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Quertermous T, Li DY, Weldy CS, Ramste M, Sharma D, Monteiro JP, Gu W, Worssam MD, Palmisano BT, Park CY, Cheng P. Genome-Wide Genetic Associations Prioritize Evaluation of Causal Mechanisms of Atherosclerotic Disease Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:323-327. [PMID: 38266112 PMCID: PMC10857784 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this review is to discuss the implementation of genome-wide association studies to identify causal mechanisms of vascular disease risk. APPROACH AND RESULTS The history of genome-wide association studies is described, the use of imputation and the creation of consortia to conduct meta-analyses with sufficient power to arrive at consistent associated loci for vascular disease. Genomic methods are described that allow the identification of causal variants and causal genes and how they impact the disease process. The power of single-cell analyses to promote genome-wide association studies of causal gene function is described. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide association studies represent a paradigm shift in the study of cardiovascular disease, providing identification of genes, cellular phenotypes, and disease pathways that empower the future of targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Daniel Yuhang Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Chad S Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Markus Ramste
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - João P Monteiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Wenduo Gu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Matthew D Worssam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Brian T Palmisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Chong Y Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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2
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Wang Q, Tang TM, Youlton N, Weldy CS, Kenney AM, Ronen O, Hughes JW, Chin ET, Sutton SC, Agarwal A, Li X, Behr M, Kumbier K, Moravec CS, Tang WHW, Margulies KB, Cappola TP, Butte AJ, Arnaout R, Brown JB, Priest JR, Parikh VN, Yu B, Ashley EA. Epistasis regulates genetic control of cardiac hypertrophy. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3509208. [PMID: 38045390 PMCID: PMC10690313 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3509208/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The combinatorial effect of genetic variants is often assumed to be additive. Although genetic variation can clearly interact non-additively, methods to uncover epistatic relationships remain in their infancy. We develop low-signal signed iterative random forests to elucidate the complex genetic architecture of cardiac hypertrophy. We derive deep learning-based estimates of left ventricular mass from the cardiac MRI scans of 29,661 individuals enrolled in the UK Biobank. We report epistatic genetic variation including variants close to CCDC141, IGF1R, TTN, and TNKS. Several loci not prioritized by univariate genome-wide association analysis are identified. Functional genomic and integrative enrichment analyses reveal a complex gene regulatory network in which genes mapped from these loci share biological processes and myogenic regulatory factors. Through a network analysis of transcriptomic data from 313 explanted human hearts, we show that these interactions are preserved at the level of the cardiac transcriptome. We assess causality of epistatic effects via RNA silencing of gene-gene interactions in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Finally, single-cell morphology analysis using a novel high-throughput microfluidic system shows that cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is non-additively modifiable by specific pairwise interactions between CCDC141 and both TTN and IGF1R. Our results expand the scope of genetic regulation of cardiac structure to epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Tang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Youlton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chad S. Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ana M. Kenney
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Omer Ronen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J. Weston Hughes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Chin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirley C. Sutton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abhineet Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Merle Behr
- Faculty of Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl Kumbier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine S. Moravec
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atul J. Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rima Arnaout
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James B. Brown
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James R. Priest
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tenaya Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria N. Parikh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wang Q, Tang TM, Youlton N, Weldy CS, Kenney AM, Ronen O, Hughes JW, Chin ET, Sutton SC, Agarwal A, Li X, Behr M, Kumbier K, Moravec CS, Tang WHW, Margulies KB, Cappola TP, Butte AJ, Arnaout R, Brown JB, Priest JR, Parikh VN, Yu B, Ashley EA. Epistasis regulates genetic control of cardiac hypertrophy. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.06.23297858. [PMID: 37987017 PMCID: PMC10659487 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.23297858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The combinatorial effect of genetic variants is often assumed to be additive. Although genetic variation can clearly interact non-additively, methods to uncover epistatic relationships remain in their infancy. We develop low-signal signed iterative random forests to elucidate the complex genetic architecture of cardiac hypertrophy. We derive deep learning-based estimates of left ventricular mass from the cardiac MRI scans of 29,661 individuals enrolled in the UK Biobank. We report epistatic genetic variation including variants close to CCDC141, IGF1R, TTN, and TNKS. Several loci not prioritized by univariate genome-wide association analysis are identified. Functional genomic and integrative enrichment analyses reveal a complex gene regulatory network in which genes mapped from these loci share biological processes and myogenic regulatory factors. Through a network analysis of transcriptomic data from 313 explanted human hearts, we show that these interactions are preserved at the level of the cardiac transcriptome. We assess causality of epistatic effects via RNA silencing of gene-gene interactions in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Finally, single-cell morphology analysis using a novel high-throughput microfluidic system shows that cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is non-additively modifiable by specific pairwise interactions between CCDC141 and both TTN and IGF1R. Our results expand the scope of genetic regulation of cardiac structure to epistasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Tang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Youlton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chad S. Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ana M. Kenney
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Omer Ronen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J. Weston Hughes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Chin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirley C. Sutton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abhineet Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Merle Behr
- Faculty of Informatics and Data Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl Kumbier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine S. Moravec
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atul J. Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rima Arnaout
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James B. Brown
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James R. Priest
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tenaya Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria N. Parikh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Weldy CS, Perez MV. From founder to function: Can we unravel phenotype from genotype? Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:1522-1524. [PMID: 37625473 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford, California
| | - Marco V Perez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford, California.
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5
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Shi H, Nguyen T, Zhao Q, Cheng P, Sharma D, Kim HJ, Brian Kim J, Wirka R, Weldy CS, Monteiro JP, Quertermous T. Discovery of Transacting Long Noncoding RNAs That Regulate Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. Circ Res 2023; 132:795-811. [PMID: 36852690 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMC), the major cell type in atherosclerotic plaques, are vital in coronary artery diseases (CADs). SMC phenotypic transition, which leads to the formation of various cell types in atherosclerotic plaques, is regulated by a network of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and governs the risk of disease. The involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been increasingly identified in cardiovascular disease. However, SMC lncRNAs have not been comprehensively characterized, and their regulatory role in SMC state transition remains unknown. METHODS A discovery pipeline was constructed and applied to deeply strand-specific RNA sequencing from perturbed human coronary artery SMC with different disease-related stimuli, to allow for the detection of novel lncRNAs. The functional relevance of a select few novel lncRNAs were verified in vitro. RESULTS We identified 4579 known and 13 655 de novo lncRNAs in human coronary artery SMC. Consistent with previous long noncoding RNA studies, these lncRNAs overall have fewer exons, are shorter in length than protein-coding genes (pcGenes), and have relatively low expression level. Genomic location of these long noncoding RNA is disproportionately enriched near CAD-related TFs (transcription factors), genetic loci, and gene regulators of SMC identity, suggesting the importance of their function in disease. Two de novo lncRNAs, ZIPPOR (ZEB-interacting suppressor) and TNS1-AS2 (TNS1-antisense 2), were identified by our screen. Combining transcriptional data and in silico modeling along with in vitro validation, we identified CAD gene ZEB2 as a target through which these lncRNAs exert their function in SMC phenotypic transition. CONCLUSIONS Expression of a large and diverse set of lncRNAs in human coronary artery SMC are highly dynamic in response to CAD-related stimuli. The dynamic changes in expression of these lncRNAs correspond to alterations in transcriptional programs that are relevant to CAD, suggesting a critical role for lncRNAs in SMC phenotypic transition and human atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitong Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Robert Wirka
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (R.W.)
| | - Chad S Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - João P Monteiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University (H.S., T.N., Q.Z., P.C., D.S., H.-J.K., J.B.K., C.S.W., J.P.M., T.Q.)
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Weldy CS, Murtha R, Kim JB. Dissecting the Genomics of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection. Circ Genom Precis Med 2022; 15:e003867. [PMID: 35980654 PMCID: PMC9588691 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.122.003867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Weldy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ryan Murtha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Navarre BM, Clouthier KL, Ji X, Taylor A, Weldy CS, Dubin AM, Reddy S. miR Profile of Chronic Right Ventricular Pacing: a Pilot Study in Children with Congenital Complete Atrioventricular Block. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:287-299. [PMID: 36121621 PMCID: PMC10151311 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ventricular pacing can lead to pacing-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). Clinical data alone is insufficient to predict who will develop PICM. Our study aimed to evaluate the circulating miR profile associated with chronic right ventricular pacing in children with congenital complete AV block (CCAVB) and to identify candidate miRs for longitudinal monitoring. Clinical data and blood were collected from chronically paced children (N = 9) and compared with non-paced controls (N = 13). miR microarrays from the buffy coat revealed 488 differentially regulated miRs between groups. Pathway analysis predicted both adaptive and maladaptive miR signaling associated with chronic pacing despite preserved ventricular function. Greater profibrotic signaling (miRs-92a, 130, 27, 29) and sodium and calcium channel dysregulation (let-7) were seen in those paced > 10 years with the most dyregulation seen in a patient with sudden death vs. those paced < 10 years. These miRs may help to identify early adverse remodeling in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Navarre
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 750 Welch Road, Suite 325, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Katie L Clouthier
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 750 Welch Road, Suite 325, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Human Immune Monitoring Center and Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anne Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 750 Welch Road, Suite 325, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Chad S Weldy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular), Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anne M Dubin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 750 Welch Road, Suite 325, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sushma Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, 750 Welch Road, Suite 325, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA. .,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
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Cheng P, Pedroza AJ, Sharma D, Weldy CS, Nguyen T, Dalal AR, Shad R, Kim JB, Fischbein MP, Wirka R, Quertermous T. Abstract P3006: A Human Arterial Cell Atlas. Circ Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/res.131.suppl_1.p3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Human vascular diseases are the worldwide leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Nearly all human vascular diseases have arterial segment-specific tropisms despite identical exposures to genetic and environmental risk factors. Understanding the cellular and transcriptomic determinants of arterial identities may hold the key to identifying novel pathophysiology and potential therapies.
Methods:
To specifically determine arterial site-specific differences independent of inter-individual variation, we have generated a human arterial cellular atlas by simultaneously collecting and analyzing up to 8 arterial sites from multiple healthy transplant donors. We performed single cell transcriptomic analysis on arterial segments to determine the differences in cellular composition and transcriptomic programs. We subsequently integrated human genetic data with cell-type specific transcriptomic differences across vascular beds to identify probable causal cells and causal genes associated with human vascular phenotypes.
Results/Conclusions:
Single cell transcriptomic analysis of >150,000 cells sequenced at >50,000 reads per cell revealed that the dominant cellular drivers of transcriptomic differences between distinct arterial segments, i.e. determinants of arterial identity, are fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, not endothelial cells or macrophages. Adult vascular cells transcriptomes from different segments are most influenced by their embryonic origins but not by anatomical proximity. Differentially regulated genes in fibroblast across different vascular beds were particularly enriched for vascular disease associated genetic signals, suggesting a prominent role for these cells in human disease. While the majority of endothelial cells were transcriptionally similar across vascular beds, a rare, previously undescribed, cluster of endothelial cells were identified who expressed segment-specific transcriptomic signatures. Differentially expressed genes in these cells were enriched for vascular disease signals, suggesting a possible role of these rare cells in human disease.
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Weldy CS, Ashley EA. Mulibrey Nanism and the Real Time Use of Genome and Biobank Engines to Inform Clinical Care in an Ultrarare Disease. Circ Genom Precis Med 2021; 14:e003430. [PMID: 34096331 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Weldy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (C.S.W., E.A.A.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.,Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease (C.S.W., E.A.A.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (C.S.W., E.A.A.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.,Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease (C.S.W., E.A.A.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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10
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Weldy CS, Syed SA, Amsallem M, Hu DQ, Ji X, Punn R, Taylor A, Navarre B, Reddy S. Circulating whole genome miRNA expression corresponds to progressive right ventricle enlargement and systolic dysfunction in adults with tetralogy of Fallot. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241476. [PMID: 33175850 PMCID: PMC7657553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adult congenital heart disease population with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is subject to chronic volume and pressure loading leading to a 40% probability of right ventricular (RV) failure by the 3rd decade of life. We sought to identify a non-invasive signature of adverse RV remodeling using peripheral blood microRNA (miRNA) profiling to better understand the mechanisms of RV failure. Methods Demographic, clinical data, and blood samples were collected from adults with repaired TOF (N = 20). RNA was isolated from the buffy coat of peripheral blood and whole genome miRNA expression was profiled using Agilent’s global miRNA microarray platform. Fold change, pathway analysis, and unbiased hierarchical clustering of miRNA expression was performed and correlated to RV size and function assessed by echocardiography performed at or near the time of blood collection. Results MiRNA expression was profiled in the following groups: 1. normal RV size (N = 4), 2. mild/moderate RV enlargement (N = 11) and 3. severe RV enlargement (N = 5). 267 miRNAs were downregulated, and 66 were upregulated across the three groups (fold change >2.0, FDR corrected p<0.05) as RV enlargement increased and systolic function decreased. qPCR validation of a subset of these miRNAs identified increasing expression of miRNA 28-3p, 433-3p, and 371b-3p to be associated with increasing RV size and decreasing RV systolic function. Unbiased hierarchical clustering of all patients based on miRNA expression demonstrates three distinct patient clusters that largely coincide with progressive RV enlargement. Pathway analysis of dysregulated miRNAs demonstrates up and downregulation of cell cycle pathways, extracellular matrix proteins and fatty acid synthesis. HIF 1α signaling was downregulated while p53 signaling was predicted to be upregulated. Conclusion Adults with TOF have a distinct miRNA profile with progressive RV enlargement and dysfunction implicating cell cycle dysregulation and upregulation in extracellular matrix and fatty acid metabolism. These data suggest peripheral blood miRNA can provide insight into the mechanisms of RV failure and can potentially be used for monitoring disease progression and to develop RV specific therapeutics to prevent RV failure in TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Weldy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Saad Ali Syed
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Myriam Amsallem
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dong-Qing Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Human Immune Monitoring Center and Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Punn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Brittany Navarre
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sushma Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Goodson JM, Weldy CS, MacDonald JW, Liu Y, Bammler TK, Chien WM, Chin MT. In utero exposure to diesel exhaust particulates is associated with an altered cardiac transcriptional response to transverse aortic constriction and altered DNA methylation. FASEB J 2017; 31:4935-4945. [PMID: 28751527 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700032r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In utero exposure to diesel exhaust air pollution has been associated with increased adult susceptibility to heart failure in mice, but the mechanisms by which this exposure promotes susceptibility to heart failure are poorly understood. To identify the potential transcriptional effects that mediate this susceptibility, we have performed RNA sequencing analysis on adult hearts from mice that were exposed to diesel exhaust in utero and that have subsequently undergone transverse aortic constriction. We identified 3 target genes, Mir133a-2, Ptprf, and Pamr1, which demonstrate dysregulation after exposure and aortic constriction. Examination of expression patterns in human heart tissues indicates a correlation between expression and heart failure. We subsequently assessed DNA methylation modifications at these candidate loci in neonatal cultured cardiac myocytes after in utero exposure to diesel exhaust and found that the promoter for Mir133a-2 is differentially methylated. These target genes in the heart are the first genes to be identified that likely play an important role in mediating adult sensitivity to heart failure. We have also shown a change in DNA methylation within cardiomyocytes as a result of in utero exposure to diesel exhaust.-Goodson, J. M., Weldy, C. S., MacDonald, J. W., Liu, Y., Bammler, T. K., Chien, W.-M., Chin, M. T. In utero exposure to diesel exhaust particulates is associated with an altered cardiac transcriptional response to transverse aortic constriction and altered DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Goodson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chad S Weldy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wei-Ming Chien
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael T Chin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hartman ME, Liu Y, Zhu WZ, Chien WM, Weldy CS, Fishman GI, Laflamme MA, Chin MT. Myocardial deletion of transcription factor CHF1/Hey2 results in altered myocyte action potential and mild conduction system expansion but does not alter conduction system function or promote spontaneous arrhythmias. FASEB J 2014; 28:3007-15. [PMID: 24687990 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CHF1/Hey2 is a Notch-responsive basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in cardiac development. Common variants in Hey2 are associated with Brugada syndrome. We hypothesized that absence of CHF1/Hey2 would result in abnormal cellular electrical activity, altered cardiac conduction system (CCS) development, and increased arrhythmogenesis. We isolated neonatal CHF/Hey2-knockout (KO) cardiac myocytes and measured action potentials and ion channel subunit gene expression. We also crossed myocardial-specific CHF1/Hey2-KO mice with cardiac conduction system LacZ reporter mice and stained for conduction system tissue. We also performed ambulatory ECG monitoring for arrhythmias and heart rate variability. Neonatal cardiomyocytes from CHF1/Hey2-KO mice demonstrate a 50% reduction in action potential dV/dT, a 50-75% reduction in SCN5A, KCNJ2, and CACNA1C ion channel subunit gene expression, and an increase in delayed afterdepolarizations from 0/min to 12/min. CHF1/Hey2 cKO CCS-lacZ mice have a ∼3-fold increase in amount of CCS tissue. Ambulatory ECG monitoring showed no difference in cardiac conduction, arrhythmias, or heart rate variability. Wild-type cells or animals were used in all experiments. CHF1/Hey2 may contribute to Brugada syndrome by influencing the expression of SCN5A and formation of the cardiac conduction system, but its absence does not cause baseline conduction defects or arrhythmias in the adult mouse.-Hartman, M. E., Liu, Y., Zhu, W.-Z., Chien, W.-M., Weldy, C. S., Fishman, G. I., Laflamme, M. A., Chin, M. T. Myocardial deletion of transcription factor CHF1/Hey2 results in altered myocyte action potential and mild conduction system expansion but does not alter conduction system function or promote spontaneous arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Wei-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; and
| | | | - Chad S Weldy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Glenn I Fishman
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Laflamme
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; and
| | - Michael T Chin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; and
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Weldy CS, Liu Y, Liggitt HD, Chin MT. In utero exposure to diesel exhaust air pollution promotes adverse intrauterine conditions, resulting in weight gain, altered blood pressure, and increased susceptibility to heart failure in adult mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88582. [PMID: 24533117 PMCID: PMC3922927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy promotes reduced birthweight, and the associated adverse intrauterine conditions may also promote adult risk of cardiovascular disease. Here, we investigated the potential for in utero exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) air pollution, a major source of urban PM2.5, to promote adverse intrauterine conditions and influence adult susceptibility to disease. We exposed pregnant female C57Bl/6J mice to DE (≈300 µg/m3 PM2.5, 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week) from embryonic day (E) 0.5 to 17.5. At E17.5 embryos were collected for gravimetric analysis and assessed for evidence of resorption. Placental tissues underwent pathological examination to assess the extent of injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, and oxidative stress. In addition, some dams that were exposed to DE were allowed to give birth to pups and raise offspring in filtered air (FA) conditions. At 10-weeks of age, body weight and blood pressure were measured. At 12-weeks of age, cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Susceptibility to pressure overload-induced heart failure was then determined after transverse aortic constriction surgery. We found that in utero exposure to DE increases embryo resorption, and promotes placental hemorrhage, focal necrosis, compaction of labyrinth vascular spaces, inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative stress. In addition, we observed that in utero DE exposure increased body weight, but counterintuitively reduced blood pressure without any changes in baseline cardiac function in adult male mice. Importantly, we observed these mice to have increased susceptibility to pressure-overload induced heart failure, suggesting this in utero exposure to DE ‘reprograms’ the heart to a heightened susceptibility to failure. These observations provide important data to suggest that developmental exposure to air pollution may strongly influence adult susceptibility to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Weldy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - H Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael T Chin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Weldy CS, Liu Y, Chang YC, Medvedev IO, Fox JR, Larson TV, Chien WM, Chin MT. In utero and early life exposure to diesel exhaust air pollution increases adult susceptibility to heart failure in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:59. [PMID: 24279743 PMCID: PMC3902482 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is a global health concern, as exposure to PM2.5 has consistently been found to be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although adult exposure to traffic related PM2.5, which is largely derived from diesel exhaust (DE), has been associated with increased cardiac hypertrophy, there are limited investigations into the potential effect of in utero and early life exposure on adult susceptibility to heart disease. In this study, we investigate the effect of in utero and early life exposure to DE on adult susceptibility to heart failure. Methods Female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or DE for 3 weeks (≈300 μg/m3 PM2.5 for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week) and then introduced to male breeders for timed matings. Female mice were exposed to either FA or DE throughout pregnancy and until offspring were 3 weeks of age. Offspring were then transferred to either FA or DE for an additional 8 weeks of exposure. At 12 weeks of age, male offspring underwent a baseline echocardiographic assessment, followed by a sham or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery to induce pressure overload. Following sacrifice three weeks post surgery, ventricles were processed for histology to assess myocardial fibrosis and individual cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. mRNA from lung tissue was isolated to measure expression of inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNFα. Results We observed that mice exposed to DE during in utero and early life development have significantly increased susceptibility to cardiac hypertrophy, systolic failure, myocardial fibrosis, and pulmonary congestion following TAC surgery compared to FA control, or adult DE exposed mice. In utero and early life DE exposure also strongly modified the inflammatory cytokine response in the adult lung. Conclusions We conclude that exposure to diesel exhaust air pollution during in utero and early life development in mice increases adult susceptibility to heart failure. The results of this study may imply that the effects of air pollution on cardiovascular disease in human populations may be strongly mediated through a ‘fetal origins’ of adult disease pathway. Further investigations on this potential pathway of disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael T Chin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Liu Y, Chien WM, Medvedev IO, Weldy CS, Luchtel DL, Rosenfeld ME, Chin MT. Inhalation of diesel exhaust does not exacerbate cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure in two mouse models of cardiac hypertrophy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:49. [PMID: 24093778 PMCID: PMC3851491 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strong associations have been observed between exposure to fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. In particular, exposure to traffic related PM2.5 has been associated with increases in left ventricular hypertrophy, a strong risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. As much of traffic related PM2.5 is derived from diesel exhaust (DE), we investigated the effects of chronic DE exposure on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in the adult mouse by exposing mice to DE combined with either of two mouse models of cardiac hypertrophy: angiotensin II infusion or pressure overload induced by transverse aortic banding. Methods Wild type male C57BL/6 J mice were either infused with angiotensin II (800 ng/kg/min) via osmotic minipump implanted subcutaneously for 1 month, or underwent transverse aortic banding (27 gauge needle 1 week for observing acute reactions, 26 gauge needle 3 months or 6 months for observing chronic reactions). Vehicle (saline) infusion or sham surgery was used as a control. Shortly after surgery, mice were transferred to our exposure facility and randomly assigned to either diesel exhaust (300 or 400 μg/m3) or filtered air exposures. After reaching the end of designated time points, echocardiography was performed to measure heart structure and function. Gravimetric analysis was used to measure the ventricular weight to body weight ratio. We also measured heart rate by telemetry using implanted ambulatory ECG monitors. Results Both angiotensin II and transverse aortic banding promoted cardiac hypertrophy compared to vehicle or sham controls. Transverse aortic banding for six months also promoted heart failure in addition to cardiac hypertrophy. In all cases, DE failed to exacerbate the development of hypertrophy or heart failure when compared to filtered air controls. Prolonged DE exposure also led to a decrease in average heart rate. Conclusions Up to 6-months of DE exposure had no effect on cardiac hypertrophy and heart function induced by angiotensin II stimulation or pressure overload in adult C57BL/6 J mice. This study highlights the potential importance of particle constituents of ambient PM2.5 to elicit cardiotoxic effects. Further investigations on particle constituents and cardiotoxicity are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Weldy CS, Luttrell IP, White CC, Morgan-Stevenson V, Cox DP, Carosino CM, Larson TV, Stewart JA, Kaufman JD, Kim F, Chitaley K, Kavanagh TJ. Glutathione (GSH) and the GSH synthesis gene Gclm modulate plasma redox and vascular responses to acute diesel exhaust inhalation in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:444-54. [PMID: 23808636 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.801004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is associated with acute pulmonary inflammation and impairments in cardiovascular function. In many regions, PM₂.₅ is largely derived from diesel exhaust (DE), and these pathophysiological effects may be due in part to oxidative stress resulting from DE inhalation. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is important in limiting oxidative stress-induced vascular dysfunction. The rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis is glutamate cysteine ligase and polymorphisms in its catalytic and modifier subunits (GCLC and GCLM) have been shown to influence vascular function and risk of myocardial infarction in humans. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that compromised de novo synthesis of GSH in Gclm⁻/⁺ mice would result in increased sensitivity to DE-induced lung inflammation and vascular effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS WT and Gclm⁻/⁺ mice were exposed to DE via inhalation (300 μg/m³) for 6 h. Neutrophil influx into the lungs, plasma GSH redox potential, vascular reactivity of aortic rings and aortic nitric oxide (NO•) were measured. RESULTS DE inhalation resulted in mild bronchoalveolar neutrophil influx in both genotypes. DE-induced effects on plasma GSH oxidation and acetylcholine (ACh)-relaxation of aortic rings were only observed in Gclm⁻/⁺ mice. Contrary to our hypothesis, DE exposure enhanced ACh-induced relaxation of aortic rings in Gclm⁻/⁺ mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION THESE data support the hypothesis that genetic determinants of antioxidant capacity influence the biological effects of acute inhalation of DE. However, the acute effects of DE on the vasculature may be dependent on the location and types of vessels involved. Polymorphisms in GSH synthesis genes are common in humans and further investigations into these potential gene-environment interactions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Weldy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354695, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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McConnachie LA, Botta D, White CC, Weldy CS, Wilkerson HW, Yu J, Dills R, Yu X, Griffith WC, Faustman EM, Farin FM, Gill SE, Parks WC, Hu X, Gao X, Eaton DL, Kavanagh TJ. The glutathione synthesis gene Gclm modulates amphiphilic polymer-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dot-induced lung inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64165. [PMID: 23724032 PMCID: PMC3664581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are unique semi-conductor fluorescent nanoparticles with potential uses in a variety of biomedical applications. However, concerns exist regarding their potential toxicity, specifically their capacity to induce oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study we synthesized CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs with a tri-n-octylphosphine oxide, poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-tetradecene) (TOPO-PMAT) coating and assessed their effects on lung inflammation in mice. Previously published in vitro data demonstrated these TOPO-PMAT QDs cause oxidative stress resulting in increased expression of antioxidant proteins, including heme oxygenase, and the glutathione (GSH) synthesis enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). We therefore investigated the effects of these QDs in vivo in mice deficient in GSH synthesis (Gclm +/− and Gclm −/− mice). When mice were exposed via nasal instillation to a TOPO-PMAT QD dose of 6 µg cadmium (Cd) equivalents/kg body weight, neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased in both Gclm wild-type (+/+) and Gclm heterozygous (+/−) mice, whereas Gclm null (−/−) mice exhibited no such increase. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines KC and TNFα increased in BALF from Gclm +/+ and +/− mice, but not from Gclm −/− mice. Analysis of lung Cd levels suggested that QDs were cleared more readily from the lungs of Gclm −/− mice. There was no change in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in any of the mice. However, there was a decrease in whole lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in Gclm −/− mice, regardless of treatment, relative to untreated Gclm +/+ mice. We conclude that in mice TOPO-PMAT QDs have in vivo pro-inflammatory properties, and the inflammatory response is dependent on GSH synthesis status. Because there is a common polymorphism in humans that influences GCLM expression, these findings imply that humans with reduced GSH synthesis capabilities may be more susceptible to the pro-inflammatory effects of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. McConnachie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dianne Botta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Collin C. White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chad S. Weldy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hui-Wen Wilkerson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Russell Dills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William C. Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Federico M. Farin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sean E. Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William C. Parks
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David L. Eaton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Weldy CS, Luttrell IP, White CC, Morgan-Stevenson V, Bammler TK, Beyer RP, Afsharinejad Z, Kim F, Chitaley K, Kavanagh TJ. Glutathione (GSH) and the GSH synthesis gene Gclm modulate vascular reactivity in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1264-78. [PMID: 22824862 PMCID: PMC3625031 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of vascular disease and in the promotion of endothelial dysfunction via the reduction in bioavailable nitric oxide (NO()). Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide thiol antioxidant that is utilized by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to scavenge reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and phospholipid hydroperoxides. Relatively frequent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 5' promoters of the GSH synthesis genes GCLC and GCLM are associated with impaired vasomotor function, as measured by decreased acetylcholine-stimulated coronary artery dilation, and with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Although the influence of genetic knockdown of GPx on vascular function has been investigated in mice, no work to date has been published on the role of genetic knockdown of GSH synthesis genes on vascular reactivity. We therefore investigated the effects of targeted disruption of Gclm in mice and the subsequent depletion of GSH on vascular reactivity, NO() production, aortic nitrotyrosine protein modification, and whole-genome transcriptional responses as measured by DNA microarray. Gclm(-/+) and Gclm(-/-) mice had 72 and 12%, respectively, of wild-type (WT) aortic GSH content. Gclm(-/+) mice had a significant impairment in acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation in aortic rings as well as increased aortic nitrotyrosine protein modification. Surprisingly, Gclm(-/-) aortas showed enhanced relaxation compared to Gclm(-/+) aortas, as well as increased NO() production. Although aortic rings from Gclm(-/-) mice had enhanced ACh relaxation, they had a significantly increased sensitivity to phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction. Alternatively, the PE response of Gclm(-/+) aortas was nearly identical to that of their WT littermates. To examine the role of NO() or other potential endothelium-derived factors in differentially regulating vasomotor activity, we incubated aortic rings with the NO() synthase inhibitor L-NAME or physically removed the endothelium before PE treatment. L-NAME treatment and endothelium removal enhanced PE-induced contraction in WT and Gclm(-/+) mice, but this effect was severely diminished in Gclm(-/-) mice, indicating a potentially unique role for GSH in mediating vessel contraction. Whole-genome assessment of aortic mRNA in Gclm(-/-) and WT mice revealed altered expression of genes within the canonical Ca(2+) signaling pathway, which may have a role in mediating these observed functional effects. These findings provide additional evidence that the de novo synthesis of GSH can influence vascular reactivity and provide insights regarding possible mechanisms by which SNPs within GCLM and GCLC influence the risk of developing vascular diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Weldy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Ian P. Luttrell
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Collin C. White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Vicki Morgan-Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Richard P. Beyer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Zahra Afsharinejad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Francis Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Kanchan Chitaley
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Terrance J. Kavanagh, Ph.D., Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 354695, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, Phone: (206), 685-8479, Fax: (206) 685-4696
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Weldy CS, White CC, Wilkerson HW, Larson TV, Stewart JA, Gill SE, Parks WC, Kavanagh TJ. Heterozygosity in the glutathione synthesis gene Gclm increases sensitivity to diesel exhaust particulate induced lung inflammation in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:724-35. [PMID: 21967497 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.608095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inhalation of ambient fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is associated with adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects. A major fraction of PM₂.₅ in urban settings is diesel exhaust particulate (DEP), and DEP-induced lung inflammation is likely a critical event mediating many of its adverse health effects. Oxidative stress has been proposed to be an important factor in PM₂.₅-induced lung inflammation, and the balance between pro- and antioxidants is an important regulator of this inflammation. An important intracellular antioxidant is the tripeptide thiol glutathione (GSH). Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) carries out the first step in GSH synthesis. In humans, relatively common genetic polymorphisms in both the catalytic (Gclc) and modifier (Gclm) subunits of GCL have been associated with increased risk for lung and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to determine the effects of Gclm expression on lung inflammation following DEP exposure in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We exposed Gclm wild type, heterozygous, and null mice to DEP via intranasal instillation and assessed lung inflammation as determined by neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines in lung lavage, inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in lung tissue, as well as total lung GSH, Gclc, and Gclm protein levels. RESULTS The Gclm heterozygosity was associated with a significant increase in DEP-induced lung inflammation when compared to that of wild type mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This finding indicates that GSH synthesis can mediate DEP-induced lung inflammation and suggests that polymorphisms in Gclm may be an important factor in determining adverse health outcomes in humans following inhalation of PM₂.₅.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Weldy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Weldy CS, Wilkerson HW, Larson TV, Stewart JA, Kavanagh TJ. DIESEL particulate exposed macrophages alter endothelial cell expression of eNOS, iNOS, MCP1, and glutathione synthesis genes. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:2064-73. [PMID: 21920430 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable debate regarding inhaled diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) causing impairments in vascular reactivity. Although there is evidence that inhaled particles can translocate from the lung into the systemic circulation, it has been suggested that inflammatory factors produced in the lung following macrophage particle engulfment also pass into the circulation. To investigate these differing hypotheses, we used in vitro systems to model each exposure. By using a direct exposure system and a macrophage-endothelial cell co-culture model, we compared the effects of direct DEP exposure and exposure to inflammatory factors produced by DEP-treated macrophages, on endothelial cell mRNA levels for eNOS, iNOS, endothelin-1, and endothelin-converting-enzyme-1. As markers of oxidative stress, we measured the effects of DEP treatment on glutathione (GSH) synthesis genes and on total GSH. In addition, we analyzed the effect of DEP treatment on monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1. Direct DEP exposure increased endothelial GCLC and GCLM as well as total GSH in addition to increased eNOS, iNOS, and Mcp1 mRNA. Alternatively, inflammatory factors released from DEP-exposed macrophages markedly up-regulated endothelial iNOS and Mcp1 while modestly down-regulating eNOS. These data support both direct exposure to DEP and the release of inflammatory cytokines as explanations for DEP-induced impairments in vascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Weldy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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