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Le Ribeuz H, To L, Ghigna MR, Martin C, Nagaraj C, Dreano E, Rucker-Martin C, Girerd B, Bouliguan J, Pechoux C, Lambert M, Boet A, Issard J, Mercier O, Hoetzenecker K, Manoury B, Becq F, Burgel PR, Cottart CH, Olschewski A, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Perros F, Humbert M, Montani D, Antigny F. Involvement of CFTR in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.00653-2020. [PMID: 33926975 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00653-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A reduction in pulmonary artery (PA) relaxation is a key event in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pathogenesis. CFTR dysfunction in airway epithelial cells plays a central role in cystic fibrosis (CF); CFTR is also expressed in PAs and has been shown to control endothelium-independent relaxation. AIM AND OBJECTIVES We aimed to delineate the role of CFTR in PAH pathogenesis through observational and interventional experiments in human tissues and animal models. METHODS AND RESULTS RT-Q-PCR, confocal imaging and electron microscopy showed that CFTR expression was reduced in PAs from patients with idiopathic PAH (iPAH) and in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Moreover, using myograph on human, pig and rat PAs, we demonstrated that CFTR activation induces PAs relaxation. CFTR-mediated PA relaxation was reduced in PAs from iPAH patients and rats with monocrotaline- or chronic hypoxia-induced PH. Long-term in vivo CFTR inhibition in rats significantly increased right ventricular systolic pressure, which was related to exaggerated pulmonary vascular cell proliferation in situ and vessel neomuscularization. Pathologic assessment of lungs from patients with severe CF (F508del-CFTR) revealed severe PA remodeling with intimal fibrosis and medial hypertrophy. Lungs from homozygous F508delCftr rats exhibited pulmonary vessel neomuscularization. The elevations in right ventricular systolic pressure and end diastolic pressure in monocrotaline-exposed rats with chronic CFTR inhibition were more prominent than those in vehicle-exposed rats. CONCLUSIONS CFTR expression is strongly decreased in PA smooth muscle and endothelial cells in human and animal models of PH. CFTR inhibition increases vascular cell proliferation and strongly reduces PA relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Ribeuz
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lucie To
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria-Rosa Ghigna
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Clémence Martin
- Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Centre de Référence Maladie Rare Mucoviscidose, ERN-Lung, Cochin Hospital, , Paris, France.,Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Elise Dreano
- Inserm U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253 - Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Centre Maladie Rare Mucoviscidose, ERN Lung, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Rucker-Martin
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Bouliguan
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR-1185, Université Paris Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Pechoux
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mélanie Lambert
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Angèle Boet
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Justin Issard
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olaf Mercier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Manoury
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR_S 1180, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frédéric Becq
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Centre de Référence Maladie Rare Mucoviscidose, ERN-Lung, Cochin Hospital, , Paris, France.,Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Henry Cottart
- Inserm U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253 - Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Centre Maladie Rare Mucoviscidose, ERN Lung, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Inserm U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253 - Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Centre Maladie Rare Mucoviscidose, ERN Lung, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Montani
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France .,INSERM UMR_S 999 " Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique ", Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Lambert M, Capuano V, Boet A, Tesson L, Bertero T, Nakhleh MK, Remy S, Anegon I, Pechoux C, Hautefort A, Rucker-Martin C, Manoury B, Domergue V, Mercier O, Girerd B, Montani D, Perros F, Humbert M, Antigny F. Characterization of Kcnk3-Mutated Rat, a Novel Model of Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ Res 2019; 125:678-695. [PMID: 31347976 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.314793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe lethal cardiopulmonary disease. Loss of function mutations in KCNK3 (potassium channel subfamily K member 3) gene, which encodes an outward rectifier K+ channel, have been identified in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. OBJECTIVE We have demonstrated that KCNK3 dysfunction is common to heritable and nonheritable pulmonary arterial hypertension and to experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH). Finally, KCNK3 is not functional in mouse pulmonary vasculature. METHODS AND RESULTS Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated a 94 bp out of frame deletion in exon 1 of Kcnk3 gene and characterized these rats at the electrophysiological, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, morphological, cellular, and molecular levels to decipher the cellular mechanisms associated with loss of KCNK3. Using patch-clamp technique, we validated our transgenic strategy by demonstrating the absence of KCNK3 current in freshly isolated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from Kcnk3-mutated rats. At 4 months of age, echocardiographic parameters revealed shortening of the pulmonary artery acceleration time associated with elevation of the right ventricular systolic pressure. Kcnk3-mutated rats developed more severe PH than wild-type rats after monocrotaline exposure or chronic hypoxia exposure. Kcnk3-mutation induced a lung distal neomuscularization and perivascular extracellular matrix activation. Lungs of Kcnk3-mutated rats were characterized by overactivation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase1-/2), AKT (protein kinase B), SRC, and overexpression of HIF1-α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α), survivin, and VWF (Von Willebrand factor). Linked with plasma membrane depolarization, reduced endothelial-NOS expression and desensitization of endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor, Kcnk3-mutated rats presented predisposition to vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries and a severe loss of sildenafil-induced pulmonary arteries relaxation. Moreover, we showed strong alteration of right ventricular cardiomyocyte excitability. Finally, Kcnk3-mutated rats developed age-dependent PH associated with low serum-albumin concentration. CONCLUSIONS We established the first Kcnk3-mutated rat model of PH. Our results confirm that KCNK3 loss of function is a key event in pulmonary arterial hypertension pathogenesis. This model presents new opportunities for understanding the initiating mechanisms of PH and testing biologically relevant therapeutic molecules in the context of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lambert
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Véronique Capuano
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Angèle Boet
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Laurent Tesson
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France (L.T., S.R., I.A.).,PTransgenic Rat ImmunoPhenomic (TRIP) facility Nantes, Nantes, France (L.T., S.R., I.A.)
| | - Thomas Bertero
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France (T.B.)
| | - Morad K Nakhleh
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Séverine Remy
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France (L.T., S.R., I.A.).,PTransgenic Rat ImmunoPhenomic (TRIP) facility Nantes, Nantes, France (L.T., S.R., I.A.)
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, France (L.T., S.R., I.A.).,PTransgenic Rat ImmunoPhenomic (TRIP) facility Nantes, Nantes, France (L.T., S.R., I.A.)
| | - Christine Pechoux
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France (C.P.)
| | - Aurélie Hautefort
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Catherine Rucker-Martin
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Boris Manoury
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire - UMR_S 1180, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France (B.M.)
| | - Valérie Domergue
- Animal Facility, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique (UMS IPSIT), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France (V.D.)
| | - Olaf Mercier
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Barbara Girerd
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - David Montani
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Frédéric Perros
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Canada (F.P.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M. H., F.A.).,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.).,Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France (M.L., V.C., A.B., M.K.N., A.H., C.R.-M., O.M., B.G., D.M., F.P., M.H., F.A.)
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