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Melo-Silva CR, Alves-Peixoto P, Heath N, Tang L, Montoya B, Knudson CJ, Stotesbury C, Ferez M, Wong E, Sigal LJ. Resistance to lethal ectromelia virus infection requires Type I interferon receptor in natural killer cells and monocytes but not in adaptive immune or parenchymal cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009593. [PMID: 34015056 PMCID: PMC8172060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are antiviral cytokines that signal through the ubiquitous IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). Following footpad infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV), a mouse-specific pathogen, C57BL/6 (B6) mice survive without disease, while B6 mice broadly deficient in IFNAR succumb rapidly. We now show that for survival to ECTV, only hematopoietic cells require IFNAR expression. Survival to ECTV specifically requires IFNAR in both natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes. However, intrinsic IFNAR signaling is not essential for adaptive immune cell responses or to directly protect non-hematopoietic cells such as hepatocytes, which are principal ECTV targets. Mechanistically, IFNAR-deficient NK cells have reduced cytolytic function, while lack of IFNAR in monocytes dampens IFN-I production and hastens virus dissemination. Thus, during a pathogenic viral infection, IFN-I coordinates innate immunity by stimulating monocytes in a positive feedback loop and by inducing NK cell cytolytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natasha Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Knudson CJ, Alves-Peixoto P, Muramatsu H, Stotesbury C, Tang L, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Weissman D, Pardi N, Sigal LJ. Lipid-nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccines induce protective memory CD8 T cells against a lethal viral infection. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2769-2781. [PMID: 33992803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that memory CD8 T cells protect susceptible strains of mice from mousepox, a lethal viral disease caused by ectromelia virus (ECTV), the murine counterpart to human variola virus. While mRNA vaccines induce protective antibody (Ab) responses, it is unknown whether they also induce protective memory CD8 T cells. We now show that immunization with different doses of unmodified or N(1)-methylpseudouridine-modified mRNA (modified mRNA) in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encoding the ECTV gene EVM158 induced similarly strong CD8 T cell responses to the epitope TSYKFESV, albeit unmodified mRNA-LNP had adverse effects at the inoculation site. A single immunization with 10 μg modified mRNA-LNP protected most susceptible mice from mousepox, and booster vaccination increased the memory CD8 T cell pool, providing full protection. Moreover, modified mRNA-LNP encoding TSYKFESV appended to green fluorescent protein (GFP) protected against wild-type ECTV infection while lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (GP) modified mRNA-LNP protected against ECTV expressing GP epitopes. Thus, modified mRNA-LNP can be used to create protective CD8 T cell-based vaccines against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Ferez M, Knudson CJ, Lev A, Wong EB, Alves-Peixoto P, Tang L, Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Viral infection modulates Qa-1b in infected and bystander cells to properly direct NK cell killing. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201782. [PMID: 33765134 PMCID: PMC8006856 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activation depends on the signaling balance of activating and inhibitory receptors. CD94 forms inhibitory receptors with NKG2A and activating receptors with NKG2E or NKG2C. We previously demonstrated that CD94-NKG2 on NK cells and its ligand Qa-1b are important for the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to lethal ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. We now show that NKG2C or NKG2E deficiency does not increase susceptibility to lethal ECTV infection, but overexpression of Qa-1b in infected cells does. We also demonstrate that Qa-1b is down-regulated in infected and up-regulated in bystander inflammatory monocytes and B cells. Moreover, NK cells activated by ECTV infection kill Qa-1b-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, during viral infection, recognition of Qa-1b by activating CD94/NKG2 receptors is not critical. Instead, the levels of Qa-1b expression are down-regulated in infected cells but increased in some bystander immune cells to respectively promote or inhibit their killing by activated NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Avital Lev
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric B. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Research Group in Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics-Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Dysregulated anti-viral innate immune cascade during aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1566-1567. [PMID: 33510045 PMCID: PMC7880390 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Wong E, Montoya B, Stotesbury C, Ferez M, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. Langerhans Cells Orchestrate the Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response in the Lymph Node. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3047-3059.e3. [PMID: 31801072 PMCID: PMC6927544 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During disseminating viral infections, a swift innate immune response (IIR) in the draining lymph node (dLN) that restricts systemic viral spread is critical for optimal resistance to disease. However, it is unclear how this IIR is orchestrated. We show that after footpad infection of mice with ectromelia virus, dendritic cells (DCs) highly expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class IIhi DCs), including CD207+ epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), CD103+CD207+ double-positive dermal DCs (DP-DCs), and CD103−CD207− double-negative dermal DCs (DN-DCs) migrate to the dLN from the skin carrying virus. MHC class IIhi DCs, predominantly LCs and DP-DCs, are the first cells upregulating IIR cytokines in the dLN. Preventing MHC class IIhi DC migration or depletion of LCs, but not DP-DC deficiency, suppresses the IIR in the dLN and results in high viral lethality. Therefore, LCs are the architects of an early IIR in the dLN that is critical for optimal resistance to a disseminating viral infection. Wong et al. show that by producing chemokines that recruit monocytes and by upregulating NKG2D ligands that activate ILCs, Langerhans cells are responsible for the innate immune cascade in the lymph node that is critical for survival of infection with a disseminating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Stotesbury C, Wong EB, Tang L, Montoya B, Knudson CJ, Melo‐Silva CR, Sigal LJ. Defective early innate immune response to ectromelia virus in the draining lymph nodes of aged mice due to impaired dendritic cell accumulation. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13170. [PMID: 32657004 PMCID: PMC7433008 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that aging decreases natural resistance to viral diseases due to dysfunctional innate and adaptive immune responses, but the nature of these dysfunctions, particularly in regard to innate immunity, is not well understood. We have previously shown that C57BL/6J (B6) mice lose their natural resistance to footpad infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV) due to impaired maturation and recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells to the draining popliteal lymph node (dLN). More recently, we have also shown that in young B6 mice infected with ECTV, the recruitment of NK cells is dependent on a complex cascade whereby migratory dendritic cells (mDCs) traffic from the skin to the dLN, where they produce CCL2 and CCL7 to recruit inflammatory monocytes (iMOs). In the dLN, mDCs also upregulate NKG2D ligands to induce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression by group 1 innate lymphoid cells (G1-ILCs), mostly NK in cells but also some ILC1. In response to the IFN-γ, the incoming uninfected iMOs secret CXCL9 to recruit the critical NK cells. Here, we show that in aged B6 mice, the trafficking of mDCs to the dLN in response to ECTV is decreased, resulting in impaired IFN-γ expression by G1-ILCs, reduced accumulation of iMOs, and attenuated CXCL9 production by iMOs, which likely contributes to decrease in NK cell recruitment. Together, these data indicate that defects in the mDC response to viral infection during aging result in a reduced innate immune response in the dLN and contribute to increased susceptibility to viral disease in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Eric B. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Carolina R. Melo‐Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
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Wilski NA, Stotesbury C, Del Casale C, Montoya B, Wong E, Sigal LJ, Snyder CM. STING Sensing of Murine Cytomegalovirus Alters the Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Antitumor Immunity. J Immunol 2020; 204:2961-2972. [PMID: 32284333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CMV has been proposed to play a role in cancer progression and invasiveness. However, CMV has been increasingly studied as a cancer vaccine vector, and multiple groups, including ours, have reported that the virus can drive antitumor immunity in certain models. Our previous work revealed that intratumoral injections of wild-type murine CMV (MCMV) into B16-F0 melanomas caused tumor growth delay in part by using a viral chemokine to recruit macrophages that were subsequently infected. We now show that MCMV acts as a STING agonist in the tumor. MCMV infection of tumors in STING-deficient mice resulted in normal recruitment of macrophages to the tumor, but poor recruitment of CD8+ T cells, reduced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and no delay in tumor growth. In vitro, expression of type I IFN was dependent on both STING and the type I IFNR. Moreover, type I IFN alone was sufficient to induce cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages and B16 tumor cells, suggesting that the major role for STING activation was to produce type I IFN. Critically, viral infection of wild-type macrophages alone was sufficient to restore tumor growth delay in STING-deficient animals. Overall, these data show that MCMV infection and sensing in tumor-associated macrophages through STING signaling is sufficient to promote antitumor immune responses in the B16-F0 melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christina Del Casale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Stotesbury C, Alves-Peixoto P, Montoya B, Ferez M, Nair S, Snyder CM, Zhang S, Knudson CJ, Sigal LJ. α2β1 Integrin Is Required for Optimal NK Cell Proliferation during Viral Infection but Not for Acquisition of Effector Functions or NK Cell-Mediated Virus Control. J Immunol 2020; 204:1582-1591. [PMID: 32015010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in antiviral resistance. The integrin α2, which dimerizes with integrin β1, distinguishes NK cells from innate lymphoid cells 1 and other leukocytes. Despite its use as an NK cell marker, little is known about the role of α2β1 in NK cell biology. In this study, we show that in mice α2β1 deficiency does not alter the balance of NK cell/ innate lymphoid cell 1 generation and slightly decreases the number of NK cells in the bone marrow and spleen without affecting NK cell maturation. NK cells deficient in α2β1 had no impairment at entering or distributing within the draining lymph node of ectromelia virus (ECTV)-infected mice or at becoming effectors but proliferated poorly in response to ECTV and did not increase in numbers following infection with mouse CMV (MCMV). Still, α2β1-deficient NK cells efficiently protected from lethal mousepox and controlled MCMV titers in the spleen. Thus, α2β1 is required for optimal NK cell proliferation but is dispensable for protection against ECTV and MCMV, two well-established models of viral infection in which NK cells are known to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Savita Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Cory J Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Wong EB, Montoya B, Ferez M, Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Resistance to ectromelia virus infection requires cGAS in bone marrow-derived cells which can be bypassed with cGAMP therapy. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008239. [PMID: 31877196 PMCID: PMC6974301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells sensing infection produce Type I interferons (IFN-I) to stimulate Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) that confer resistance to viruses. During lympho-hematogenous spread of the mouse pathogen ectromelia virus (ECTV), the adaptor STING and the transcription factor IRF7 are required for IFN-I and ISG induction and resistance to ECTV. However, it is unknown which cells sense ECTV and which pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) upstream of STING is required for IFN-I and ISG induction. We found that cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), a DNA-sensing PRR, is required in bone marrow-derived (BMD) but not in other cells for IFN-I and ISG induction and for resistance to lethal mousepox. Also, local administration of cGAMP, the product of cGAS that activates STING, rescues cGAS but not IRF7 or IFN-I receptor deficient mice from mousepox. Thus, sensing of infection by BMD cells via cGAS and IRF7 is critical for resistance to a lethal viral disease in a natural host. During primary acute systemic viral infections, cells sensing virus through Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR) can produce Type I interferons (IFN-I) to induce an anti-viral state that curbs viral spread and protect from viral disease. The dissection of the specific cells, receptors and downstream pathways required for IFN-I production during viral infection in vivo is necessary to improve anti-viral therapies. In this study, we demonstrated that the cytosolic PRR cGAS in hematopoietic cells but not in parenchymal cells is required for protection against ectromelia virus, the archetype for viruses that spread through the lympho-hematogenous route. We also show that cGAS deficiency can be bypassed by local administration of cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) by inducing IFN-I only in the skin and in the presence of virus. Our study provides novel insights into the cGAS signaling pathway and highlights the potential of cGAMP as an efficient anti-viral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Wong
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Montoya
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Ferez
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wong E, Xu RH, Rubio D, Lev A, Stotesbury C, Fang M, Sigal LJ. Migratory Dendritic Cells, Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells, and Inflammatory Monocytes Collaborate to Recruit NK Cells to the Virus-Infected Lymph Node. Cell Rep 2019; 24:142-154. [PMID: 29972776 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating natural killer (NK) cells help protect the host from lympho-hematogenous acute viral diseases by rapidly entering draining lymph nodes (dLNs) to curb virus dissemination. Here, we identify a highly choreographed mechanism underlying this process. Using footpad infection with ectromelia virus, a pathogenic DNA virus of mice, we show that TLR9/MyD88 sensing induces NKG2D ligands in virus-infected, skin-derived migratory dendritic cells (mDCs) to induce production of IFN-γ by classical NK cells and other types of group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) already in dLNs, via NKG2D. Uninfected inflammatory monocytes, also recruited to dLNs by mDCs in a TLR9/MyD88-dependent manner, respond to IFN-γ by secreting CXCL9 for optimal CXCR3-dependent recruitment of circulating NK cells. This work unveils a TLR9/MyD88-dependent mechanism whereby in dLNs, three cell types-mDCs, group 1 ILCs (mostly NK cells), and inflammatory monocytes-coordinate the recruitment of protective circulating NK cells to dLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Avital Lev
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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