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Volz T, Kaesler S, Draing C, Hartung T, Röcken M, Skabytska Y, Biedermann T. Induction of IL-10-balanced immune profiles following exposure to LTA from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:318-326. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
| | - Christian Draing
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Europe; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Europe; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
| | - Yuliya Skabytska
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Technical University Munich; Munich Germany
- Clinical Unit Allergology; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
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Hoogerwerf JJ, de Vos AF, van't Veer C, Bresser P, de Boer A, Tanck MWT, Draing C, van der Zee JS, van der Poll T. Priming of alveolar macrophages upon instillation of lipopolysaccharide in the human lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:349-56. [PMID: 19448156 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0362oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The airways are continuously exposed to respiratory pathogens, which may result in bacterial pneumonia, one of the most common infectious diseases and the leading cause of sepsis. Considering that recurrent exposure to microbial products can lead to tolerance of immune cells, and that this might contribute to the susceptibility to nosocomial infection, we investigated the effect of in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation on the responsiveness of alveolar macrophages. In eight healthy humans, sterile saline was instilled into a lung segment by bronchoscope, followed by instillation of LPS into the contralateral lung; 6 hours later, a bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage was performed, and purified alveolar macrophages were ex vivo stimulated with LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), triggering Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and -2, respectively. In vivo LPS-exposed alveolar macrophages were primed, as reflected by increased ex vivo LPS- and LTA-induced IL-1 beta and IL-6 gene expression and production compared with in vivo saline-exposed alveolar macrophages. LPS instillation did not influence the surface expression of TLR4 or TLR2. Furthermore, LPS instillation did not impact on the expression of a number of extracellular and intracellular regulators of TLR signaling. However, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase remained phosphorylated in alveolar macrophages upon LPS instillation. The current data demonstrate that LPS instillation in the human lung primes alveolar macrophages for further stimulation with either LPS or LTA, possibly by sustained p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien J Hoogerwerf
- Academic Medical Center, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Giebelen IAJ, Leendertse M, Dessing MC, Meijers JCM, Levi M, Draing C, von Aulock S, van der Poll T. Endogenous β-Adrenergic Receptors Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pulmonary Cytokine Release and Coagulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:373-9. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0439oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Knapp S, von Aulock S, Leendertse M, Haslinger I, Draing C, Golenbock DT, van der Poll T. Lipoteichoic acid-induced lung inflammation depends on TLR2 and the concerted action of TLR4 and the platelet-activating factor receptor. J Immunol 2008; 180:3478-84. [PMID: 18292574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major outer cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria that has been implicated as an important factor in the inflammatory response following bacterial infection. In vitro data indicate roles for TLR2, platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), CD14, and LPS-binding protein (LBP) in cellular responsiveness to LTA, whereas the mechanisms contributing to LTA effects in vivo have never been investigated. Using mice deficient for LBP, CD14, TLR2, TLR4, or PAFR, we now examined the role of these molecules in pulmonary inflammation induced by highly purified LTA in vivo. Although pulmonary LBP increased dose-dependently following administration of LTA, the inflammatory response was unaltered in LBP-/- mice. TLR2 proved to be indispensable for the initiation of an inflammatory response, as polymorphonuclear cell influx, TNF-alpha, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and MIP-2 release were abolished in TLR2-/- mice. Minor effects such as moderately decreased TNF-alpha and MIP-2 levels were observed in the absence of CD14, indicating a role for CD14 as a coreceptor. Quite surprisingly, the absence of TLR4 greatly diminished pulmonary inflammation and the same phenotype was observed in PAFR-/- animals. In contrast to all other mice studied, only TLR4-/- and PAFR-/- mice displayed significantly elevated IL-10 pulmonary concentrations. These data suggest that TLR2 is the single most important receptor signaling the presence of LTA within the lungs in vivo, whereas TLR4 and PAFR may influence lung inflammation induced by LTA either by sensing LTA directly or through recognition and signaling of endogenous mediators induced by the interaction between LTA and TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Knapp
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hoogerwerf JJ, de Vos AF, Bresser P, van der Zee JS, Pater JM, de Boer A, Tanck M, Lundell DL, Her-Jenh C, Draing C, von Aulock S, van der Poll T. Lung Inflammation Induced by Lipoteichoic Acid or Lipopolysaccharide in Humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:34-41. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200708-1261oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Niebuhr M, Langnickel J, Draing C, Renz H, Kapp A, Werfel T. Dysregulation of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2)-induced effects in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis: impact of the TLR-2 R753Q polymorphism. Allergy 2008; 63:728-34. [PMID: 18445187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is often complicated by an enhanced susceptibility to bacterial skin infections, especially with Staphylococcus aureus. Toll-like receptors (TLR), especially TLR-2 recognizes cell wall components of S. aureus, e.g. lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN). A heterozygous TLR-2 R753Q polymorphism occurs in a frequency of 11.5% in adult AD patients and has been shown to be associated with a severe phenotype of AD. METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of TLR-2 agonists (LTA, PGN and Pam3Cys) on cytokine production in human monocytes from AD patients with the TLR-2 R753Q polymorphism compared with that of AD patients with 'wild type' TLR-2 and control individuals to elucidate the functional role of the TLR-2 R753Q polymorphism. RESULTS Monocytes from AD patients with the TLR-2 R753Q mutation produced significantly more IL-6 and IL-12 compared with that of AD patients with nonmutated TLR-2 upon stimulation with TLR-2 agonists. CONCLUSION We show for the first time functional differences in TLR-2 responsiveness of monocytes from AD patients with the TLR-2 R753Q mutation compared with wild type AD patients in a ligand-dependent manner. CLINICAL IMPLICATION Our data support the emerging concept that AD patients have a dysbalance in innate and acquired immunity. TLR-2 may be essential in the pathogenesis and maintenance of AD and may be involved in the enhanced susceptibility to skin infections with S. aureus and in a higher inflammatory response in patients with AD carrying the TLR-2 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Niebuhr
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Hattar K, Heygster D, Eul B, Banat A, Fink L, Draing C, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U, Grandel U. Amplification of LPS and LTA induced cytokine synthesis in NSCLC/neutrophil cocultures. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hattar K, Eul B, Fink L, Ankele C, Heep M, Draing C, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U, Grandel U. LPS aktiviert die PGE2-Synthese in humanen Lungenadenokarzinomzellen – Rolle von CD14 und EGF-Rezeptor-Crosslinking. Pneumologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1074247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Grandel U, Heygster D, Eul B, Fink L, Heep M, Draing C, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U, Hattar K. Bakterielle Endo- und Exotoxine aktivieren die Zytokinsynthese isolierter Bronchialkarzinomzellen – Amplifikation durch Neutrophile Granulozyten. Pneumologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1074248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Draing C, Traub S, Deininger S, Mang P, Möller HM, Manso M, Rossi F, Morath S, Hartung T, von Aulock S. Polypropylene glycol is a selective binding inhibitor for LTA and other structurally related TLR2 agonists. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:797-808. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Draing C, Sigel S, Deininger S, Traub S, Munke R, Mayer C, Hareng L, Hartung T, von Aulock S, Hermann C. Cytokine induction by Gram-positive bacteria. Immunobiology 2008; 213:285-96. [PMID: 18406374 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar clinical relevance of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections, immune activation by Gram-positive bacteria is by far less well understood than immune activation by Gram-negative bacteria. Our group has made available highly purified lipoteichoic acids (LTA) as a key Gram-positive immunostimulatory component. We have characterized the reasons for lower potency of LTA compared to Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), identifying lack of IL-12/IFNgamma induction as a general characteristic of TLR2 agonists, and need for presentation of LTA on surfaces for enhanced immunostimulatory potency, as major aspects. Aspects of chemokine induction, where LTA is more potent than LPS, have been addressed. Furthermore, novel complement and plant defence activation, as well as CD36 as a new LTA receptor, were identified. The bacterial costimuli and modulators of LTA inducible responses are being investigated: LTA isolated from so far 16 bacterial species, although different in structure, behave remarkably similar while whole live and killed bacteria differ with regard to the pattern of induced responses. The purification and characterization of the respective components of the bacterial cell wall has begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Draing
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Dessing M, Schouten M, Draing C, Levi M, Aulock S, Poll T. Role Played by Toll‐Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Lipoteichoic Acid–Induced Lung Inflammation and Coagulation. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:245-52. [DOI: 10.1086/524873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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van Zoelen MAD, de Vos AF, Larosa GJ, Draing C, von Aulock S, van der Poll T. Intrapulmonary delivery of ethyl pyruvate attenuates lipopolysaccharide- and lipoteichoic acid-induced lung inflammation in vivo. Shock 2007; 28:570-5. [PMID: 17577142 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31804d40be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a stable pyruvate derivative that has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various models of systemic inflammation including endotoxemia. We here sought to determine the local effects of EP, after intrapulmonary delivery, in models of lung inflammation induced by instillation via the airways of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a constituent of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA, a component of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall). For this, we first established that EP dose dependently reduced the responsiveness of mouse MH-S alveolar macrophages and mouse MLE-15 and MLE-12 respiratory epithelial cells to stimulation with LPS or LTA in vitro. We then showed that intranasal administration of EP dose dependently inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice challenged with either LPS or LTA via the airways. Moreover, EP reduced the recruitment of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar space after either LPS or LTA administration. These data suggest that intrapulmonary delivery of EP diminishes lung inflammation induced by LPS or LTA, at least in part by targeting alveolar macrophages and respiratory epithelial cells.
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Perea Vélez M, Verhoeven TLA, Draing C, Von Aulock S, Pfitzenmaier M, Geyer A, Lambrichts I, Grangette C, Pot B, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SCJ. Functional analysis of D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid in the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3595-604. [PMID: 17434999 PMCID: PMC1932685 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02083-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a macroamphiphile molecule which performs several functions in gram-positive bacteria, such as maintenance of cell wall homeostasis. D-alanylation of LTA requires the proteins encoded by the dlt operon, and this process is directly related to the charge properties of this polymer strongly contributing to its function. The insertional inactivation of dltD of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) resulted in the complete absence of D-alanyl esters in the LTA as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. This was reflected in modifications of the bacterial cell surface properties. The dltD strain showed 2.4-fold-increased cell length, a low survival capacity in response to gastric juice challenge, an increased sensitivity to human beta-defensin-2, an increased rate of autolysis, an increased capacity to initiate growth in the presence of an anionic detergent, and a decreased capacity to initiate growth in the presence of cationic peptides compared to wild-type results. However, in vitro experiments revealed no major differences for adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cells, biofilm formation, and immunomodulation. These properties are considered to be important for probiotics. The role of the dlt operon in lactobacilli is discussed in view of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Perea Vélez
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Räisänen L, Draing C, Pfitzenmaier M, Schubert K, Jaakonsaari T, von Aulock S, Hartung T, Alatossava T. Molecular interaction between lipoteichoic acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii phages depends on D-alanyl and alpha-glucose substitution of poly(glycerophosphate) backbones. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4135-40. [PMID: 17416656 PMCID: PMC1913418 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00078-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) have been shown to act as bacterial counterparts to the receptor binding proteins of LL-H, LL-H host range mutant LL-H-a21, and JCL1032. Here we have used LTAs purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography from different phage-resistant and -sensitive strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed variation in the degree of alpha-glucosyl and D-alanyl substitution of the 1,3-linked poly(glycerophosphate) LTAs between the phage-sensitive and phage-resistant strains. Inactivation of phages was less effective if there was a high level of D-alanine residues in the LTA backbones. Prior incubation of the LTAs with alpha-glucose-specific lectin inhibited the LL-H phage inactivation. The overall level of decoration or the specific spatial combination of alpha-glucosyl-substituted, D-alanyl-substituted, and nonsubstituted glycerol residues may also affect phage adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Räisänen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Aulock SV, Deininger S, Draing C, Gueinzius K, Dehus O, Hermann C. Gender difference in cytokine secretion on immune stimulation with LPS and LTA. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 26:887-92. [PMID: 17238831 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune defense capacity differs between men and women. Whereas men are more prone to infection and sepsis, women more commonly develop autoimmune diseases. We investigated the difference in cytokine secretion between males and females in response to different immune stimuli. Whole blood from 154 healthy volunteers (age 24 +/- 5.2; 82 females, 72 males) was collected within 2 h on 2 consecutive days. Blood from males produced significantly more tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and IL-8 than blood from females in response to a high concentration of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), whereas IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion did not differ. Normalization of cytokine measurement to individual monocyte counts cancelled these differences for all parameters except TNF-alpha. Stimulation with a lower concentration of LPS (100 pg/mL) produced even stronger differences in cytokine release, which were not cancelled by normalization to the producing cells. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the LPS-induced and LTA-induced cytokine responses were higher in blood from women than men for all parameters and stimuli measured. Thus, the stronger innate immune response of males in comparison to females appears to stem not only from a difference in monocyte counts but also from the steepness of the response curve.
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Mueller M, Stamme C, Draing C, Hartung T, Seydel U, Schromm AB. Cell Activation of Human Macrophages by Lipoteichoic Acid Is Strongly Attenuated by Lipopolysaccharide-binding Protein. J Biol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Draing C, Pfitzenmaier M, Zummo S, Mancuso G, Geyer A, Hartung T, von Aulock S. Comparison of lipoteichoic acid from different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33849-59. [PMID: 16943191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602676200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is known to have a completely different chemical structure compared with that of Staphylococcus aureus: the polyglycerophosphate in the backbone is replaced in the pneumococcal LTA by a pentamer repeating unit consisting of one ribitol and a tetrasaccharide carrying the unusual substituents phosphocholine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Neither D-alanine nor N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which play central roles in the biological activity of the staphylococcal LTA, has been reported. The extraction using butanol is more gentle compared with the previously reported chloroform-methanol extraction and results in a higher yield of LTA. We characterized the LTA of two different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae:R6 (serotype 2) and Fp23 (serotype 4). NMR analysis confirmed the structure of LTA from R6 but showed that its ribitol carries an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine substituent. The NMR data for the LTA from Fp23 indicate that this LTA additionally contains ribitol-bound D-alanine. Dose-response curves of the two pneumococcal LTAs in human whole blood revealed that LTA from Fp23 was significantly more potent than LTA from R6 with regard to the induction of all cytokines measured (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-8, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interferon gamma). However, other characteristics, such as lack of inhibition by endotoxin-specific LAL-F, Toll-like receptor 2 and not 4 dependence, and lack of stimulation of neutrophilic granulocytes, were shared by both LTAs. This is the first report of a difference in the structure of LTA between two pneumococcal serotypes resulting in different immunostimulatory potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Draing
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, P. O. Box M668, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Mueller M, Stamme C, Draing C, Hartung T, Seydel U, Schromm AB. Cell activation of human macrophages by lipoteichoic acid is strongly attenuated by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31448-56. [PMID: 16928689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605966200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) represents immunostimulatory molecules expressed by Gram-positive bacteria. They activate the innate immune system via Toll-like receptors. We have investigated the role of serum proteins in activation of human macrophages by LTA from Staphylococcus aureus and found it to be strongly attenuated by serum. In contrast, the same cells showed a sensitive response to LTA and a significantly enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha under serum-free conditions. We show that LTA interacts with the serum protein lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and inhibits the integration of LBP into phospholipid membranes, indicating the formation of complexes of LTA and soluble LBP. The addition of recombinant human LBP to serum-free medium inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukins 6 and 8 after stimulation of human macrophages with LTA in a dose-dependent manner. Using anti-LBP antibodies, this inhibitory effect could be attributed to soluble LBP, whereas LBP in its recently described transmembrane configuration did not modulate cell activation. Also, using primary alveolar macrophages from rats, we show a sensitive cytokine response to LTA under serum-free culture conditions that was strongly attenuated in the presence of serum. In summary, our data suggest that innate immune recognition of LTA is organ-specific with negative regulation by LBP in serum-containing compartments and sensitive recognition in serum-free compartments like the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Mueller
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Division of Biophysics, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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Boveri M, Kinsner A, Berezowski V, Lenfant AM, Draing C, Cecchelli R, Dehouck MP, Hartung T, Prieto P, Bal-Price A. Highly purified lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria induces in vitro blood–brain barrier disruption through glia activation: Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Neuroscience 2006; 137:1193-209. [PMID: 16343789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The co-culture of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells and rat primary glial cells was established as an in vitro blood-brain barrier model to investigate the mechanisms by which the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components lipoteichoic acid and muramyl dipeptide induced injury of blood-brain barrier structure and function. We found that highly purified lipoteichoic acid disrupted blood-brain barrier integrity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner indirectly, through glia activation. Low trans-endothelial electrical resistance and high permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate-inulin observed in the presence of lipoteichoic acid-activated glial cells were potentiated by muramyl dipeptide and could be reversed only when glial cells were activated by lipoteichoic acid at 10 microg/ml but not with a higher lipoteichoic acid concentration (30 microg/ml). Immunocytochemistry analysis revealed no evident changes in the distribution of the cytoskeleton protein F-actin and tight junction proteins occludin and claudin after lipoteichoic acid treatment. However, the tight junction associated protein AHNAK clearly revealed the morphological alteration of the endothelial cells induced by lipoteichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acid-activated glial cells produced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) that contributed to lipoteichoic acid-induced blood-brain barrier disruption, since the direct treatment of the endothelial monolayer with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta increased blood-brain barrier permeability, whereas the pre-treatment of lipoteichoic acid-activated glial cells with antibodies against these two cytokines blocked lipoteichoic acid effects. Additionally, nitric oxide was also involved in blood-brain barrier damage, since the nitric oxide donor itself (diethylenetriamine-nitric oxide adduct) increased blood-brain barrier permeability and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (1400W) partially reversed lipoteichoic acid-induced trans-endothelial electrical resistance decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boveri
- European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), Institute of Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 1, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Schröder NWJ, Diterich I, Zinke A, Eckert J, Draing C, von Baehr V, Hassler D, Priem S, Hahn K, Michelsen KS, Hartung T, Burmester GR, Göbel UB, Hermann C, Schumann RR. Heterozygous Arg753Gln polymorphism of human TLR-2 impairs immune activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and protects from late stage Lyme disease. J Immunol 2005; 175:2534-40. [PMID: 16081826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and displays different stages, including localized, early disseminated, and persistent infection, all of which are associated with profound inflammatory reactions in the host. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by B. burgdorferi is mainly mediated by outer surface proteins interacting with TLR-2/TLR-1 heterodimers. In this study, we show that TNF-alpha induction by Borrelia lysate was impaired in heterozygous TLR-2 knockout mice, while reactivity to lipoteichoic acid, another TLR-2 ligand signaling via TLR-2/TLR-6 heterodimers, was unaffected. Blood from individuals heterozygous for the TLR-2 polymorphism Arg753Gln was tested for cytokine release upon stimulation with Borrelia lysate, and induction of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was significantly lower as compared with individuals not exhibiting this variation. Overexpression of TLR-2 carrying the Arg753Gln polymorphism in HEK 293 cells led to a significantly stronger impairment of activation by TLR-2/TLR-1 ligands as compared with TLR-2/TLR-6 ligands. To study whether heterozygosity for the Arg753Gln variant of TLR-2 influenced susceptibility for LD, we analyzed 155 patients for this polymorphism. The Arg753Gln variant occurs at a significantly lower frequency in LD patients as compared with matched controls (5.8 vs 13.5%, odds ratio 0.393, 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.89, p = 0.033), with an even more pronounced difference when late stage disease was observed (2.3 vs 12.5%, odds ratio 0.163, 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.76, p = 0.018). These data suggest that Arg753Gln may protect from the development of late stage LD due to a reduced signaling via TLR-2/TLR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas W J Schröder
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
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