1
|
Liu J, Girault JB, Nishino T, Shen MD, Kim SH, Burrows CA, Elison JT, Marrus N, Wolff JJ, Botteron KN, Estes AM, Dager SR, Hazlett HC, McKinstry RC, Schultz RT, Snyder AZ, Styner M, Zwaigenbaum L, Pruett Jr JR, Piven J, Gao W. Atypical functional connectivity between the amygdala and visual, salience regions in infants with genetic liability for autism. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:30-39. [PMID: 38696599 PMCID: PMC11065105 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The amygdala undergoes a period of overgrowth in the first year of life, resulting in enlarged volume by 12 months in infants later diagnosed with ASD. The overgrowth of the amygdala may have functional consequences during infancy. We investigated whether amygdala connectivity differs in 12-month-olds at high likelihood (HL) for ASD (defined by having an older sibling with autism), compared to those at low likelihood (LL). We examined seed-based connectivity of left and right amygdalae, hypothesizing that the HL and LL groups would differ in amygdala connectivity, especially with the visual cortex, based on our prior reports demonstrating that components of visual circuitry develop atypically and are linked to genetic liability for autism. We found that HL infants exhibited weaker connectivity between the right amygdala and the left visual cortex, as well as between the left amygdala and the right anterior cingulate, with evidence that these patterns occur in distinct subgroups of the HL sample. Amygdala connectivity strength with the visual cortex was related to motor and communication abilities among HL infants. Findings indicate that aberrant functional connectivity between the amygdala and visual regions is apparent in infants with genetic liability for ASD and may have implications for early differences in adaptive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N. Robertson Bldv., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessica B Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, 333 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, UNC Chapel Hill , 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Nishino
- Institute for Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Mark D Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, 333 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, UNC Chapel Hill , 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA
| | - Sun Hyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, 333 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Institute for Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute for Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason J Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, 56 E River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annette M Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, 1417 NE 42nd St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, 333 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, UNC Chapel Hill , 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, 333 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CA
| | - John R Pruett Jr
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, 333 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, UNC Chapel Hill , 101 Renee Lynne Court, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N. Robertson Bldv., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burrows CA, Zheng S. Better measures needed to mitigate sex bias in autism identification. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2024; 8:e5. [PMID: 38360017 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Shuting Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marrus N, Botteron KN, Hawks Z, Pruett JR, Elison JT, Jackson JJ, Markson L, Eggebrecht AT, Burrows CA, Zwaigenbaum L, Dager S, Estes A, Hazlett H, Schultz RT, Piven J, Constantino JN. Social motivation in infancy is associated with familial recurrence of ASD. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:101-111. [PMID: 36189644 PMCID: PMC10067534 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pre-diagnostic deficits in social motivation are hypothesized to contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a heritable neurodevelopmental condition. We evaluated psychometric properties of a social motivation index (SMI) using parent-report item-level data from 597 participants in a prospective cohort of infant siblings at high and low familial risk for ASD. We tested whether lower SMI scores at 6, 12, and 24 months were associated with a 24-month ASD diagnosis and whether social motivation's course differed relative to familial ASD liability. The SMI displayed good internal consistency and temporal stability. Children diagnosed with ASD displayed lower mean SMI T-scores at all ages and a decrease in mean T-scores across age. Lower group-level 6-month scores corresponded with higher familial ASD liability. Among high-risk infants, strong decline in SMI T-scores was associated with 10-fold odds of diagnosis. Infant social motivation is quantifiable by parental report, differentiates children with versus without later ASD by age 6 months, and tracks with familial ASD liability, consistent with a diagnostic and susceptibility marker of ASD. Early decrements and decline in social motivation indicate increased likelihood of ASD, highlighting social motivation's importance to risk assessment and clarification of the ontogeny of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Zoë Hawks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - John R. Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Jed T. Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
| | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Lori Markson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Annette Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Heather Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Burrows CA, Lasch C, Gross J, Girault JB, Rutsohn J, Wolff JJ, Swanson MR, Lee CM, Dager SR, Cornea E, Stephens R, Styner M, John TS, Pandey J, Deva M, Botteron KN, Estes AM, Hazlett HC, Pruett JR, Schultz RT, Zwaigenbaum L, Gilmore JH, Shen MD, Piven J, Elison JT. Associations between early trajectories of amygdala development and later school-age anxiety in two longitudinal samples. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 65:101333. [PMID: 38154378 PMCID: PMC10792190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amygdala function is implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anxiety. We investigated associations between early trajectories of amygdala growth and anxiety and ASD outcomes at school age in two longitudinal studies: high- and low-familial likelihood for ASD, Infant Brain Imaging Study (IBIS, n = 257) and typically developing (TD) community sample, Early Brain Development Study (EBDS, n = 158). Infants underwent MRI scanning at up to 3 timepoints from neonate to 24 months. Anxiety was assessed at 6-12 years. Linear multilevel modeling tested whether amygdala volume growth was associated with anxiety symptoms at school age. In the IBIS sample, children with higher anxiety showed accelerated amygdala growth from 6 to 24 months. ASD diagnosis and ASD familial likelihood were not significant predictors. In the EBDS sample, amygdala growth from birth to 24 months was associated with anxiety. More anxious children had smaller amygdala volume and slower rates of amygdala growth. We explore reasons for the contrasting results between high-familial likelihood for ASD and TD samples, grounding results in the broader literature of variable associations between early amygdala volume and later anxiety. Results have the potential to identify mechanisms linking early amygdala growth to later anxiety in certain groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Lasch
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julia Gross
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica B Girault
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua Rutsohn
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason J Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Meghan R Swanson
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chimei M Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Deptartment of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emil Cornea
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tanya St John
- University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meera Deva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annette M Estes
- University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Deptartment of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark D Shen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jed T Elison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee CM, Altschuler MR, Esler AN, Burrows CA, Hudock RL. Why are only some children with autism spectrum disorder misclassified by the social communication questionnaire? An empirical investigation of individual differences in sensitivity and specificity in a clinic-referred sample. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:28. [PMID: 37608249 PMCID: PMC10463287 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) is a checklist for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly used in research and clinical practice. While the original validation study suggested that the SCQ was an accurate ASD screener with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, subsequent studies have yielded mixed results, with some revealing low sensitivity, low specificity, and low utility in some settings. METHOD The present study examined the psychometric properties of the SCQ as well as the individual difference characteristics of 187 individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who were misclassified or accurately classified by the SCQ in a clinic-referred sample. RESULTS The SCQ showed suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, regardless of age and sex. Compared to true positives, individuals classified as false positives displayed greater externalizing and internalizing problems, whereas individuals classified as false negatives displayed better social communication and adaptive skills. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that non-autistic developmental and behavioral individual difference characteristics may explain high rates of misclassification using the SCQ. Clinicians and researchers could consider using the SCQ in combination with other tools for young children with internalizing and externalizing symptoms and other more complex clinical presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chimei M Lee
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2025 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | | | - Amy N Esler
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2025 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2025 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Rebekah L Hudock
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2025 E River Pkwy, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dys SP, Burrows CA, Usher LV, Almas AN, Degnan KA, Fox NA, Henderson HA. Encouraging a Peer in Need: The Impacts of Social Anxiety and Peer Familiarity. Soc Dev 2023; 32:618-632. [PMID: 37234510 PMCID: PMC10208239 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Extant research has produced conflicting findings regarding the link between social fearfulness and prosocial behavior, with some studies reporting negative relations and others reporting null effects. Furthermore, these studies have focused predominantly on toddlerhood, and few have examined prosociality between peers. The present study investigated whether the link between social anxiety and a prosocial behavior (i.e., providing encouragement) varied depending on interpersonal and situational factors (i.e., one's familiarity with a peer, the level of support sought by a peer, respectively). We tested this question using a multimethod approach, which included an ecologically valid stress inducing task and dyadic design with a sample of 9- to 10-year-olds (N = 447). Results revealed that social anxiety was related negatively to providing encouragement among familiar and unfamiliar dyads. In familiar dyads, however, this main effect was qualified by an interaction with the level of support sought by one's peer. Compared to those low in social anxiety, children high in social anxiety provided relatively less encouragement in response to higher levels of support seeking from their peers. The findings are considered in relation to theorizing regarding the effect of overarousal on children's prosocial behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alisa N. Almas
- University of British Columbia, Human Early Learning
Partnership
| | | | - Nathan A. Fox
- University of Maryland, Department of Human Development
and Quantitative Methodology
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stallworthy IC, Berry D, Davis S, Wolff JJ, Burrows CA, Swanson MR, Grzadzinski RL, Botteron K, Dager SR, Estes AM, Schultz RT, Piven J, Elison JT, Pruett JR, Marrus N. Quantifying latent social motivation and its associations with joint attention and language in infants at high and low likelihood for autism spectrum disorder. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13336. [PMID: 36222317 PMCID: PMC10591497 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Social motivation-the psychobiological predisposition for social orienting, seeking social contact, and maintaining social interaction-manifests in early infancy and is hypothesized to be foundational for social communication development in typical and atypical populations. However, the lack of infant social-motivation measures has hindered delineation of associations between infant social motivation, other early-arising social abilities such as joint attention, and language outcomes. To investigate how infant social motivation contributes to joint attention and language, this study utilizes a mixed longitudinal sample of 741 infants at high (HL = 515) and low (LL = 226) likelihood for ASD. Using moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA), we incorporated items from parent-report measures to establish a novel latent factor model of infant social motivation that exhibits measurement invariance by age, sex, and familial ASD likelihood. We then examined developmental associations between 6- and 12-month social motivation, joint attention at 12-15 months, and language at 24 months of age. On average, greater social-motivation growth from 6-12 months was associated with greater initiating joint attention (IJA) and trend-level increases in sophistication of responding to joint attention (RJA). IJA and RJA were both positively associated with 24-month language abilities. There were no additional associations between social motivation and future language in our path model. These findings substantiate a novel, theoretically driven approach to modeling social motivation and suggest a developmental cascade through which social motivation impacts other foundational skills. These findings have implications for the timing and nature of intervention targets to support social communication development in infancy. HIGHLIGHTS: We describe a novel, theoretically based model of infant social motivation wherein multiple parent-reported indicators contribute to a unitary latent social-motivation factor. Analyses revealed social-motivation factor scores exhibited measurement invariance for a longitudinal sample of infants at high and low familial ASD likelihood. Social-motivation growth from ages 6-12 months is associated with better 12-15-month joint attention abilities, which in turn are associated with greater 24-month language skills. Findings inform timing and targets of potential interventions to support healthy social communication in the first year of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Berry
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Savannah Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason J. Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Meghan R. Swanson
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Grzadzinski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen R. Dager
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annette M. Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jed T. Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John R. Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goodwin SR, Dwyer MJ, Caliva SL, Burrows CA, Raiff BR. Using Reddit as a recruitment strategy for addiction science research. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2023; 148:209011. [PMID: 36924845 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Reddit is a forum-based social media and message board platform that has been used in the social sciences as a recruitment source of human subject data. In addiction science, Reddit remains a viable but underutilized tool, compared to other websites (e.g., Amazon's Mechanical Turk, Prolific). The purpose of this commentary is to provide a rationale and recommendations for the successful use of Reddit for addiction science researchers interested in adding it as a recruitment tool. We provide an example of how Reddit can be used to target specific populations of interest, such as individuals struggling with depression or alcohol use disorder. Last, we discuss the limitations of Reddit as a research tool and some considerations for future research to help promote effective use of the platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - M J Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - S L Caliva
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - C A Burrows
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - B R Raiff
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
St. John T, Estes AM, Hazlett HC, Marrus N, Burrows CA, Donovan K, Torres Gomez S, Grzadzinski RL, Parish-Morris J, Smith R, Styner M, Garic D, Pandey J, Lee CM, Schultz RT, Botteron KN, Zwaigenbaum L, Piven J, Dager SR. Association of Sex With Neurobehavioral Markers of Executive Function in 2-Year-Olds at High and Low Likelihood of Autism. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2311543. [PMID: 37140923 PMCID: PMC10160873 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Children with autism and their siblings exhibit executive function (EF) deficits early in development, but associations between EF and biological sex or early brain alterations in this population are largely unexplored. Objective To investigate the interaction of sex, autism likelihood group, and structural magnetic resonance imaging alterations on EF in 2-year-old children at high familial likelihood (HL) and low familial likelihood (LL) of autism, based on having an older sibling with autism or no family history of autism in first-degree relatives. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study assessed 165 toddlers at HL (n = 110) and LL (n = 55) of autism at 4 university-based research centers. Data were collected from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2013, and analyzed between August 2021 and June 2022 as part of the Infant Brain Imaging Study. Main Outcomes and Measures Direct assessments of EF and acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging were performed to determine frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and total cerebral brain volume. Results A total of 165 toddlers (mean [SD] age, 24.61 [0.95] months; 90 [54%] male, 137 [83%] White) at HL for autism (n = 110; 17 diagnosed with ASD) and LL for autism (n = 55) were studied. The toddlers at HL for autism scored lower than the toddlers at LL for autism on EF tests regardless of sex (mean [SE] B = -8.77 [4.21]; 95% CI, -17.09 to -0.45; η2p = 0.03). With the exclusion of toddlers with autism, no group (HL vs LL) difference in EF was found in boys (mean [SE] difference, -7.18 [4.26]; 95% CI, 1.24-15.59), but EF was lower in HL girls than LL girls (mean [SE] difference, -9.75 [4.34]; 95% CI, -18.32 to -1.18). Brain-behavior associations were examined, controlling for overall cerebral volume and developmental level. Sex differences in EF-frontal (B [SE] = 16.51 [7.43]; 95% CI, 1.36-31.67; η2p = 0.14) and EF-parietal (B [SE] = 17.68 [6.99]; 95% CI, 3.43-31.94; η2p = 0.17) associations were found in the LL group but not the HL group (EF-frontal: B [SE] = -1.36 [3.87]; 95% CI, -9.07 to 6.35; η2p = 0.00; EF-parietal: B [SE] = -2.81 [4.09]; 95% CI, -10.96 to 5.34; η2p = 0.01). Autism likelihood group differences in EF-frontal (B [SE] = -9.93 [4.88]; 95% CI, -19.73 to -0.12; η2p = 0.08) and EF-parietal (B [SE] = -15.44 [5.18]; 95% CI, -25.86 to -5.02; η2p = 0.16) associations were found in girls not boys (EF-frontal: B [SE] = 6.51 [5.88]; 95% CI, -5.26 to 18.27; η2p = 0.02; EF-parietal: B [SE] = 4.18 [5.48]; 95% CI, -6.78 to 15.15; η2p = 0.01). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study of toddlers at HL and LL of autism suggests that there is an association between sex and EF and that brain-behavior associations in EF may be altered in children at HL of autism. Furthermore, EF deficits may aggregate in families, particularly in girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya St. John
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle
- University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Annette M. Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle
- University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Heather C. Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Carrboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Kevin Donovan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Santiago Torres Gomez
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebecca L. Grzadzinski
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Carrboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Rachel Smith
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Carrboro, North Carolina
| | - Martin Styner
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Carrboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Dea Garic
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Carrboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Chimei M. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Kelly N. Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Carrboro, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Stephen R. Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ravi S, Bradshaw A, Abdi H, Meera SS, Parish-Morris J, Yankowitz L, Paterson S, Dager SR, Burrows CA, Chappell C, St.John T, Estes AM, Piven J, Swanson MR. Are early social communication skills a harbinger for language development in infants later diagnosed autistic?-A longitudinal study using a standardized social communication assessment. Front Commun (Lausanne) 2022; 7:977724. [PMID: 37168581 PMCID: PMC10167971 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2022.977724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The early emergence of social communication challenges and their impact on language in infants later diagnosed with autism has sparked many early intervention programs that target social communication skills. While research has consistently shown lower scores on social communication assessments in the first year of life, there is limited research at 12-months exploring associations between different dimensions of social communication and later language. Understanding associations between early social communication skills and language would enhance our ability to choose high priority intervention goals that will impact downstream language skills. The current study used a standardized assessment to profile social communication skills across 516 infants with a high (HL) or low likelihood (LL-Neg) for autism (84% White, 60% Male), based on the presence of a sibling with autism in the family. The primary aim of the study was to profile social communication skill development in the second year of life and to evaluate associations between social communication skills and later language. HL infants who met criteria for autism (HL-ASD, N = 81) demonstrated widespread reductions in social communication skills at 12-months compared to HL infants who did not meet criteria for autism (HL-Neg, N = 277) and LL-Neg (N = 158) infants. Across all infants in the study, those with better social communication skills at 12-months had better language at 24-months. However, within group analyses indicated that infants who met criteria for autism did not show this developmental coupling until 24-months-of-age at which point social communication was positively associated with downstream language skills. The cascading pattern of reduced social communication skills as well as overall significant positive associations with later language provide further evidence for the need to support developing social communication skills prior to formal autism diagnosis, a goal that could possibly be reached through pre-emptive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Ravi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Allison Bradshaw
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Hervé Abdi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Shoba Sreenath Meera
- Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa Yankowitz
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Paterson
- The James S. McDonnell Foundation, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stephen R. Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine A. Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Chad Chappell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tanya St.John
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annette M. Estes
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Meghan R. Swanson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zheng S, Kaat A, Farmer C, Thurm A, Burrows CA, Kanne S, Georgiades S, Esler A, Lord C, Takahashi N, Nowell KP, Will E, Roberts J, Bishop SL. Corrigendum: Bias in measurement of autism symptoms by spoken language level and non-verbal mental age in minimally verbal children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1051464. [PMID: 36324772 PMCID: PMC9621315 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927847.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Kaat
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine A. Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stephen Kanne
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Stelios Georgiades
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Esler
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Catherine Lord
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Takahashi
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kerri P. Nowell
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Will
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jane Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Somer L. Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Burrows CA, Grzadzinski RL, Donovan K, Stallworthy IC, Rutsohn J, St John T, Marrus N, Parish-Morris J, MacIntyre L, Hampton J, Pandey J, Shen MD, Botteron KN, Estes AM, Dager SR, Hazlett HC, Pruett JR, Schultz RT, Zwaigenbaum L, Truong KN, Piven J, Elison JT. A Data-Driven Approach in an Unbiased Sample Reveals Equivalent Sex Ratio of Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Impairment in Early Childhood. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:654-662. [PMID: 35965107 PMCID: PMC10062179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders are particularly evident in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Heterogeneous symptom presentation and the potential of measurement bias hinder early ASD detection in females and may contribute to discrepant prevalence estimates. We examined trajectories of social communication (SC) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in a sample of infant siblings of children with ASD, adjusting for age- and sex-based measurement bias. We hypothesized that leveraging a prospective elevated familial likelihood sample, deriving data-driven behavioral constructs, and accounting for measurement bias would reveal less discrepant sex ratios than are typically seen in ASD. METHODS We conducted direct assessments of ASD symptoms at 6 to 9, 12 to 15, 24, and 36 to 60 months of age (total nobservations = 1254) with infant siblings of children with ASD (n = 377) and a lower ASD-familial-likelihood comparison group (n = 168; nobservations = 527). We established measurement invariance across age and sex for separate models of SC and RRB. We then conducted latent class growth mixture modeling with the longitudinal data and evaluated for sex differences in trajectory membership. RESULTS We identified 2 latent classes in the SC and RRB models with equal sex ratios in the high-concern cluster for both SC and RRB. Sex differences were also observed in the SC high-concern cluster, indicating that girls classified as having elevated social concerns demonstrated milder symptoms than boys in this group. CONCLUSIONS This novel approach for characterizing ASD symptom progression highlights the utility of assessing and adjusting for sex-related measurement bias and identifying sex-specific patterns of symptom emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Rebecca L Grzadzinski
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Donovan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabella C Stallworthy
- Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joshua Rutsohn
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global PubLic Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tanya St John
- UW Autism Center, Center on Human Development & Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leigh MacIntyre
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Hampton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark D Shen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Annette M Estes
- UW Autism Center, Center on Human Development & Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kinh N Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global PubLic Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jed T Elison
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen MD, Swanson MR, Wolff JJ, Elison JT, Girault JB, Kim SH, Smith RG, Graves MM, Weisenfeld LAH, Flake L, MacIntyre L, Gross JL, Burrows CA, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Evans AC, Gerig G, McKinstry RC, Pandey J, St John T, Zwaigenbaum L, Estes AM, Dager SR, Schultz RT, Styner MA, Botteron KN, Hazlett HC, Piven J. Subcortical Brain Development in Autism and Fragile X Syndrome: Evidence for Dynamic, Age- and Disorder-Specific Trajectories in Infancy. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:562-572. [PMID: 35331012 PMCID: PMC9762548 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has demonstrated that the amygdala is enlarged in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the precise onset of this enlargement during infancy, how it relates to later diagnostic behaviors, whether the timing of enlargement in infancy is specific to the amygdala, and whether it is specific to ASD (or present in other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as fragile X syndrome) are all unknown. METHODS Longitudinal MRIs were acquired at 6-24 months of age in 29 infants with fragile X syndrome, 58 infants at high likelihood for ASD who were later diagnosed with ASD, 212 high-likelihood infants not diagnosed with ASD, and 109 control infants (1,099 total scans). RESULTS Infants who developed ASD had typically sized amygdala volumes at 6 months, but exhibited significantly faster amygdala growth between 6 and 24 months, such that by 12 months the ASD group had significantly larger amygdala volume (Cohen's d=0.56) compared with all other groups. Amygdala growth rate between 6 and 12 months was significantly associated with greater social deficits at 24 months when the infants were diagnosed with ASD. Infants with fragile X syndrome had a persistent and significantly enlarged caudate volume at all ages between 6 and 24 months (d=2.12), compared with all other groups, which was significantly associated with greater repetitive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first MRI study comparing fragile X syndrome and ASD in infancy, demonstrating strikingly different patterns of brain and behavior development. Fragile X syndrome-related changes were present from 6 months of age, whereas ASD-related changes unfolded over the first 2 years of life, starting with no detectable group differences at 6 months. Increased amygdala growth rate between 6 and 12 months occurs prior to social deficits and well before diagnosis. This gradual onset of brain and behavior changes in ASD, but not fragile X syndrome, suggests an age- and disorder-specific pattern of cascading brain changes preceding autism diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Shen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Meghan R Swanson
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Jason J Wolff
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Jed T Elison
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Jessica B Girault
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Sun Hyung Kim
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Rachel G Smith
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Michael M Graves
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Leigh Anne H Weisenfeld
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Lisa Flake
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Leigh MacIntyre
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Julia L Gross
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - D Louis Collins
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Alan C Evans
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Guido Gerig
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Tanya St John
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Annette M Estes
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Martin A Styner
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Psychiatry (Shen, Girault, Kim, Smith, Graves, Weisenfeld, Gross, Styner, Hazlett, Piven) and UNC Neuroscience Center (Shen), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Educational Psychology (Wolff), Institute of Child Development (Elison), and Department of Pediatrics (Elison, Burrows), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Flake, McKinstry, Botteron); Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle (Dager); Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Pandey, Schultz); Computer Science and Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York (Gerig); Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal (MacIntyre, Fonov, Collins, Evans); Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Zwaigenbaum); Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle (St. John, Estes); School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas (Swanson)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zheng S, Kaat A, Farmer C, Thurm A, Burrows CA, Kanne S, Georgiades S, Esler A, Lord C, Takahashi N, Nowell KP, Will E, Roberts J, Bishop SL. Bias in measurement of autism symptoms by spoken language level and non-verbal mental age in minimally verbal children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:927847. [PMID: 35967726 PMCID: PMC9372407 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of children with known genetic conditions and/or intellectual disability are referred for evaluation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), highlighting the need to refine autism symptom measures to facilitate differential diagnoses in children with cognitive and language impairments. Previous studies have reported decreased specificity of ASD screening and diagnostic measures in children with intellectual disability. However, little is known about how cognitive and language abilities impact the measurement of specific ASD symptoms in this group. We aggregated a large sample of young children (N = 1196; aged 31-119 months) to examine measurement invariance of ASD symptoms among minimally verbal children within the context of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Module 1. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and moderated non-linear factor analysis (MNLFA), we examined how discrete behaviors were differentially associated with the latent symptom domains of social communication impairments (SCI) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) across spoken language levels and non-verbal mental age groupings. While the two-factor structure of SCI and RRB held consistently across language and cognitive levels, only partial invariance was observed for both ASD symptom domains of SCI and RRB. Specifically, four out of the 15 SCI items and one out of the three RRB items examined showed differential item functioning between children with "Few to No Words" and those with "Some Words"; and one SCI item and one RRB item showed differential item functioning across non-verbal mental age groups. Moreover, even after adjusting for the differential item functioning to reduce measurement bias across groups, there were still differences in ASD symptom domain scores across spoken language levels. These findings further underscore the influence of spoken language level on measurement of ASD symptoms and the importance of measuring ASD symptoms within refined spoken language levels, even among those with minimal verbal abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Kaat
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine A. Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stephen Kanne
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Stelios Georgiades
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Esler
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Catherine Lord
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Takahashi
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kerri P. Nowell
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Will
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jane Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Somer L. Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Burrows CA, Bodfish JW, Wolff JJ, Vollman EP, Altschuler MR, Botteron KN, Dager SR, Estes AM, Hazlett HC, Pruett JR, Schultz RT, Zwaigenbaum L, Piven J, Elison JT. Cataloguing and characterizing interests in typically developing toddlers and toddlers who develop ASD. Autism Res 2021; 14:1710-1723. [PMID: 34021722 PMCID: PMC8714188 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intense interests are common in children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and little research has characterized aspects of interests that are unique to or shared among children with and without ASD. We aimed to characterize interests in a sample of infants at high-familial-risk (HR) and low-familial-risk (LR) for ASD using a novel interview. Participants included HR siblings who were diagnosed with ASD at 24 months (HR-ASD, n = 56), HR siblings who did not receive an ASD diagnosis at 24 months (HR-Neg, n = 187), and a LR comparison group (n = 109). We developed and collected data with the Intense Interests Inventory at 18- and 24-months of age, a semi-structured interview that measures intensity and peculiarity of interests in toddlers and preschool-aged children. Intensity of interests differed by familial risk at 24 months, with HR-ASD and HR-Neg groups demonstrating equivalent intensity of interests that were higher than the LR group. By contrast, peculiarity of interest differed by ASD diagnosis, with the HR-ASD group showing more peculiar interests than the HR-Neg and LR groups at 24 months. At 18 months the HR-ASD group had more peculiar interests than the LR group, though no differences emerged in intensity of interests. This measure may be useful in identifying clinically-relevant features of interests in young children with ASD. We also replicated previous findings of males showing more intense interests at 18 months in our non-ASD sample. These results reveal new information about the nature of interests and preoccupations in the early autism phenotype. LAY SUMMARY: Intense interests are common in young children with autism and their family members. Intense interests are also prevalent among typically-developing children, and especially boys. Here we catalog interests and features of these interests in a large sample of toddlers enriched for autism risk. Children who had family members with autism had more intense interests, and those who developed autism themselves had more unusual interests at 24 months. These results highlight the importance of different aspects of interest in autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James W Bodfish
- Department of Hearing & Speech Sciences, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason J Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elayne P Vollman
- Department of Psychology and Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melody R Altschuler
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annette M Estes
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meera SS, Donovan K, Wolff JJ, Zwaigenbaum L, Elison JT, Kinh T, Shen MD, Estes AM, Hazlett HC, Watson LR, Baranek GT, Swanson MR, St John T, Burrows CA, Schultz RT, Dager SR, Botteron KN, Pandey J, Piven J. Towards a Data-Driven Approach to Screen for Autism Risk at 12 Months of Age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:968-977. [PMID: 33161063 PMCID: PMC8127075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a classifier for infants at 12 months of age based on a parent-report measure (the First Year Inventory 2.0 [FYI]), for the following reasons: (1) to classify infants at elevated risk, above and beyond that attributable to familial risk status for ASD; and (2) to serve as a starting point to refine an approach for risk estimation in population samples. METHOD A total of 54 high-familial risk (HR) infants later diagnosed with ASD (HR-ASD), 183 HR infants not diagnosed with ASD at 24 months of age (HR-Neg), and 72 low-risk controls participated in the study. All infants contributed FYI data at 12 months of age and had a diagnostic assessment for ASD at age 24 months. A data-driven, cross-validated analytic approach was used to develop a classifier to determine screening accuracy (eg, sensitivity) of the FYI to classify HR-ASD and HR-Neg. RESULTS The newly developed FYI classifier had an estimated sensitivity of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.91) and specificity of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.91). CONCLUSION This classifier demonstrates the potential to improve current screening for ASD risk at 12 months of age in infants already at elevated familial risk for ASD, increasing opportunities for detection of autism risk in infancy. Findings from this study highlight the utility of combining parent-report measures with machine learning approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoba S Meera
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Kevin Donovan
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; and the Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Truong Kinh
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Mark D Shen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Linda R Watson
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juhi Pandey
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peng L, Lin L, Lin Y, Chen YW, Mo Z, Vlasova RM, Kim SH, Evans AC, Dager SR, Estes AM, McKinstry RC, Botteron KN, Gerig G, Schultz RT, Hazlett HC, Piven J, Burrows CA, Grzadzinski RL, Girault JB, Shen MD, Styner MA. Longitudinal Prediction of Infant MR Images With Multi-Contrast Perceptual Adversarial Learning. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653213. [PMID: 34566556 PMCID: PMC8458966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The infant brain undergoes a remarkable period of neural development that is crucial for the development of cognitive and behavioral capacities (Hasegawa et al., 2018). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to characterize the developmental trajectories and is critical in neuroimaging studies of early brain development. However, missing data at different time points is an unavoidable occurrence in longitudinal studies owing to participant attrition and scan failure. Compared to dropping incomplete data, data imputation is considered a better solution to address such missing data in order to preserve all available samples. In this paper, we adapt generative adversarial networks (GAN) to a new application: longitudinal image prediction of structural MRI in the first year of life. In contrast to existing medical image-to-image translation applications of GANs, where inputs and outputs share a very close anatomical structure, our task is more challenging as brain size, shape and tissue contrast vary significantly between the input data and the predicted data. Several improvements over existing GAN approaches are proposed to address these challenges in our task. To enhance the realism, crispness, and accuracy of the predicted images, we incorporate both a traditional voxel-wise reconstruction loss as well as a perceptual loss term into the adversarial learning scheme. As the differing contrast changes in T1w and T2w MR images in the first year of life, we incorporate multi-contrast images leading to our proposed 3D multi-contrast perceptual adversarial network (MPGAN). Extensive evaluations are performed to assess the qualityand fidelity of the predicted images, including qualitative and quantitative assessments of the image appearance, as well as quantitative assessment on two segmentation tasks. Our experimental results show that our MPGAN is an effective solution for longitudinal MR image data imputation in the infant brain. We further apply our predicted/imputed images to two practical tasks, a regression task and a classification task, in order to highlight the enhanced task-related performance following image imputation. The results show that the model performance in both tasks is improved by including the additional imputed data, demonstrating the usability of the predicted images generated from our approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Peng
- Department of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lanfen Lin
- Department of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yusen Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yen-wei Chen
- Department of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Zhanhao Mo
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Roza M. Vlasova
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sun Hyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alan C. Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen R. Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annette M. Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert C. McKinstry
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly N. Botteron
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Guido Gerig
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heather C. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Catherine A. Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Grzadzinski
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jessica B. Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mark D. Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Martin A. Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Martin A. Styner
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dirks B, Romero C, Voorhies W, Kupis L, Nomi JS, Dajani DR, Odriozola P, Burrows CA, Beaumont AL, Cardona SM, Parlade MV, Alessandri M, Britton JC, Uddin LQ. Neural Responses to a Putative Set-shifting Task in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 13:1501-1515. [PMID: 32840961 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While much progress has been made toward understanding the neurobiology of social and communication deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), less is known regarding the neurobiological basis of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) central to the ASD diagnosis. Symptom severity for RRBs in ASD is associated with cognitive inflexibility. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in ASD is critical for tailoring therapies to treat this understudied yet pervasive symptom. Here we used a set-shifting paradigm adopted from the developmental cognitive neuroscience literature involving flexible switching between stimulus categories to examine task performance and neural responses in children with ASD. Behaviorally, we found little evidence for group differences in performance on the set-shifting task. Compared with typically developing children, children with ASD exhibited greater activation of the parahippocampal gyrus during performance on trials requiring switching. These findings suggest that children with ASD may need to recruit memory-based neural systems to a greater degree when learning to flexibly associate stimuli with responses. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism often struggle to behave in a flexible way when faced with unexpected challenges. We examined brain responses during a task thought to involve flexible thinking and found that compared with typically developing children, those with autism relied more on brain areas involved in learning and memory to complete the task. This study helps us to understand what types of cognitive tasks are best suited for exploring the neural basis of cognitive flexibility in children with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1501-1515. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Dirks
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Celia Romero
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Willa Voorhies
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lauren Kupis
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Jason S Nomi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Dina R Dajani
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Paola Odriozola
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy L Beaumont
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Meaghan V Parlade
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Alessandri
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer C Britton
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dajani DR, Burrows CA, Nebel MB, Mostofsky SH, Gates KM, Uddin LQ. Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Individual Connectome Mapping. Brain Connect 2020; 9:673-691. [PMID: 31631690 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional diagnostic systems for neurodevelopmental disorders define diagnostic categories that are heterogeneous in behavior and underlying neurobiological alterations. The goal of this study was to parse heterogeneity in a core executive function (EF), cognitive flexibility, in children with a range of abilities (N = 132; children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], and typically developing children) using directed functional connectivity profiles derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Brain regions activated in response to a cognitive flexibility task in adults were used to guide region-of-interest selection to estimate individual connectivity profiles in this study. We expected to find subgroups of children who differed in their network connectivity metrics and symptom measures. Unexpectedly, we did not find a stable or valid subgrouping solution, which suggests that categorical models of the neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in children may be invalid. Exploratory analyses revealed dimensional associations between network connectivity metrics and ADHD symptomatology and EF ability across the entire sample. Results shed light on the validity of conceptualizing the neural substrates of cognitive flexibility categorically in children. Ultimately, this work may provide a foundation for the development of a revised nosology focused on neurobiological substrates as an alternative to traditional symptom-based classification systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina R Dajani
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen M Gates
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Girault JB, Swanson MR, Meera SS, Grzadzinski RL, Shen MD, Burrows CA, Wolff JJ, Pandey J, John TS, Estes A, Zwaigenbaum L, Botteron KN, Hazlett HC, Dager SR, Schultz RT, Constantino JN, Piven J. Quantitative trait variation in ASD probands and toddler sibling outcomes at 24 months. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:5. [PMID: 32024459 PMCID: PMC7003330 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-9308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased likelihood of receiving an ASD diagnosis and exhibiting other developmental concerns. It is unknown how quantitative variation in ASD traits and broader developmental domains in older siblings with ASD (probands) may inform outcomes in their younger siblings. Methods Participants included 385 pairs of toddler siblings and probands from the Infant Brain Imaging Study. ASD probands (mean age 5.5 years, range 1.7 to 15.5 years) were phenotyped using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS-II). Siblings were assessed using the ADI-R, VABS-II, Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and received a clinical best estimate diagnosis at 24 months using DSM-IV-TR criteria (n = 89 concordant for ASD; n = 296 discordant). We addressed two aims: (1) to determine whether proband characteristics are predictive of recurrence in siblings and (2) to assess associations between proband traits and sibling dimensional outcomes at 24 months. Results Regarding recurrence risk, proband SCQ scores were found to significantly predict sibling 24-month diagnostic outcome (OR for a 1-point increase in SCQ = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.12). Regarding quantitative trait associations, we found no significant correlations in ASD traits among proband-sibling pairs. However, quantitative variation in proband adaptive behavior, communication, and expressive and receptive language was significantly associated with sibling outcomes in the same domains; proband scores explained 9–18% of the variation in cognition and behavior in siblings with ASD. Receptive language was particularly strongly associated in concordant pairs (ICC = 0.50, p < 0.001). Conclusions Proband ASD symptomology, indexed by the SCQ, is a predictor of familial ASD recurrence risk. While quantitative variation in social communication and restricted and repetitive behavior were not associated among sibling pairs, standardized ratings of proband language and communication explained significant variation in the same domains in the sibling at 24 months, especially among toddlers with an ASD diagnosis. These data suggest that proband characteristics can alert clinicians to areas of developmental concern for young children with familial risk for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Girault
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3376, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Meghan R Swanson
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Shoba S Meera
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3376, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rebecca L Grzadzinski
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3376, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark D Shen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3376, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jason J Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanya St John
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kelly N Botteron
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3376, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3376, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Burrows CA, Usher LV, Becker-Haimes EM, McMahon CM, Mundy PC, Jensen-Doss A, Henderson HA. Profiles and Correlates of Parent-Child Agreement on Social Anxiety Symptoms in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:2023-2037. [PMID: 29332179 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized patterns and correlates of parent-youth agreement on social anxiety in youth with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants (279 verbally-fluent youth aged 8-16 years, NASD = 144, NTD = 135) completed the SASC-R. Youth with ASD exhibited higher social anxiety across informants. While TD youth endorsed higher anxiety than did parents, self- and parent-reports did not differ in youth with ASD. For children with ASD, higher parent-youth agreement was associated with lower lifetime ASD symptoms and higher adaptive skills. For TD youth, agreement on high anxiety was associated with lowest adaptive skills. Demographic factors (age, verbal IQ, gender) did not relate to agreement for either group. In ASD, parent-child agreement on youth anxiety, either high or low, was associated with better outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Burrows
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA.
| | - Lauren V Usher
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily M Becker-Haimes
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA.,Center for Mental Health Policy & Services Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Camilla M McMahon
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, OH, USA
| | - Peter C Mundy
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA.,University of California-Davis MIND Institute, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Jensen-Doss
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA
| | - Heather A Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dajani DR, Burrows CA, Odriozola P, Baez A, Nebel MB, Mostofsky SH, Uddin LQ. Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 21:101678. [PMID: 30708240 PMCID: PMC6356009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Current diagnostic systems for neurodevelopmental disorders do not have clear links to underlying neurobiology, limiting their utility in identifying targeted treatments for individuals. Here, we aimed to investigate differences in functional brain network integrity between traditional diagnostic categories (autism spectrum disorder [ASD], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], typically developing [TD]) and carefully consider the impact of comorbid ASD and ADHD on functional brain network integrity in a sample adequately powered to detect large effects. We also assess the neurobiological separability of a novel, potential alternative categorical scheme based on behavioral measures of executive function. Method Five-minute resting-state fMRI data were obtained from 168 children (128 boys, 40 girls) with ASD, ADHD, comorbid ASD and ADHD, and TD children. Independent component analysis and dual regression were used to compute within- and between-network functional connectivity metrics at the individual level. Results No significant group differences in within- or between-network functional connectivity were observed between traditional diagnostic categories (ASD, ADHD, TD) even when stratified by comorbidity (ASD + ADHD, ASD, ADHD, TD). Similarly, subgroups classified by executive functioning levels showed no group differences. Conclusions Using clinical diagnosis and behavioral measures of executive function, no differences in functional connectivity were observed among the categories examined. Despite our limited ability to detect small- to medium-sized differences between groups, this work contributes to a growing literature suggesting that traditional diagnostic categories do not define neurobiologically separable groups. Future work is necessary to ascertain the validity of the executive function-based nosology, but current results suggest that nosologies reliant on behavioral data alone may not lead to discovery of neurobiologically distinct categories. ASD, ADHD, and TD children did not differ in connectivity of cognitive networks. No differences emerged when dividing the ASD group into groups with and without ADHD. EF subgroups did not differ in functional connectivity of cognitive networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina R Dajani
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States.
| | - Catherine A Burrows
- Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Paola Odriozola
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adriana Baez
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Odriozola P, Dajani DR, Burrows CA, Gabard-Durnam LJ, Goodman E, Baez AC, Tottenham N, Uddin LQ, Gee DG. Atypical frontoamygdala functional connectivity in youth with autism. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 37:100603. [PMID: 30581125 PMCID: PMC6570504 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlies socioemotional functioning, a core domain of impairment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although frontoamygdala circuitry undergoes dynamic changes throughout development, little is known about age-related changes in frontoamygdala networks in ASD. Here we characterize frontoamygdala resting-state FC in a cross-sectional sample (ages 7–25) of 58 typically developing (TD) individuals and 53 individuals with ASD. Contrary to hypotheses, individuals with ASD did not show different age-related patterns of frontoamygdala FC compared with TD individuals. However, overall group differences in frontoamygdala FC were observed. Specifically, relative to TD individuals, individuals with ASD showed weaker frontoamygdala FC between the right basolateral (BL) amygdala and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). These findings extend prior work to a broader developmental range in ASD, and indicate ASD-related differences in frontoamygdala FC that may underlie core socioemotional impairments in children and adolescents with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Odriozola
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
| | - Dina R Dajani
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
| | | | | | - Emma Goodman
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Adriana C Baez
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL, 33136, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Many high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also experience depression and anxiety, yet little is known about mechanisms underlying this comorbidity. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) about self-referential information is a transdiagnostic cognitive vulnerability factor that may account for the relationship between these two classes of symptoms. We propose a model where self-referential processing and cognitive inflexibility interact to increase risk for RNT, leading to internalizing problems in ASD. Examination of interactions within and between two well-characterized large-scale brain networks, the default mode network and the salience network, may provide insights into neurobiological mechanisms underlying RNT in ASD. We summarize previous literature supporting this model, emphasizing moving towards understanding RNT as a factor accounting for the high rates of internalizing problems in ASD. Future research avenues include understanding heterogeneity in clinical presentation, and promise for identifying and treating cognitive flexibility and RNT to reduce comorbid internalizing problems in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucina Q. Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables FL
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Burrows CA, Usher LV, Mundy PC, Henderson HA. The salience of the self: Self-referential processing and internalizing problems in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2016; 10:949-960. [PMID: 27868365 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate atypical processing of, and memory for, self-referenced information, which may contribute to the heightened rates of co-occurring internalizing problems. We assessed affective and cognitive aspects of self-referential processing in verbally-fluent children with ASD (N = 79), and an age-matched comparison sample (COM, N = 73) of children without an autism diagnosis. We examined group differences in these two aspects of the self-system, and their joint contributions to individual differnces in internalizing problems. Using a self-referenced memory (SRM) task, participants indicated whether a series of positive and negative trait adjectives described themselves and a well-known fictional character. Participants were then surprised with a recognition memory test on the same adjectives. Overall, individuals with ASD showed a reduction in the extent to which they preferentially endorsed positive over negative trait adjectives about themselves, and a reduction in their preferential memory for self- over other-referenced information. Across the full sample, these two aspects of self-referential processing jointly predicted self-reported internalizing problems. Specifically, self-evaluations were strongly and inversely associated with internalizing problems but only for children with relatively high SRM. These findings suggest that the salience of the self influences the extent to which affective self-evaluations impact emotional functioning for youth both with and without ASD. Implications for basic (e.g., developmental) and translational (e.g., intervention) research are discussed. Autism Res 2017, 10: 949-960. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren V Usher
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Burrows CA, Usher LV, Schwartz CB, Mundy PC, Henderson HA. Supporting the Spectrum Hypothesis: Self-Reported Temperament in Children and Adolescents with High Functioning Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:1184-95. [PMID: 26589536 PMCID: PMC4788516 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the spectrum hypothesis, which posits that children and adolescents with high functioning autism (HFA) differ quantitatively but not qualitatively from typically developing peers on self-reported temperament. Temperament refers to early-appearing, relatively stable behavioral and emotional tendencies, which relate to maladaptive behaviors across clinical populations. Quantitatively, participants with HFA (N = 104, aged 10-16) self-reported less surgency and more negative affect but did not differ from comparison participants (N = 94, aged 10-16) on effortful control or affiliation. Qualitatively, groups demonstrated comparable reliability of self-reported temperament and associations between temperament and parent-reported behavior problems. These findings support the spectrum hypothesis, highlighting the utility of self-report temperament measures for understanding individual differences in comorbid behavior problems among children and adolescents with HFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren V Usher
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Heather A Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Burrows CA, Laird AR, Uddin LQ. Functional connectivity of brain regions for self- and other-evaluation in children, adolescents and adults with autism. Dev Sci 2016; 19:564-80. [PMID: 26750447 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing strong ties between oneself and others lays the foundation for developing social competence. Neuroimaging studies have consistently identified specific cortical midline regions activated during evaluative judgments about the self and others. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process self-relevant information differently from their peers, both behaviorally and at the neural level. We compared resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of regions involved in self-referential (e.g. medial prefrontal cortex; mPFC) and other-referential (e.g. posterior cingulate cortex; PCC) processing between neurotypical individuals and individuals with ASD in three age cohorts using regions of interest (ROIs) identified through an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Typically developing children demonstrated greater connectivity within the midline self- and other-referential networks compared with age-matched children with ASD. No group differences in rsFC of mPFC or PCC emerged between typically developing adolescents and adolescents with ASD. Neurotypical adults exhibited stronger rsFC of the PCC with orbitofrontal cortex compared with adults with ASD. Developmental differences in functional connectivity between areas underlying self- and other-referential thought may explain altered developmental trajectories in the understanding of self and others in individuals with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University Miami, USA
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Usher LV, Burrows CA, Schwartz CB, Henderson HA. Social Competence with an Unfamiliar Peer in Children and Adolescents with High Functioning Autism: Measurement and Individual Differences. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2015; 17:25-39. [PMID: 26161136 PMCID: PMC4492168 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents with high functioning autism (HFA) display heterogeneity in social competence, which may be particularly evident during interactions with unfamiliar peers. The goal of this study was to examine predictors of social competence variability during an unfamiliar peer interaction. Thirty-nine participants with HFA and 39 age-, gender- and IQ-matched comparison participants were observed during dyadic laboratory interactions and detailed behavioral coding revealed three social competence dimensions: social initiative, social reciprocity, and social self-monitoring. Participants with HFA displayed higher social initiative but lower reciprocity than comparison participants. For participants with HFA, theory of mind was positively associated with observed initiative. For COM participants, social anxiety was negatively associated with reciprocity. However, for HFA participants, there was a quadratic relation between parent-reported social anxiety and observed reciprocity, demonstrating that low and high levels of anxiety were associated with low reciprocity. Results demonstrated the utility of our behavioral coding scheme as a valid assessment of social competence for children and adolescents with and without HFA. The curvilinear association between social anxiety and reciprocity highlights the importance of examining nonlinear relations in individuals with HFA, and emphasizes that discrete profiles of social anxiety in individuals with HFA may necessitate different treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Usher
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aprotinin therapy is now widely used during cardiac surgery. This study examined the clinical and economic effectiveness of high-dose or low-dose aprotinin in comparison to placebo. METHODS In a double blind, randomized study, three groups of 50 patients received high-dose aprotinin costing AUS$614 per patient (AUS$ = Australian dollars), low-dose aprotinin costing AUS$220 per patient or placebo. Resource use influenced by aprotinin therapy was measured. RESULTS Both doses were effective in reducing chest drainage and postoperative transfusion requirements, high-dose being more effective than low-dose. Both doses reduced the rate of reoperations for hemostasis. A base case of statistically significant differences associated with the high-dose and low-dose aprotinin showed cost savings of AUS$77 and AUS$348 per patient, respectively. If the demonstrated less significant reductions in operating room and ward stay are included, these savings become AUS$463 and AUS$715, respectively. Alternately, if cross-matches are replaced by group-and-hold and cell savers are not used, the savings per patient would be AUS$196 and AUS$467, respectively. CONCLUSIONS While high-dose aprotinin is clinically more effective than low-dose aprotinin, low-dose therapy demonstrates greater cost savings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Ray
- Department of Haematology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Riley IK, Burrows CA, Hardman MJ, Buckley PD. Kinetic studies on class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase from bovine cornea. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 372:85-92. [PMID: 7484414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1965-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I K Riley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The carrageenan air pouch technique in the rat was used to investigate the effects of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, on prostaglandin production and leucocyte migration. tthere is a suggestion that flurbiprofen was capable of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis at doses lower than those which were effective in reducing leucocyte migration. Therefore, these two effects may reflect independent actions of the drug. The possible clinical relevance of these experiments has been noted since the effects of flurbiprofen on prostaglandin synthesis and leucocyte migration are produced in the rat at peak plasma concentrations which are less than those found in man after a single dose of 50 mg.
Collapse
|
32
|
Burrows CA. Otorhinolaryngology: Otitis Media in Small Children. Cal West Med 1928; 28:509. [PMID: 18740679 PMCID: PMC1655967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|
33
|
Burrows CA. Otorhinolaryngology: Disease of the Nasal Accessory Sinuses. Cal West Med 1927; 27:226. [PMID: 18740442 PMCID: PMC1655575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|