1
|
Yuan K, Kahan RJ, Si C, Williams A, Kirschner S, Uzelac M, Zysman-Colman E, Ingleson MJ. The synthesis of brominated-boron-doped PAHs by alkyne 1,1-bromoboration: mechanistic and functionalisation studies. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3258-3267. [PMID: 34122833 PMCID: PMC8157679 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a range of brominated-B n -containing (n = 1, 2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is achieved simply by reacting BBr3 with appropriately substituted alkynes via a bromoboration/electrophilic C-H borylation sequence. The brominated-B n -PAHs were isolated as either the borinic acids or B-mesityl-protected derivatives, with the latter having extremely deep LUMOs for the B2-doped PAHs (with one example having a reduction potential of E 1/2 = -0.96 V versus Fc+/Fc, Fc = ferrocene). Mechanistic studies revealed the reaction sequence proceeds by initial alkyne 1,1-bromoboration. 1,1-Bromoboration also was applied to access a number of unprecedented 1-bromo-2,2-diaryl substituted vinylboronate esters directly from internal alkynes. Bromoboration/C-H borylation installs useful C-Br units onto the B n -PAHs, which were utilised in Negishi coupling reactions, including for the installation of two triarylamine donor (D) groups onto a B2-PAH. The resultant D-A-D molecule has a low optical gap with an absorption onset at 750 nm and emission centered at 810 nm in the solid state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yuan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - R J Kahan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - C Si
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - A Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - S Kirschner
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - M Uzelac
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - E Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - M J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo D, Si C, Zhou B. 731 Circular RNA expression profile in human fibroblast premature senescence after repeated UVB irradiations revealed by microarray. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
Brooks HB, Meier TI, Geeganage S, Fales KR, Thrasher KJ, Konicek SA, Spencer CD, Thibodeaux S, Foreman RT, Hui YH, Roth KD, Qian YW, Wang T, Luo S, Torrado A, Si C, Toth JL, Mc Cowan JR, Frimpong K, Lee MR, Dally RD, Shepherd TA, Durham TB, Wang Y, Wu Z, Iversen PW, Njoroge FG. Characterization of a novel AICARFT inhibitor which potently elevates ZMP and has anti-tumor activity in murine models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15458. [PMID: 30337562 PMCID: PMC6193938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AICARFT is a folate dependent catalytic site within the ATIC gene, part of the purine biosynthetic pathway, a pathway frequently upregulated in cancers. LSN3213128 is a potent (16 nM) anti-folate inhibitor of AICARFT and selective relative to TS, SHMT1, MTHFD1, MTHFD2 and MTHFD2L. Increases in ZMP, accompanied by activation of AMPK and cell growth inhibition, were observed with treatment of LY3213128. These effects on ZMP and proliferation were dependent on folate levels. In human breast MDA-MB-231met2 and lung NCI-H460 cell lines, growth inhibition was rescued by hypoxanthine, but not in the A9 murine cell line which is deficient in purine salvage. In athymic nude mice, LSN3213128 robustly elevates ZMP in MDA-MB-231met2, NCI-H460 and A9 tumors in a time and dose dependent manner. Significant tumor growth inhibition in human breast MDA-MB231met2 and lung NCI-H460 xenografts and in the syngeneic A9 tumor model were observed with oral administration of LSN3213128. Strikingly, AMPK appeared activated within the tumors and did not change even at high levels of intratumoral ZMP after weeks of dosing. These results support the evaluation of LSN3213128 as an antineoplastic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold B Brooks
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA.
| | - Timothy I Meier
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Sandaruwan Geeganage
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Kevin R Fales
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Kenneth J Thrasher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Susan A Konicek
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Charles D Spencer
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Stefan Thibodeaux
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Robert T Foreman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Hui
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Kenneth D Roth
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Shuang Luo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Alicia Torrado
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Chong Si
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - James L Toth
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Jefferson R Mc Cowan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Kwame Frimpong
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Matthew R Lee
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Robert D Dally
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Timothy A Shepherd
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Zhipei Wu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Philip W Iversen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - F George Njoroge
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fales KR, Njoroge FG, Brooks HB, Thibodeaux S, Torrado A, Si C, Toth JL, Mc Cowan JR, Roth KD, Thrasher KJ, Frimpong K, Lee MR, Dally RD, Shepherd TA, Durham TB, Margolis BJ, Wu Z, Wang Y, Atwell S, Wang J, Hui YH, Meier TI, Konicek SA, Geeganage S. Discovery of N-(6-Fluoro-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-7-yl)-5-[(3R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl]thiophene-2-sulfonamide (LSN 3213128), a Potent and Selective Nonclassical Antifolate Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase (AICARFT) Inhibitor Effective at Tumor Suppression in a Cancer Xenograft Model. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9599-9616. [PMID: 29072452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is unbridled proliferation that can result in increased demand for de novo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases required for DNA and RNA biosynthesis. These synthetic pathways are frequently upregulated in cancer and involve various folate-dependent enzymes. Antifolates have a proven record as clinically used oncolytic agents. Our recent research efforts have produced LSN 3213128 (compound 28a), a novel, selective, nonclassical, orally bioavailable antifolate with potent and specific inhibitory activity for aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFT), an enzyme in the purine biosynthetic pathway. Inhibition of AICARFT with compound 28a results in dramatic elevation of 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (ZMP) and growth inhibition in NCI-H460 and MDA-MB-231met2 cancer cell lines. Treatment with this inhibitor in a murine based xenograft model of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) resulted in tumor growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Fales
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - F George Njoroge
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Harold B Brooks
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stefan Thibodeaux
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Alicia Torrado
- Centro de Investigación Lilly , S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chong Si
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - James L Toth
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jefferson R Mc Cowan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kenneth D Roth
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kenneth J Thrasher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kwame Frimpong
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew R Lee
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Robert D Dally
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy A Shepherd
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brandon J Margolis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhipei Wu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Shane Atwell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yu-Hua Hui
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy I Meier
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Susan A Konicek
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Sandaruwan Geeganage
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mei Y, Si C, Liu M, Qiu L, Zheng M. Investigation of resistance levels and mechanisms to nicosulfuron conferred by non-target-site mechanisms in large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) from China. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 141:84-89. [PMID: 28911745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large crabgrass is a major grass weed widely distributed across China. This weed infests maize fields and has evolved resistance to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide nicosulfuron due to continuous and intensive use. In this study, a total of 25 out of 26 large crabgrass populations collected from maize field demonstrated resistance to nicosulfuron. Amino acid modifications in ALS known to confer resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in other weeds, were not found in the 9 tested resistant populations. The P450 inhibitor malathion significantly reversed resistance to nicosulfuron in 3 tested populations, indicating one or more P450s may be involved. Nicosulfuron was metabolized more rapidly in one resistant large crabgrass population than in a susceptible biotype. This demonstrates that the metabolic resistance mechanisms involving one or more P450s may be responsible for large crabgrass resistance to nicosulfuron in this biotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 of Yuan Ming Yuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chong Si
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 of Yuan Ming Yuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 of Yuan Ming Yuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 of Yuan Ming Yuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 of Yuan Ming Yuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Si C, Zhou J, Sun Y, Liu G, Gao H. Kinetics of photodegradation of alizarin green in an acoustic fluidized bed using TiO2 catalyst. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x16040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Si C, Fales KR, Torrado A, Frimpong K, Kaoudi T, Vandeveer HG, Njoroge FG. Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,3-Difluoropyrrolidin-4-ol, a Valuable Building Block in Medicinal Chemistry. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4359-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Si
- DCR&T, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kevin R. Fales
- DCR&T, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Alicia Torrado
- DCR&T, Lilly Spain S.A., Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas Madrid, 28108, Spain
| | - Kwame Frimpong
- DCR&T, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Talbi Kaoudi
- DCR&T, Lilly Spain S.A., Avda de la Industria 30, Alcobendas Madrid, 28108, Spain
| | | | - F. George Njoroge
- DCR&T, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pelish HE, Liau BB, Nitulescu II, Tangpeerachaikul A, Poss ZC, Da Silva DH, Caruso BT, Arefolov A, Fadeyi O, Christie AL, Du K, Banka D, Schneider EV, Jestel A, Zou G, Si C, Ebmeier CC, Bronson RT, Krivtsov AV, Myers AG, Kohl NE, Kung AL, Armstrong SA, Lemieux ME, Taatjes DJ, Shair MD. Mediator kinase inhibition further activates super-enhancer-associated genes in AML. Nature 2015; 526:273-276. [PMID: 26416749 PMCID: PMC4641525 DOI: 10.1038/nature14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SEs), which are composed of large clusters of enhancers densely loaded with the Mediator complex, transcription factors (TFs), and chromatin regulators, drive high expression of genes implicated in cell identity and disease, such as lineage-controlling TFs and oncogenes 1, 2. BRD4 and CDK7 are positive regulators of SE-mediated transcription3,4,5. In contrast, negative regulators of SE-associated genes have not been well described. Here we report that Mediator-associated kinases cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and CDK19 restrain increased activation of key SE-associated genes in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells. We determined that the natural product cortistatin A (CA) selectively inhibited Mediator kinases, had antileukaemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and disproportionately induced upregulation of SE-associated genes in CA-sensitive AML cell lines but not in CA-insensitive cell lines. In AML cells, CA upregulated SE-associated genes with tumour suppressor and lineage-controlling functions, including the TFs CEBPA, IRF8, IRF1 and ETV66, 7, 8. The BRD4 inhibitor I-BET151 downregulated these SE-associated genes, yet also has antileukaemic activity. Individually increasing or decreasing expression of these TFs suppressed AML cell growth, providing evidence that leukaemia cells are sensitive to dosage of SE-associated genes. Our results demonstrate that Mediator kinases can negatively regulate SE-associated gene expression in specific cell types and can be pharmacologically targeted as a therapeutic approach to AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Pelish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brian B Liau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ioana I Nitulescu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Zachary C Poss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Diogo H Da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brittany T Caruso
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Arefolov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Olugbeminiyi Fadeyi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karrie Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Deepti Banka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elisabeth V Schneider
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Kloperspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anja Jestel
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ge Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chong Si
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher C Ebmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | | | - Andrei V Krivtsov
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew G Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nancy E Kohl
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Matthew D Shair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Si
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The cortistatins are a recently identified class of marine natural products characterized by an unusual steroidal skeleton, which have been found to inhibit differentially the proliferation of various mammalian cells in culture by an unknown mechanism. We describe a comprehensive route for the synthesis of cortistatins from a common precursor, which in turn is assembled from two fragments of similar structural complexity. Cortistatins A and J, and for the first time K and L, have been synthesized in parallel processes from like intermediates prepared from a single compound. With the identification of facile laboratory transformations linking intermediates in the cortistatin L synthetic series with corresponding intermediates to cortistatins A and J, we have been led to speculate that somewhat related paths might occur in nature, offering potential sequencing and chemical detail for cortistatin biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec N. Flyer
- Harvard Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,12 Oxford St, Box 408 Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Chong Si
- Harvard Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,12 Oxford St, Box 485 Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Andrew G. Myers
- Harvard Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,12 Oxford St, Naito 201 Cambridge, MA 02138, Work Telephone Number: 617-495-5718, Fax Number: 617-495-4976
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu Y, Si C, Zeng Z, Wang Q, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Zhang L, Qiao G. [A clinical trial of oxymatrine in treating chronic viral hepatitis type B]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2001; 40:843-6. [PMID: 16206677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect of oxymatrine on chronic viral hepatitis type B. METHODS 303 patients were randomly allocated either to a treatment group or a control group. The treatment group consisted of 253 patients treated with intravenous or intra-muscular injection of oxymatrine and oral oxymatrine capsule. Oral tiopronin was used in the control group. RESULTS At the end of treatment, the rate of normal ALT was similar among the different groups. The rate of normal ALT was 53.3% - 58.3% in the three oxymatrine groups six months after the end of treatment. It was higher than that of the tiopronin group (P < 0.05). After a follow up of six months, the rate of negative HBeAg was 30.0% - 40.9% in the three oxymatrine groups. It was higher than that of the tiopronin group (16.7%). The rate of negative HBV DNA was 39.2% - 49.5% in the three oxymatrine groups. It was also higher than that of the tiopronin group. CONCLUSION Oxymatrine can improve the liver function and increase the negative rate of HBeAg and HBV DNA in the patients with chronic hepatitis B. The therapeutic effect of oxymatrine will persist after the cessation of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- The First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong J, Cheng J, Wang Q, Wang G, Shi S, Liu Y, Xia X, Si C. [Cloning and sequence analysis of truncated S gene from circulation of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2001; 9:163-5. [PMID: 11412393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find different mutated status of HBV DNA in circulation from chronic HBV patients. METHODS Specially designed primers and polymerase chain reaction method were applied to amplify the whole S gene of HBV from the serum of 2 patients. After being sequenced, 4 clones were compared with HBV adr subtype (China strain) to identify the mutant sites. RESULTS Sequencing results implied that there was a truncated large/middle S gene in the serum of the patients. Besides that, HBsAg and HBV DNA polymerase defective clones were also detected. CONCLUSIONS Truncated middle S gene is found in the circulation of patients with chronical HBV infection, suggestive of a poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dong
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Institute of Infectious Diseases, 302nd Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lang Z, Xu R, Wang E, Zhang H, Si C, Cui Z, Tian G. [A prospective study of histological changes after AraAMP treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2001; 40:394-7. [PMID: 11798605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the histological changes in liver biopsy tissue induced by AraAMP therapy for 50 days in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. METHODS Eleven patients were enrolled into this prospective study. All the patients had liver biopsy performed within 1 week before starting AraAMP therapy. A second liver biopsy was taken for comparison six months after the end of therapy. Blinded biopsies were scored according to Knodell's histology activity index (HAI), and examined for HBeAg and alpha-smooth muscle actin with immunohistochemistry as well as HBV DNA by using in situ hybridization. RESULTS Histological improvement of >or=2 points decrease in the necroinflammatory HAI scores was seen in 8 of the 11 (72.7%) of patients after treatment. In these patients histological assessment revealed a significant improvement in intralobular inflammation and fibrosis as compared with pretreatment values(P < 0.05). There was significant difference of HAI changes in 6 cases graded as G3 based on the degree of periportal interface hepatitis and spotty parenchymal injury, but not in 5 cases graded as G2. HBeAg disappeared from liver tissue in 4 of the 9 cases and a significant reduction of activated liver stellate cells was demonstrated in the second biopsy(P = 0.018). Of the nine cases with HBV DNA positive at the first biopsy with in situ hybridization examination, 4 were negative at the second biopsy. CONCLUSION Significant improvement in intralobular inflammation and fibrosis can be observed in liver tissue from patients with chronic hepatitis B infection treated with AraAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Lang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing 100054, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dong J, Cheng J, Liu Y, Wang Q, Wang G, Shi S, Si C. [Cloning and sequence analysis of a pseudogene of liver regeneration augmenter in rats]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2001; 9:105-7. [PMID: 11350692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the status of the augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) in rat's genome. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the genomic DNA of rat, with a set of specific primers designed according to the cDNA sequence of ALR. The products were ligated into pGEM Teasy vector. Two positive clones were sequenced separately. RESULTS Two products were amplified from the rat's genome by PCR. After sequencing, one pseudogene was identified. The homology of the amino acid sequence between the ALR and its pseudogene was 88.8%. CONCLUSIONS ALR pseudogene is found in rat's genome, implying that there is an ALR multigene family. This finding lays a foundation for further study of ALR molecular evolution mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dong
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Institute of Infectious Diseases, 302 nd Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ji W, Wang Q, Si C, Zhang G, Liu D. [Transcription of antisense RNA of hepatitis B virus through retroviral mediated gene transfer]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 1997; 11:325-8. [PMID: 15617239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
To probe the ways by which the antisense gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transferred and transcripted in eukaryotic cells to inhibit HBV replication and expression. Two retroviral vectors that carried antisense gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) PreC/C or PreS/S region were constructed. The HBV ayw PreC/C and PreS/S fragments were inserted into the vector pDO. R cloning site in the sense or antisense orientation and the recombinant retroviral vectors were then transfected into PA317 packaging cells by calcium phosphate coprecipitation, respectively. The stably transformed G418-resistant PA317 cells were selected and the recombinant retroviruses released from transfected G418-resistant PA317 cells were assayed by G418 selection method, using NIH 3T3 cells as target cells. Southern blot and RNA Dot blot analysis showed that the recombinant retroviral vector sequences were stably integrated into the chromosome of transfected PA317 cells and the antisense RNA of HBV PreS/S or PreC/C gene also transcripted in the transduced NIH 3T3 cells. These results suggested that antisense gene of HBV can be successfully transferred and transcripted in target cells through retroviral vector mediated gene transfer and the antisense retroviral vectors may be potentially useful for anti-HBV gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ji
- The 302nd Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Si C. [Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1997; 36:653-4. [PMID: 10436976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
18
|
Si C, Tian G, Wu S. [A study on the effects of three kinds of treatment in chronic hepatitis B]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1997; 36:661-4. [PMID: 10436979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of three kinds of treatment: Zhuling polysaccharides combined with hepatitis B vaccine (group I), LAK cells, induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2) in vitro, transfusion therapy, (group II), bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) combined with persatin (group III) in chronic hepatitis B and the mechanism of their effects, we observed 286 patients with chronic hepatitis B, diagnosed according to the criteria made by The 6th National Meeting for Viral Hepatitis and Substantiated by the results of liver biopsy. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups randomly, with interferon 3 MIU, thrice a week and 10% glucose 500 ml (i.v.) dripping everyday as two different control groups. The ALT recovery rates in group I, II, III were 64%, 35% and 57%, respectively. At the end of the treatment, the HBeAg and HBV DNA clearence rates in group I, II, III were 43% and 44%, 34% and 30%, 57% and 61%, respectively. After one year of follow up, the HBeAg and HBV DNA clearence rates in group I, II, III were 59%, 58%, 61% and 55%, 70%, 60%, respectively. The effects of these kinds of treatment were similar to these of interferon. We also injected Zhuling polysaccharides combined with hepatitis B vaccine, Zhuling polysaccharides alone and normal saline as control to DHBV vertical transmission duck. It was shown that serum DHBV DNA was cleared and the results were also proved by liver histologic change in the two treatment groups. According to these data, it is suggested that the three kinds of treatment for hepatitis B could restore the ALT level, suppress the replication of HBV and improve the liver histologic change. Their effects were similar to those of interferon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Si
- First Teaching Hospital, Beijing Medical University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Si C, Tian G. [The evaluation of cefmetazole in clinical use. The study group of cefmetazole in clinical use]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1996; 35:668-72. [PMID: 9592326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the clinical effect of cefmetazole (CMZ), we treated with CMZ 1,926 patients with various infections involving the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, liver and biliary tract, skin and soft tissue and others. The marked effect rate was 56.5%, and the effect rate 33.7%. The sensitivity test of CMZ was also performed in vitro. Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, staphylococcus epidermis, E. coli, S. typhi, B. salmonella, B. shigella, B. Klebsiella pneumoniae, B. proteus, etc. were sensitive to CMZ. Injecting CMZ can prevent the infection of operation. The study of the adverse reaction of CMZ showed, an adverse reaction rate of 4.2% (the gastrointestinal tract, allergy, kidney and nervous system). These results suggested that CMZ is an antibiotic of broad spectrum, high efficacy and low toxicity. It is effective in treating sensitive bacterial infection, unknown pathogenic infection and mixed bacterial infection, and preventing infection in surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Si
- First Teaching Hospital, Beijing Medical University
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu Y, Si C, Tian X. [The effect of cytokines on the liver necrosis]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1996; 76:258-61. [PMID: 8758269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cytokines on liver necrosis. METHODS We injected IL-1, IL-6, IFN gamma, TNF alpha with or without D-galactosamine (D-GAL) into the abdominal cavity of mice separately. RESULTS There was no effect on hepatocyte of normal mice after injection of IL-1, IL-6, IFN gamma alone or together. The serum total bilirubin (TBIL) and liver necrosis of mice increased more markedly by using of TNF alpha, IL-6 or IFN gamma separately with D-GAL (TBIL: 46.2 +/- 10.6 micromol/L, 44.6 +/- 12.9 micromol/L, 41.9 +/- 14.9 micromol/L), then by D-GAL alone (TBIL: 27 +/- 11 micromol/L) also the serum TBIL of mice and liver necrosis also increased after injection of IL-1, IL-6 with D-GAL and TNF alpha. CONCLUSION Cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, IFN gamma and TNF alpha joined the process of hepatocyte necrosis. They can enhance the degree of liver necrosis induced by D-GAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Infections Diseases, First Hospital, Beijing Medical University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu Y, Si C, Lang Z. [The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on hepatic necrosis in viral hepatitis]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1996; 35:28-31. [PMID: 9275643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) on hepatocyte necrosis in viral hepatitis, TNF alpha with or without D-galactosamine (D-Gal) was injected into the abdominal cavity of rats. No effect was observed after injection of TNF alpha alone. After injection of TNF alpha with D-Gal, the total bilirubin level in rat blood increased and hepatocyte necrosis appeared (P < 0.05). Moreover, anti-TNF alpha McAb blocked the effect of hepatocyte necrosis produced by D-Gal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 130 samples of hepatic tissue were stained with anti-TNF alpha McAb by using ABC immunohistochemistry method. It was found that more severe the hepatocyte necrosis, more the positive cells expressing TNF alpha. There were more TNF alpha positive cells in the tissue of severe hepatitis. These results suggested that TNF alpha is a mediator in hepatocyte necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Beijing Medical University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Si C. [Progresses in communicable diseases in China, 1995]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1995; 75:726-8. [PMID: 8681066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
23
|
Chen J, Si C, Wang Q. [Human interleukin-2 gene transfer and expression inhibits hepatitis B virus surface antigen expression and enhances LAK activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal adults]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1995; 75:388-91, 444. [PMID: 7553154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular cloning techniques, we constructed and transfected human interleukin-2 gene expressive retroviral vector into a packaging cell line PA317. Geneticin resistant cell clones were identified and pseudoviral particles titred as 3.75 x 10(6)CFU/ml in their culture supernatants. Human interleukin-2 expression level was 5.71IU/ml for NIH3T3, 6IU/ml for both 2. 2. 15 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells after infection with pseudoviral particles with 8 of multiplicity of infection (M. O. I). Low level interleukin-2 expression potentially inhibited hepatitis B virus surface antigens expression of 2. 2. 15 cell line and enhanced cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against K562 and Raji as target cells, but neither pseudoviral particles without interleukin-2 cDNA nor reccombinant interleukin-2 at 6 IU/ml. These results indicated that retroviral vector-packaging cell line can efficiently transfer and express interleukin-2 cDNA in human somatic cells and low level expression of interleukin-2 potentially inhibits hepatitis B virus surface antigens expression and enhances LAK activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Medical University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Si C. [Gene therapy in combating hepatitis B virus infection]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1995; 75:387. [PMID: 7553153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
25
|
Li L, Wang Q, Si C. [The effects of zhuling-duotang, hepatitis B vaccine and bacillus Calmette-Guerin on immunoactivities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells: an in vitro research]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1995; 34:392-5. [PMID: 8582187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
"Zhuling-duotang (a polysaccharide preparation of the Chinese traditional herb medicine polyporusum bellatus) and hepatitis B vaccine (HB vaccine)" and "Persantin and bacillus calmeteguerin (BCG)" have been used to treat chronic hepatitis B. To elucidate their therapeutic mechanism, we studied the effects of zhuling-duotang, HB vaccine and BCG on immunoactivities of nomal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cytotoxicity of PBMCs incubated with such drugs against target cells K562, HepG2 or 2.2.15 was detected by using 3H-TdR release assay. IL-2 and IFN-gamma activities of the supernatant were assayed. Immunofluorescent analysis of molecular CD4, CD8, CD16, IL-2R on the surface of PBMCs were done. The results showed that: (1) Zhuling-duotang and BCG could significantly increase the cytotoxicity of PBMCs. They could induce PBMCs to produce IL-2 but not IFN-gamma. They also could stimulate PBMCs to express IL-2R. Zhuling-duotang and BCG did not affect the percentage of CD4+, CD8+, CD16+ cells among PBMCs. (2) HB vaccine did not significantly increase the cytotoxicity of PBMCs. (3) The cytotoxicity of PBMCs induced by Zhuling-duotang combined with HB vaccine was not significantly higher than that of PBMCs induced by Zhuling-duotang alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- 302 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing
| | | | | |
Collapse
|