miss drug-resistant clones using traditional molecular typing methods. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to develop a bioinformatics pipeline for compositional profiling in multiclonal P. falciparum samples, sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platform. METHODS We developed the 'Finding P. falciparum haplotypes with resistance mutations in polyclonal infections' (PHARE) pipeline using existing bioinformatics tools and custom scripts written in python. PHARE was validated on three control datasets containing P. falciparum DNA of four laboratory strains at varying mixing ratios. Additionally, the pipeline was tested on clinical samples from children admitted to a paediatric hospital in the Central African Republic. RESULTS The PHARE pipeline achieved high recall and accuracy rates in all control datasets. The pipeline can be used on any gene and was tested with amplicons of the P. falciparum drug resistance marker genes pfdhps, pfdhfr and pfK13. CONCLUSIONS The PHARE pipeline helps to provide a more complete picture of drug resistance in the circulating P. falciparum population and can help to guide treatment recommendations. PHARE is freely available under the GNU Lesser General Public License v.3.0 on GitHub: https://github.com/Fippu/PHARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Hosch
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Wagner
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Nouria Giger
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Nina Dubach
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Elis Saavedra
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Microbiology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Jean-Chrysostome Gody
- Department of Intensive Care, Pediatric University Hospital Centre of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Carine Ngoagouni
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Christophe Ndoua
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Christian Nsanzabana
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Vickos
- Department of Microbiology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Koh C, Frangeul L, Blanc H, Ngoagouni C, Boyer S, Dussart P, Grau N, Girod R, Duchemin JB, Saleh MC. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences from 33 globally distributed mosquito species for improved metagenomics and species identification. eLife 2023; 12:82762. [PMID: 36688360 PMCID: PMC10014081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an important tool in the study of mosquitoes and the RNA viruses they vector as it allows assessment of both host and viral RNA in specimens. However, there are two main constraints. First, as with many other species, abundant mosquito ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as the predominant template from which sequences are generated, meaning that the desired host and viral templates are sequenced far less. Second, mosquito specimens captured in the field must be correctly identified, in some cases to the sub-species level. Here, we generate mosquito rRNA datasets which will substantially mitigate both of these problems. We describe a strategy to assemble novel rRNA sequences from mosquito specimens and produce an unprecedented dataset of 234 full-length 28S and 18S rRNA sequences of 33 medically important species from countries with known histories of mosquito-borne virus circulation (Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Madagascar, and French Guiana). These sequences will allow both physical and computational removal of rRNA from specimens during RNA-seq protocols. We also assess the utility of rRNA sequences for molecular taxonomy and compare phylogenies constructed using rRNA sequences versus those created using the gold standard for molecular species identification of specimens-the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. We find that rRNA- and COI-derived phylogenetic trees are incongruent and that 28S and concatenated 28S+18S rRNA phylogenies reflect evolutionary relationships that are more aligned with contemporary mosquito systematics. This significant expansion to the current rRNA reference library for mosquitoes will improve mosquito RNA-seq metagenomics by permitting the optimization of species-specific rRNA depletion protocols for a broader range of species and streamlining species identification by rRNA sequence and phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Lionel Frangeul
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Medical Entomology LaboratoryBanguiCentral African Republic
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Medical and Veterinary Entomology UnitPhnom PenhCambodia
| | | | - Nina Grau
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Medical Entomology UnitAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Medical Entomology UnitAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile AbonnencCayenneFrench Guiana
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
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Sangbakembi-Ngounou C, Ngoagouni C, Akone-Ella O, Kengne P, Costantini C, Nakouné E, Ayala D. Temporal and biting dynamics of the chromosomal inversion 2La in the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in Bangui, Central African Republic. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.986925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal rearrangement 2La has been directly involved in the ecological and deadly epidemiological success of the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in sub-Saharan Africa. However, little is known about the biological and ecological factors that drive the local and temporal dynamics of this inversion in both species. Here, we performed a year-round longitudinal survey in Bangui, Central African Republic. We monthly sampled A. gambiae and A. coluzzii mosquitoes indoor and outdoor using human landing catches (HLC) for 48 h non-stop. We molecularly karyotyped all specimens to study the 2La inversion frequency variations, and monitored the mosquito spatial and temporal biting behavior throughout the year. In total, we successfully karyotyped 5121 A. gambiae and 986 A. coluzzii specimens. The 2La inversion frequency was higher in A. coluzzii than in A. gambiae across the year. In A. gambiae and A. coluzzii, the inversion frequency or karyotypes did not influence the biting behavior, either location or time. Moreover, the inversion frequency variation in both species was also independent of local climatic changes. Overall, our results revealed that in Bangui, the 2La inversion segregates at different frequency in each species, but this is not influenced by their trophic behavior. Studying the impact of urban settings and the population genetic structure of these two A. gambiae complex members could bring insights into the intrinsic relationship between 2La inversion and local conditions. More studies are needed to understand the polymorphic equilibrium of this inversion in Bangui.
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Kamgang B, Tchapga W, Ngoagouni C, Sangbakembi-Ngounou C, Wondji M, Riveron JM, Wondji CS. Exploring insecticide resistance mechanisms in three major malaria vectors from Bangui in Central African Republic. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:349-359. [PMID: 30433868 PMCID: PMC6300743 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1541160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains the main cause of mortality and morbidity in the Central African Republic. However, the main malaria vectors remain poorly characterised, preventing the design of suitable control strategies. Here, we characterised the patterns and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in three important vectors from Bangui. Mosquitoes were collected indoors, using electrical aspirators in July 2016 in two neighborhoods at Bangui. WHO bioassays performed, using F2An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), revealed a high level of resistance to type I (permethrin) and II (deltamethrin) pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (< 3% mortality). Molecular analysis revealed the co-occurrence of Anopheles coluzzii (56.8 %) and An. gambiae s.s. (43.2%) within the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles funestus s.s. was the sole species belonging to An. funestus group. Both kdr-w (40% of homozygotes and 60% of heterozygotes/kdr-w/wild type) and kdr-e (37.5% of heterozygotes) mutations were found in An. gambiae. Contrariwise, only the kdr-w (9.5% homozygotes and 85.7% of heterozygotes) was detected in An. coluzzii. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that CYP6M2 and CYP6P3 are not upregulated in An. coluzzii from Bangui. Analysis of the sodium channel gene revealed a reduced diversity in An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. In An. funestus s.s., the pyrethroid/DDT GSTe2 L119F resistance allele was detected at high frequency (54.7%) whereas a very low frequency for Rdl was observed. Polymorphism analysis of GSTe2 and GABA receptor gene in An. funestus revealed the presence of one resistant haplotype for each gene. This study provides baseline information to help guide current and future malaria vector control interventions in CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- a Department of Medical Entomology , Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) , Yaoundé , Cameroon
| | - Williams Tchapga
- a Department of Medical Entomology , Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) , Yaoundé , Cameroon
| | - Carine Ngoagouni
- b Service d'Entomologie Medicale , Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Bangui , Central African Republic
| | | | - Murielle Wondji
- a Department of Medical Entomology , Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) , Yaoundé , Cameroon.,c Vector Biology Department , Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , UK
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- a Department of Medical Entomology , Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) , Yaoundé , Cameroon.,c Vector Biology Department , Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- a Department of Medical Entomology , Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) , Yaoundé , Cameroon.,c Vector Biology Department , Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , UK
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Ngoagouni C, Kamgang B, Kazanji M, Paupy C, Nakouné E. Potential of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations in the Central African Republic to transmit enzootic chikungunya virus strains. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:164. [PMID: 28347325 PMCID: PMC5368999 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major chikungunya outbreaks have affected several Central African countries during the past decade. The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from humans and sylvan mosquitoes in the Central African Republic (CAR) during the 1970 and 1980s but has not been found recently, despite the presence of Aedes albopictus since 2010. The risk of a massive chikungunya epidemic is therefore potentially high, as the human populations are immunologically naïve and because of the presence of the mosquito vector. In order to estimate the risk of a large outbreak, we assessed the vector competence of local Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations for ancient local strains of CHIKV in CAR. Mosquitoes were orally infected with the virus, and its presence in mosquito saliva was analysed 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi) by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results The two species had similar infection rates at 7 and 14 days, and the dissemination rate of both vectors was ≥ 80% at 14 dpi. Only females followed up to 14 dpi had CHKV in their saliva. Conclusion These results confirm the risk of transmission of enzootic CHIKV by anthropophilic vectors such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Ave Pasteur, 97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Ngoagouni C, Kamgang B, Brengues C, Yahouedo G, Paupy C, Nakouné E, Kazanji M, Chandre F. Susceptibility profile and metabolic mechanisms involved in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus resistant to DDT and deltamethrin in the Central African Republic. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:599. [PMID: 27881148 PMCID: PMC5121976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main epidemic vectors of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses worldwide. Their control during epidemics relies mainly on control of larvae and adults with insecticides. Unfortunately, loss of susceptibility of both species to several insecticide classes limits the efficacy of interventions. In Africa, where Aedes-borne viruses are of growing concern, few data are available on resistance to insecticides. To fill this gap, we assessed the susceptibility to insecticides of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations in the Central African Republic (CAR) and studied the mechanisms of resistance. Methods Immature stages were sampled between June and September 2014 in six locations in Bangui (the capital of CAR) for larval and adult bioassays according to WHO standard procedures. We also characterized DDT- and pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes molecularly and biochemically, including tests for the activities of nonspecific esterases (α and β), mixed-function oxidases, insensitive acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferases. Results Larval bioassays, carried out to determine the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95) and resistance ratios (RR50 and RR95), suggested that both vector species were susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis and to temephos. Bioassays of adults showed susceptibility to propoxur and fenitrothion, except for one Ae. albopictus population that was suspected to be resistant to fenithrothion. None of the Ae. aegypti populations was fully susceptible to DDT. Ae. albopictus presented a similar profile to Ae. aegypti but with a lower mortality rate (41%). Possible resistance to deltamethrin was observed among Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, although some were susceptible. No kdr mutations were detected in either species; however, the activity of detoxifying enzymes was higher in most populations than in the susceptible Ae. aegypti strain, confirming decreased susceptibility to DDT and deltamethrin. Conclusion These findings suggested that regular, continuous monitoring of resistance is necessary in order to select the most effective adulticides for arbovirus control in Bangui. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1887-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cécile Brengues
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gildas Yahouedo
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Avenue Pasteur, 97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Hassanin A, Nesi N, Marin J, Kadjo B, Pourrut X, Leroy É, Gembu GC, Musaba Akawa P, Ngoagouni C, Nakouné E, Ruedi M, Tshikung D, Pongombo Shongo C, Bonillo C. Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016. C R Biol 2016; 339:517-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Desdouits M, Kamgang B, Berthet N, Tricou V, Ngoagouni C, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. Genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus in the Central African Republic. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 33:25-31. [PMID: 25911440 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by the bite of mosquito vectors. Over the past 10 years, the virus has gained mutations that enhance its transmissibility by the Aedes albopictus vector, resulting in massive outbreaks in the Indian Ocean, Asia and Central Africa. Recent introduction of competent A. albopictus vectors into the Central African Republic (CAR) pose a threat of a Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) epidemic in this region. We undertook this study to assess the genetic diversity and background of CHIKV strains isolated in the CAR between 1975 and 1984 and also to estimate the ability of local strains to adapt to A. albopictus. Our results suggest that, local CHIKV strains have a genetic background compatible with quick adaptation to A. albopictus, as previously observed in other Central African countries. Intense surveillance of the human and vector populations is necessary to prevent or anticipate the emergence of a massive CHIKF epidemic in the CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Desdouits
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic; Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Vianney Tricou
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Carine Ngoagouni
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
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Maganga GD, Bourgarel M, Vallo P, Dallo TD, Ngoagouni C, Drexler JF, Drosten C, Nakouné ER, Leroy EM, Morand S. Bat distribution size or shape as determinant of viral richness in african bats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100172. [PMID: 24959855 PMCID: PMC4069033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EID) is mostly linked to biodiversity loss, changes in habitat use and increasing habitat fragmentation. Bats are linked to a growing number of EID but few studies have explored the factors of viral richness in bats. These may have implications for role of bats as potential reservoirs. We investigated the determinants of viral richness in 15 species of African bats (8 Pteropodidae and 7 microchiroptera) in Central and West Africa for which we provide new information on virus infection and bat phylogeny. We performed the first comparative analysis testing the correlation of the fragmented geographical distribution (defined as the perimeter to area ratio) with viral richness in bats. Because of their potential effect, sampling effort, host body weight, ecological and behavioural traits such as roosting behaviour, migration and geographical range, were included into the analysis as variables. The results showed that the geographical distribution size, shape and host body weight have significant effects on viral richness in bats. Viral richness was higher in large-bodied bats which had larger and more fragmented distribution areas. Accumulation of viruses may be related to the historical expansion and contraction of bat species distribution range, with potentially strong effects of distribution edges on virus transmission. Two potential explanations may explain these results. A positive distribution edge effect on the abundance or distribution of some bat species could have facilitated host switches. Alternatively, parasitism could play a direct role in shaping the distribution range of hosts through host local extinction by virulent parasites. This study highlights the importance of considering the fragmentation of bat species geographical distribution in order to understand their role in the circulation of viruses in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël D. Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Peter Vallo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thierno D. Dallo
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eric M. Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Morand
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS-UM2, CC065, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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Kamgang B, Ngoagouni C, Tricou V, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. What are the risks of emergence of chikungunya outbreak in Central African Republic? Int J Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Kamgang B, Ngoagouni C, Manirakiza A, Nakouné E, Paupy C, Kazanji M. Temporal patterns of abundance of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and mitochondrial DNA analysis of Ae. albopictus in the Central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2590. [PMID: 24349596 PMCID: PMC3861192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was first reported in central Africa in 2000, in Cameroon, with the indigenous mosquito species Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Today, this invasive species is present in almost all countries of the region, including the Central African Republic (CAR), where it was first recorded in 2009. As invasive species of mosquitoes can affect the distribution of native species, resulting in new patterns of vectors and concomitant risk for disease, we undertook a comparative study early and late in the wet season in the capital and the main cities of CAR to document infestation and the ecological preferences of the two species. In addition, we determined the probable geographical origin of invasive populations of Ae. albopictus with two mitochondrial DNA genes, COI and ND5. Analysis revealed that Ae. aegypti was more abundant earlier in the wet season and Ae. albopictus in the late wet season. Used tyres were the most heavily colonized productive larval habitats for both species in both seasons. The invasive species Ae. albopictus predominated over the resident species at all sites in which the two species were sympatric. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed broad low genetic diversity, confirming recent introduction of Ae. albopictus in CAR. Phylogeographical analysis based on COI polymorphism indicated that the Ae. albopictus haplotype in the CAR population segregated into two lineages, suggesting multiple sources of Ae. albopictus. These data may have important implications for vector control strategies in central Africa. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main vectors of human arboviral diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. Ae. aegypti is indigenous in the Central African Republic (CAR), whereas Ae. Albopictus, originating from Asian forests, was first reported in 2009. To determine the consequences of this invasion of Ae. albopictus for epidemiological transmission of arboviruses, we conducted a comparative study in the early and late wet season in the capital, Bangui, and in the other main cities of the country to document infestation by the two species and their ecological preferences. In addition, we explored the geographical origin of populations of Ae. albopictus with two mitochondrial DNA genes (COI and ND5). We demonstrate that Ae. aegypti predominates early and Ae. albopictus late in the wet season. Ae. albopictus was the most prevalent species in almost all the sites investigated, except Bouar, where only Ae. aegypti was found, suggesting that Ae. albopictus tends to supplant Ae. aegypti in sympatric areas. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed broad low genetic diversity, confirming recent introduction of Ae. albopictus. Phylogeographical analysis with MtDNA COI gene suggested that Ae. albopictus in CAR came from multiple invasions and from multiple population sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Paupy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle, UMR 224-5290, CNRS-IRD-UM1-UM2, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
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Ngoagouni C, Kamgang B, Manirakiza A, Nangouma A, Paupy C, Nakoune E, Kazanji M. Entomological profile of yellow fever epidemics in the Central African Republic, 2006-2010. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:175. [PMID: 22897918 PMCID: PMC3436863 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The causative agent of yellow fever is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family transmitted by infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly in Africa. In the Central African Republic since 2006, cases have been notified in the provinces of Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham-Pende, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto and in Bangui the capital. As the presence of a vector of yellow fever virus (YFV) represents a risk for spread of the disease, we undertook entomological investigations at these sites to identify potential vectors of YFV and their abundance. Findings Between 2006 and 2010, 5066 mosquitoes belonging to six genera and 43 species were identified. The 20 species of the Aedes genus identified included Ae. aegypti, the main vector of YFV in urban settings, and species found in tropical forests, such as Ae. africanus, Ae. simpsoni, Ae. luteocephalus, Ae. vittatus and Ae. opok. These species were not distributed uniformly in the various sites studied. Thus, the predominant Aedes species was Ae. aegypti in Bangui (90.7 %) and Basse-Kotto (42.2 %), Ae. africanus in Ombella-Mpoko (67.4 %) and Haute-Kotto (77.8 %) and Ae. vittatus in Ouham-Pende (62.2 %). Ae. albopictus was also found in Bangui. The distribution of these dominant species differed significantly according to study site (P < 0.0001). None of the pooled homogenates of Aedes mosquitoes analysed by polymerase chain reaction contained the YFV genome. Conclusion The results indicate a wide diversity of vector species for YFV in the Central African Republic. The establishment of surveillance and vector control programs should take into account the ecological specificity of each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
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