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Mazière C, Bodo M, Perdrau MA, Cravo-Laureau C, Duran R, Dupuy C, Hubas C. Climate change influences chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls metabolism in hypersaline microbial mat. Sci Total Environ 2022; 802:149787. [PMID: 34464796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of the climatic change on the phototrophic communities of hypersaline microbial mats. Ocean acidification and warming were simulated alone and together on microbial mats placed into mesocosms. As expected, the temperature in the warming treatments increased by 4 °C from the initial temperature. Surprisingly, no significance difference was observed between the water pH of the different treatments despite of a decrease of 0.4 unit pH in the water reserves of acidification treatments. The salinity increased on the warming treatments and the dissolved oxygen concentration increased and was higher on the acidification treatments. A total of 37 pigments were identified belonging to chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls families. The higher abundance of unknown chlorophyll molecules called chlorophyll derivatives was observed in the acidification alone treatment with a decrease in chlorophyll a abundance. This change in pigmentary composition was accompanied by a higher production of bound extracellular carbohydrates but didn't affect the photosynthetic efficiency of the microbial mats. A careful analysis of the absorption properties of these molecules indicated that these chlorophyll derivatives were likely bacteriochlorophyll c contained in the chlorosomes of green anoxygenic phototroph bacteria. Two hypotheses can be drawn from these results: 1/ the phototrophic communities of the microbial mats were modified under acidification treatment leading to a higher relative abundance of green anoxygenic bacteria, or 2/ the highest availability of CO2 in the environment has led to a shift in the metabolism of green anoxygenic bacteria being more competitive than other phototrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazière
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 525, Bât. IBEAS, BP1155, 64013 Pau cedex, France; La Rochelle Université, CNRS, UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), 2, rue Olympe de Gouges, Bât. ILE, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - M Bodo
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA 8067, MNHN-IRD-CNRS-SU-UCN-UA, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | - M A Perdrau
- La Rochelle Université, CNRS, UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), 2, rue Olympe de Gouges, Bât. ILE, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - C Cravo-Laureau
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 525, Bât. IBEAS, BP1155, 64013 Pau cedex, France
| | - R Duran
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 525, Bât. IBEAS, BP1155, 64013 Pau cedex, France
| | - C Dupuy
- La Rochelle Université, CNRS, UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), 2, rue Olympe de Gouges, Bât. ILE, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - C Hubas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA 8067, MNHN-IRD-CNRS-SU-UCN-UA, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
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Monti D, Hubas C, Lourenço X, Begarin F, Haouisée A, Romana L, Lefrançois E, Jestin A, Budzinski H, Tapie N, Risser T, Mansot JL, Keith P, Gros O, Lopez PJ, Lauga B. Physical properties of epilithic river biofilm as a new lead to perform pollution bioassessments in overseas territories. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17309. [PMID: 33057038 PMCID: PMC7560750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) levels measured in the rivers of the French West Indies were among the highest values detected worldwide in freshwater ecosystems, and its contamination is recognised as a severe health, environmental, agricultural, economic, and social issue. In these tropical volcanic islands, rivers show strong originalities as simplified food webs, or numerous amphidromous migrating species, making the bioindication of contaminations a difficult issue. The objective of this study was to search for biological responses to CLD pollution in a spatially fixed and long-lasting component of the rivers in the West Indies: the epilithic biofilm. Physical properties were investigated through complementary analyses: friction, viscosity as well as surface adhesion were analyzed and coupled with measures of biofilm carbon content and exopolymeric substance (EPS) production. Our results have pointed out a mesoscale chemical and physical reactivity of the biofilm that can be correlated with CLD contamination. We were able to demonstrate that epilithic biofilm physical properties can effectively be used to infer freshwater environmental quality of French Antilles rivers. The friction coefficient is reactive to contamination and well correlated to carbon content and EPS production. Monitoring biofilm physical properties could offer many advantages to potential users in terms of effectiveness and ease of use, rather than more complex or time-consuming analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Monti
- UMR BOREA, UA-MNHN-SU-IRD-CNRS-UCN, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Université Des Antilles, MNHN, CNRS, SU, EPHE, BP 592, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Cedric Hubas
- Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, MNHN-SU-IRD-CNRS-UCN-UA, Place de la croix, Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | - Xavier Lourenço
- UMR BOREA, UA-MNHN-SU-IRD-CNRS-UCN, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Farid Begarin
- C3MAG, UFR Des Sciences Exactes Et Naturelles, Université Des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Alexandre Haouisée
- UMR BOREA, UA-MNHN-SU-IRD-CNRS-UCN, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Laurence Romana
- GTSI, département de Physique, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Alexandra Jestin
- UPR 103 HORTSYS - CIRAD - Fonctionnement agroécologique Et Performances Des systèmes de Cultures Horticoles, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, 97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC - OASU, Équipe LPTC, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Tapie
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC - OASU, Équipe LPTC, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Théo Risser
- E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Universite de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mansot
- C3MAG, UFR Des Sciences Exactes Et Naturelles, Université Des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
- GTSI, département de Physique, Université des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Philippe Keith
- Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, MNHN-SU-IRD-CNRS-UCN-UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP26, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Gros
- C3MAG, UFR Des Sciences Exactes Et Naturelles, Université Des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Université Des Antilles, MNHN, CNRS, SU, EPHE, BP 592, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Pascal-Jean Lopez
- Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, MNHN-SU-IRD-CNRS-UCN-UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP26, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Béatrice Lauga
- E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Universite de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
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Vallet M, Strittmatter M, Murúa P, Lacoste S, Dupont J, Hubas C, Genta-Jouve G, Gachon CMM, Kim GH, Prado S. Chemically-Mediated Interactions Between Macroalgae, Their Fungal Endophytes, and Protistan Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3161. [PMID: 30627120 PMCID: PMC6309705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi asymptomatically colonize the inner tissues of macroalgae, yet their ecological roles remain largely underexplored. Here, we tested if metabolites produced by fungal endophytes might protect their host against a phylogenetically broad spectrum of protistan pathogens. Accordingly, the cultivable fungal endophytes of four brown algal species were isolated and identified based on LSU and SSU sequencing. The fungal metabolomes were tested for their ability to reduce the infection by protistan pathogens in the algal model Ectocarpus siliculosus. The most active metabolomes effective against the oomycetes Eurychasma dicksonii and Anisolpidium ectocarpii, and the phytomixid Maullinia ectocarpii were further characterized chemically. Several pyrenocines isolated from Phaeosphaeria sp. AN596H efficiently inhibited the infection by all abovementioned pathogens. Strikingly, these compounds also inhibited the infection of nori (Pyropia yezoensis) against its two most devastating oomycete pathogens, Olpidiopsis pyropiae, and Pythium porphyrae. We thus demonstrate that fungal endophytes associated with brown algae produce bioactive metabolites which might confer protection against pathogen infection. These results highlight the potential of metabolites to finely-tune the outcome of molecular interactions between algae, their endophytes, and protistan pathogens. This also provide proof-of-concept toward the applicability of such metabolites in marine aquaculture to control otherwise untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Vallet
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245, CP 54, Paris, France
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Murúa
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Lacoste
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Hubas
- Unité Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD; Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | - Gregory Genta-Jouve
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245, CP 54, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire (C-TAC), UMR CNRS 8638, COMETE, Paris, France
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea
| | - Soizic Prado
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245, CP 54, Paris, France
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Perga MÉ, Danger M, Dubois S, Fritch C, Gaucherel C, Hubas C, Jabot F, Lacroix G, Lefebvre S, Marmonier P, Bec A. [Strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities of French research in trophic ecology]. C R Biol 2018; 341:301-314. [PMID: 29859914 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The French National Institute of Ecology and Environment (INEE) aims at fostering pluridisciplinarity in Environmental Science and, for that purpose, funds ex muros research groups (GDR) on thematic topics. Trophic ecology has been identified as a scientific field in ecology that would greatly benefit from such networking activity, as being profoundly scattered. This has motivated the seeding of a GDR, entitled "GRET". The contours of the GRET's action, and its ability to fill these gaps within trophic ecology at the French national scale, will depend on the causes of this relative scattering. This study relied on a nationally broadcasted poll aiming at characterizing the field of trophic ecology in France. Amongst all the unique individuals that fulfilled the poll, over 300 belonged at least partly to the field of trophic ecology. The sample included all French public research institutes and career stages. Three main disruptions within the community of scientist in trophic ecology were identified. The first highlighted the lack of interfaces between microbial and trophic ecology. The second evidenced that research questions were strongly linked to single study fields or ecosystem type. Last, research activities are still quite restricted to the ecosystem boundaries. All three rupture points limit the conceptual and applied progression in the field of trophic ecology. Here we show that most of the disruptions within French Trophic Ecology are culturally inherited, rather than motivated by scientific reasons or justified by socio-economic stakes. Comparison with the current literature confirms that these disruptions are not necessarily typical of the French research landscape, but instead echo the general weaknesses of the international research in ecology. Thereby, communication and networking actions within and toward the community of trophic ecologists, as planned within the GRET's objectives, should contribute to fill these gaps, by reintegrating microbes within trophic concepts and setting the seeds for trans- and meta-ecosystemic research opportunities. Once the community of trophic ecologists is aware of the scientific benefit in pushing its boundaries forwards, turning words and good intentions into concrete research projects will depend on the opportunities to obtain research funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Élodie Perga
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR 042 INRA-université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Carrtel, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France; IDYST, université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Suisse.
| | - Michael Danger
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR CNRS 7360 LIEC, université de Lorraine-Metz, 57000 Metz, France
| | - Stanislas Dubois
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; Ifremer, Dyneco Lebco, centre de Bretagne, Technopole Brest Iroise, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Clémentine Fritch
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement CNRS/université Bourgogne Franche-Comté UsC Inra, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Cédric Gaucherel
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR AMAP-Inra, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Cedric Hubas
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, UMR BOREA, MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-IRD-UCN-UA, Station de biologie marine, quai de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Franck Jabot
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; Irstea, UR LISC, centre de Clermont-Ferrand, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Gérard Lacroix
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR iEES Paris (CNRS, UPMC, Inra, IRD, AgroParisTech, UPEC), Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR 8187 LOG, université de Lille, CNRS, université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, 28, avenue Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France; IFREMER, Ifremer, laboratoire « Ressources halieutiques », centre Manche-mer du Nord, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Marmonier
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; UMR-CNRS 5023 LEHNA, université Lyon-1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Bec
- GDR CNRS 3716 GRET, Groupe de recherche en écologie trophique, 63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Lavergne C, Hugoni M, Hubas C, Debroas D, Dupuy C, Agogué H. Diel Rhythm Does Not Shape the Vertical Distribution of Bacterial and Archaeal 16S rRNA Transcript Diversity in Intertidal Sediments: a Mesocosm Study. Microb Ecol 2018; 75:364-374. [PMID: 28779296 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In intertidal sediments, circadian oscillations (i.e., tidal and diel rhythms) and/or depth may affect prokaryotic activity. However, it is difficult to distinguish the effect of each single force on active community changes in these natural and complex intertidal ecosystems. Therefore, we developed a tidal mesocosm to control the tidal rhythm and test whether diel fluctuation or sediment depth influence active prokaryotes in the top 10 cm of sediment. Day- and nighttime emersions were compared as they are expected to display contrasting conditions through microphytobenthic activity in five different sediment layers. A multiple factor analysis revealed that bacterial and archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript diversity assessed by pyrosequencing was similar between day and night emersions. Potentially active benthic Bacteria were highly diverse and influenced by chlorophyll a and phosphate concentrations. While in oxic and suboxic sediments, Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I (MGI) was the most active archaeal phylum, suggesting the importance of the nitrogen cycle in muddy sediments, in anoxic sediments, the mysterious archaeal C3 group dominated the community. This work highlighted that active prokaryotes organize themselves vertically within sediments independently of diel fluctuations suggesting adaptation to physicochemical-specific conditions associated with sediment depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lavergne
- Université de La Rochelle - CNRS, UMR 7266, LIENSs, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, 2085, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - M Hugoni
- CNRS, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1, INRA, UMR1418, 69220, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Hubas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Station de Biologie Marine, 29900, Concarneau, France
| | - D Debroas
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, 63171, Aubière, France
| | - C Dupuy
- Université de La Rochelle - CNRS, UMR 7266, LIENSs, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - H Agogué
- Université de La Rochelle - CNRS, UMR 7266, LIENSs, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
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Della Patrona L, Marchand C, Hubas C, Molnar N, Deborde J, Meziane T. Meiofauna distribution in a mangrove forest exposed to shrimp farm effluents (New Caledonia). Mar Environ Res 2016; 119:100-113. [PMID: 27262668 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Meiofauna abundance, biomass and individual size were studied in mangrove sediments subjected to shrimp farm effluents in New Caledonia. Two strategies were developed: i) meiofauna examination during the active (AP) and the non-active (NAP) periods of the farm in five mangrove stands characteristics of the mangrove zonation along this coastline, ii) meiofauna examination every two months during one year in the stand the closest to the pond (i.e. Avicennia marina). Thirteen taxonomic groups of meiofauna were identified, with nematodes and copepods being the most abundant ones. Meiofauna abundance and biomass increased from the land side to the sea side of the mangrove probably as a result of the increased length of tidal immersion. Abundance of total meiofauna was not significantly different before and after the rearing period. However, the effluent-receiving mangrove presented twice the meiofauna abundance and biomass than the control one. Among rare taxa, mites appeared extremely sensitive to this perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Della Patrona
- Départment of Lagons, Ecosystems and Sustainable Aquaculture (LEAD/NC), Ifremer, 101, Promenade Roger Laroque, Centre IRD, BP 2059-98846, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - C Marchand
- IRD, UR 206, UMR 7590-IMPMC, F-98848, New Caledonia, France.
| | - C Hubas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, UCBN, UA, CP 53, 61 rue Buffon, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - N Molnar
- IRD, UR 206, UMR 7590-IMPMC, F-98848, New Caledonia, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, UCBN, UA, CP 53, 61 rue Buffon, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - J Deborde
- IRD, UR 206, UMR 7590-IMPMC, F-98848, New Caledonia, France
| | - T Meziane
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, UCBN, UA, CP 53, 61 rue Buffon, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
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