1
|
Sharma S, Futter MN, Spence C, Venkiteswaran JJ, Whitfield CJ. Modelling Subarctic watershed dissolved organic carbon response to hydroclimatic regime. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159382. [PMID: 36240938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in hydroclimatic regimes associated with global climate change may impact freshwater availability and quality. In high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, where vast quantities of carbon are stored terrestrially, explaining landscape-scale carbon (C) budgets and associated pollutant transfer is necessary for understanding the impact of changing hydroclimatic regimes. We used a dynamic modelling approach to simulate streamflow, DOC concentration, and DOC export in a northern Canadian catchment that has undergone notable climate warming, and will continue to for the remainder of this century. The Integrated Catchment model for Carbon (INCA-C) was successfully calibrated to a multi-year period (2012-2016) that represents a range in hydrologic conditions. The model was subsequently run over 30-year periods representing baseline and two future climate scenarios. Average discharge is predicted to decrease under an elevated temperature scenario (22-27 % of baseline) but increase (116-175 % of baseline) under an elevated temperature and precipitation scenario. In the latter scenario the nival hydroclimatic regime is expected to shift to a combined nival and pluvial regime. Average DOC flux over 30 years is predicted to decrease (24-27 % of baseline) under the elevated temperature scenario, as higher DOC concentrations are offset by lower runoff. Under the elevated temperature and precipitation scenario, results suggest an increase in carbon export of 64-81 % above baseline. These increases are attributed to greater connectivity of the catchment. The largest increase in DOC export is expected to occur in early winter. These predicted changes in DOC export, particularly under a climate that is warmer and wetter could be part of larger ecosystem change and warrant additional monitoring efforts in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - M N Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Spence
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - J J Venkiteswaran
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - C J Whitfield
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DiNapoli SE, Spence C, Gedvilaite E, Bowman A, Diosdado M, Razumova A, Tsui D, Salles GA, Batlevi C, von Keudell G, Ptashkin R, Zehir A, Berger M, Brannon AR, Benayed R, Arcila M. Abstract 56: MSK-ACCESS Heme: A cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing assay to identify somatic alterations in patients with lymphoma. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can be used to noninvasively assess and monitor patients with lymphoma. Here, we describe the preliminary validation of MSK-ACCESS Heme (Memorial Sloan Kettering-Analysis of Circulating cfDNA to Examine Somatic Status), a cfDNA assay that employs unique molecular indexing and ultra-deep sequencing to detect somatic alterations in 117 genes related to hematologic malignancies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical-grade cfDNA assay developed specifically for hematologic malignancies.
Overall assay performance was assessed using 53 validation samples (26 normal samples and 27 cfDNA samples with somatic variants). Initial accuracy studies showed excellent correlation with the reference next-generation sequencing method (MSK-ACCESS Solid), detecting 32/32 (100%) of expected variants with a variant allele frequency over 1%. The limit of detection was assessed using standard samples, with detection of variants down to 0.5% variant allele frequency. Results were highly concordant in both inter- and intra-assay reproducibility studies.
Overall, these data indicate that MSK-ACCESS Heme is a robust cfDNA-based assay that can be used to detect variants at low frequency with high reproducibility. Future work sequencing additional samples will be performed to further assess the performance of the panel.
Citation Format: Sara E. DiNapoli, Coleman Spence, Erika Gedvilaite, Anita Bowman, Monica Diosdado, Anna Razumova, Dana Tsui, Gilles A. Salles, Connie Batlevi, Gottfried von Keudell, Ryan Ptashkin, Ahmet Zehir, Michael Berger, A Rose Brannon, Ryma Benayed, Maria Arcila. MSK-ACCESS Heme: A cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing assay to identify somatic alterations in patients with lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 56.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anita Bowman
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Anna Razumova
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Dana Tsui
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Ptashkin
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Ryma Benayed
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria Arcila
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The integration of information has been considered a hallmark of human consciousness, as it requires information being globally available via widespread neural interactions. Yet the complex interdependencies between multisensory integration and perceptual awareness, or consciousness, remain to be defined. While perceptual awareness has traditionally been studied in a single sense, in recent years we have witnessed a surge of interest in the role of multisensory integration in perceptual awareness. Based on a recent IMRF symposium on multisensory awareness, this review discusses three key questions from conceptual, methodological and experimental perspectives: (1) What do we study when we study multisensory awareness? (2) What is the relationship between multisensory integration and perceptual awareness? (3) Which experimental approaches are most promising to characterize multisensory awareness? We hope that this review paper will provoke lively discussions, novel experiments, and conceptual considerations to advance our understanding of the multifaceted interplay between multisensory integration and consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Deroy
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - N Faivre
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Lunghi
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - M Aller
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - U Noppeney
- Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
MCGettigan C, Spence C, Lee A, Sherrard L, Johnston E, Einarsson G, Elborn J, Downey D, Muhlebach M, Boucher R, MCElvaney G, Michelle M, Lavelle G, Tunney M, Gilpin D. P073 Use of qPCR to analyse changes in total bacterial and Pseudomonas aeruginosa load in cystic fibrosis patients when clinically stable and during exacerbations. J Cyst Fibros 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(18)30370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Verleden S, Spence C, Einarsson G, Johnston E, Lee A, Vanaudenaerde B, Elborn S, gilpin D, Vos R, Tunney M. The Impact of Azithromycin on the Post Lung Transplant Microbiome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
6
|
Vibell J, Klinge C, Zampini M, Nobre AC, Spence C. Differences between endogenous attention to spatial locations and sensory modalities. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2983-2996. [PMID: 28717820 PMCID: PMC5603640 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vibell et al. (J Cogn Neurosci 19:109-120, 2007) reported that endogenously attending to a sensory modality (vision or touch) modulated perceptual processing, in part, by the relative speeding-up of neural activation (i.e., as a result of prior entry). However, it was unclear whether it was the fine temporal discrimination required by the temporal-order judgment task that was used, or rather, the type of attentional modulation (spatial locations or sensory modalities) that was responsible for the shift in latencies that they observed. The present study used a similar experimental design to evaluate whether spatial attention would also yield similar latency effects suggestive of prior entry in the early visual P1 potentials. Intriguingly, while the results demonstrate similar neural latency shifts attributable to spatial attention, they started at a somewhat later stage than seen in Vibell et al.'s study. These differences are consistent with different neural mechanisms underlying attention to a specific sensory modality versus to a spatial location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vibell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, 2530 Dole St, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - C Klinge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Zampini
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Touch is the first of our senses to develop, providing us with the sensory scaffold on which we come to perceive our own bodies and our sense of self. Touch also provides us with direct access to the external world of physical objects, via haptic exploration. Furthermore, a recent area of interest in tactile research across studies of developing children and adults is its social function, mediating interpersonal bonding. Although there are a range of demonstrations of early competence with touch, particularly in the domain of haptics, the review presented here indicates that many of the tactile perceptual skills that we take for granted as adults (e.g., perceiving touches in the external world as well as on the body) take some time to develop in the first months of postnatal life, likely as a result of an extended process of connection with other sense modalities which provide new kinds of information from birth (e.g., vision and audition). Here, we argue that because touch is of such fundamental importance across a wide range of social and cognitive domains, it should be placed much more centrally in the study of early perceptual development than it currently is.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Bremner
- Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - C Spence
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Recent research shows that what people hear can influence what they feel. We investigated whether the perception of an electric toothbrush might also be affected by the sound that it makes. Participants were required to make stereotypical brushing movements with a standard electric toothbrush while they rated either the pleasantness or the roughness of the vibrotactile stimulation they felt on their teeth. The results demonstrate that the perception of the sensations experienced during toothbrush use were systematically altered by variations in the auditory feedback elicited by the brushing action. Participants reported that the toothbrush felt more pleasant and less rough when either the overall sound level was reduced, or when just the high-frequency sounds were attenuated. These results highlight the significant role that auditory cues can play in modulating the perception and evaluation of everyday products in use, and provide a paradigm for future study in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zampini
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Van der Stoep N, Van der Stigchel S, Nijboer TCW, Spence C. Visually Induced Inhibition of Return Affects the Integration of Auditory and Visual Information. Perception 2016; 46:6-17. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006616661934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory integration (MSI) and exogenous spatial attention can both speedup responses to perceptual events. Recently, it has been shown that audiovisual integration at exogenously attended locations is reduced relative to unattended locations. This effect was observed at short cue-target intervals (200–250 ms). At longer intervals, however, the initial benefits of exogenous shifts of spatial attention at the cued location are often replaced by response time (RT) costs (also known as Inhibition of Return, IOR). Given these opposing cueing effects at shorter versus longer intervals, we decided to investigate whether MSI would also be affected by IOR. Uninformative exogenous visual spatial cues were presented between 350 and 450 ms prior to the onset of auditory, visual, and audiovisual targets. As expected, IOR was observed for visual targets (invalid cue RT < valid cue RT). For auditory and audiovisual targets, neither IOR nor any spatial cueing effects were observed. The amount of relative multisensory response enhancement and race model inequality violation was larger for uncued as compared with cued locations indicating that IOR reduces MSI. The results are discussed in the context of changes in unisensory signal strength at cued as compared with uncued locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Van der Stoep
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Van der Stigchel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T. C. W. Nijboer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The last quarter of a century has seen a dramatic rise of interest in the spatial constraints on multisensory integration. However, until recently, the majority of this research has investigated integration in the space directly in front of the observer. The space around us, however, extends in three spatial dimensions in the front and to the rear beyond such a limited area. The question to be addressed in this review concerns whether multisensory integration operates according to the same rules throughout the whole of three-dimensional space. The results reviewed here not only show that the space around us seems to be divided into distinct functional regions, but they also suggest that multisensory interactions are modulated by the region of space in which stimuli happen to be presented. We highlight a number of key limitations with previous research in this area, including: (1) The focus on only a very narrow region of two-dimensional space in front of the observer; (2) the use of static stimuli in most research; (3) the study of observers who themselves have been mostly static; and (4) the study of isolated observers. All of these factors may change the way in which the senses interact at any given distance, as can the emotional state/personality of the observer. In summarizing these salient issues, we hope to encourage researchers to consider these factors in their own research in order to gain a better understanding of the spatial constraints on multisensory integration as they affect us in our everyday life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. van der Stoep
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Serino
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Farnè
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - M. Di Luca
- School of Psychology, CNCR, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C. Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Van der Stoep N, Spence C, Nijboer TCW, Van der Stigchel S. On the relative contributions of multisensory integration and crossmodal exogenous spatial attention to multisensory response enhancement. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 162:20-8. [PMID: 26436587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two processes that can give rise to multisensory response enhancement (MRE) are multisensory integration (MSI) and crossmodal exogenous spatial attention. It is, however, currently unclear what the relative contribution of each of these is to MRE. We investigated this issue using two tasks that are generally assumed to measure MSI (a redundant target effect task) and crossmodal exogenous spatial attention (a spatial cueing task). One block of trials consisted of unimodal auditory and visual targets designed to provide a unimodal baseline. In two other blocks of trials, the participants were presented with spatially and temporally aligned and misaligned audiovisual (AV) targets (0, 50, 100, and 200ms SOA). In the integration block, the participants were instructed to respond to the onset of the first target stimulus that they detected (A or V). The instruction for the cueing block was to respond only to the onset of the visual targets. The targets could appear at one of three locations: left, center, and right. The participants were instructed to respond only to lateral targets. The results indicated that MRE was caused by MSI at 0ms SOA. At 50ms SOA, both crossmodal exogenous spatial attention and MSI contributed to the observed MRE, whereas the MRE observed at the 100 and 200ms SOAs was attributable to crossmodal exogenous spatial attention, alerting, and temporal preparation. These results therefore suggest that there may be a temporal window in which both MSI and exogenous crossmodal spatial attention can contribute to multisensory response enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Van der Stoep
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - C Spence
- Oxford University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - T C W Nijboer
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, The Netherlands
| | - S Van der Stigchel
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial precision of expectancy effects on pain is unclear. We hypothesized that expecting nociceptive stimuli at particular skin sites would have an analgesic effect on nociceptive stimuli presented between them (middle zone). METHODS Laser stimuli (evoking pin-prick pain) were delivered to three discrete skin zones on the forearm, under two conditions. During 'Localization', participants' expectation of stimuli was spatially divided between two locations (expected stimuli in only the outer two skin zones): pain intensity and stimulus location were judged. During 'No-localization' (control condition), participants had no expectation concerning stimulus location; only pain intensity was rated. Additional experiments assessed the importance of the actual location on the forearm by: shifting all skin zones proximally towards the elbow (control for joint proximity, Experiment 2); adding a fourth zone distally (control for interaction between joint proximity and enhanced distal inhibition, Experiment 3). RESULTS All experiments demonstrated spatially specific pain modulation, but only Experiment 2 (near elbow) supported our hypothesis: middle zone pain intensity was significantly lower (p = 0.02) during Localization than No-localization. Experiment 1 (near wrist) found reduced pain intensity during Localization only for the distal zone (p = 0.04). Experiment 3 confirmed this effect: reduced pain during Localization occurred only for the most distal zone (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION Expecting a painful stimulus in non-adjacent skin sites has spatially specific effects on pain modulation, but this reflects an interaction between the expected location of stimulation and the actual location. This suggests a more complex connection between somatotopic maps and nociceptive modulation than previously thought; several distinct mechanisms likely contribute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Stanton
- The Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - H R Gilpin
- The Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Nottingham, UK
| | - E Reid
- The Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - F Mancini
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - C Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - G L Moseley
- The Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Van der Stoep N, Nijboer T, Van der Stigchel S, Spence C. Multisensory interactions in the depth plane in front and rear space: A review. Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:335-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Van Damme S, Van Hulle L, Spence C, Devulder J, Brusselmans G, Crombez G. Hypervigilance for innocuous tactile stimuli in patients with fibromyalgia: An experimental approach. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:706-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - L. Van Hulle
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - C. Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory; Department of Experimental Psychology; Oxford University; UK
| | - J. Devulder
- Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic; Ghent University Hospital; Belgium
| | - G. Brusselmans
- Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic; Ghent University Hospital; Belgium
| | - G. Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology; Ghent University; Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Spence C, Mittal T, Bell C, Harradine N, Spence J. How successfully does the third molar replace the extracted second molar? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.07.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
Poulsen H, Jensen B, Finster K, Spence C, Whitehead T, Cotta M, Canibe N. Microbial production of volatile sulphur compounds in the large intestine of pigs fed two different diets. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:143-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
20
|
Coelho T, Spence C, Almond S, Stone Y, Harrison M, Kanumakala S. Challenges in the management of a young child with Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a family of profoundly deaf parents. Diabet Med 2010; 27:1327-8. [PMID: 20950391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Kerr BJ, Weber TE, Ziemer CJ, Spence C, Cotta MA, Whitehead TR. Effect of dietary inorganic sulfur level on growth performance, fecal composition, and measures of inflammation and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the intestine of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:426-37. [PMID: 20952529 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments investigated the impact of dietary inorganic S on growth performance, intestinal inflammation, fecal composition, and the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In Exp. 1, individually housed pigs (n = 42; 13.8 kg) were fed diets containing 2,300 or 2,100 mg/kg of S for 24 d. Decreasing dietary S had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or G:F. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 64; 13.3 kg) were fed diets containing 0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0% CaSO(4), thereby increasing dietary S from 2,900 to 12,100 mg/kg. Two additional diets were fed to confirm the lack of an impact due to feeding low dietary S on pig performance and to determine if the increased Ca and P content in the diets containing CaSO(4) had an impact on growth performance. Pigs were fed for 35 d. Ileal tissue, ileal mucosa, and colon tissue were harvested from pigs fed the 0 and 5% CaSO(4) diets (low-S and high-S, respectively) to determine the impact of dietary S on inflammation-related mRNA, activity of mucosal alkaline phosphatase and sucrase, and pathways of inflammatory activation. Real-time PCR was used to quantify SRB in ileal and colon digesta samples and feces. Fecal pH, sulfide, and ammonia concentrations were also determined. There was no impact on growth performance in pigs fed the diet reduced in dietary S or by the increase of dietary Ca and P. Increasing dietary S from 2,900 to 12,100 mg/kg had a linear (P < 0.01) effect on ADG and a cubic effect (P < 0.05) on ADFI and G:F. Real-time reverse-transcription PCR analysis revealed that pigs fed high-S increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of intracellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 mRNA, and tended (P = 0.09) to increase the relative abundance of IL-6 mRNA in ileal tissue. Likewise, pigs fed high-S had reduced (P < 0.05) abundance of nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-α and increased (P < 0.05) phospho-p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ileal tissue, but there was no effect of dietary S on mucosal alkaline phosphatase or sucrase activity. Pigs fed the high-S diet had decreased (P < 0.05) total bacteria in ileal digesta, but increased (P < 0.05) prevalence of SRB in colon contents. Fecal sulfide was increased (P < 0.05) and fecal pH was deceased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed high-S. The data indicate that growing pigs can tolerate relatively high amounts of dietary inorganic S, but high dietary S content alters inflammatory mediators and intestinal bacteria.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hsiao JY, Chen YC, Spence C, Yeh SL. Semantic congruency, attention, and fixation position modulate conscious perception when viewing a bistable figure. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Chen YC, Yeh SL, Spence C. Crossmodal constraints on human visual awareness: Auditory semantic context modulates binocular rivalry. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
24
|
Spence C, Whitehead TR, Cotta MA. Development and comparison of SYBR Green quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and enumeration of sulfate-reducing bacteria in stored swine manure. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 105:2143-52. [PMID: 19120660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To develop and evaluate primer sets targeted to the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (dsrA) for use in quantitative real-time PCR detection of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in stored swine manure. METHODS AND RESULTS Degenerate primer sets were developed to detect SRB in stored swine manure. These were compared with a previously reported primer set, DSR1F+ and DSR-R, for their coverage and ability to detect SRB communities in stored swine manure. Sequenced clones were most similar to Desulfovibrio sp. and Desulfobulbus sp., and these SRB populations differed within different manure ecosystems. Sulfur content of swine diets was shown to affect the population of Desulfobulbus-like Group 1 SRB in manure. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed assays were able to enumerate and discern different groups of SRB, and suggest a richly diverse and as yet undescribed population of SRB in swine manure. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PCR assays described here provide improved and efficient molecular tools for quantitative detection of SRB populations. This is the first study to show population shifts of SRB in swine manure, which are a result of either the effects of swine diets or the maturity of the manure ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The last few years have seen many exciting developments in the area of tactile and multisensory interface design. One of the most rapidly-moving practical application areas for these findings is in the development of warning signals and information displays for drivers. For instance, tactile displays can be used to awaken sleepy drivers, to capture the attention of distracted drivers, and even to present more complex information to drivers who may be visually-overloaded. This review highlights the most important potential costs and benefits associated with the use of tactile and multisensory information displays in a vehicular setting. Multisensory displays that are based on the latest cognitive neuroscience research findings can capture driver attention significantly more effective than their unimodal (i.e., tactile) counterparts. Multisensory displays can also be used to transmit information more efficiently, as well as to reduce driver workload. Finally, we highlight the key research questions currently awaiting further research, including questions such as: Are tactile warning signals really intuitive? Are there certain regions of the body (or in the space surrounding the body) where tactile/multisensory warning signals are particularly effective? To what extent is the spatial coincidence and temporal synchrony of the individual sensory signals critical to determining the effectiveness of multisensory displays? And, finally, how does the issue of compliance vs. reliance (or the 'cry wolf' phenomenon associated with the presentation of signals that are perceived as false alarms) influence the effectiveness of tactile and/or multisensory warning signals?
Collapse
|
26
|
Vatakis A, Ghazanfar AA, Spence C. Facilitation of multisensory integration by the "unity effect" reveals that speech is special. J Vis 2008; 8:14.1-11. [DOI: 10.1167/8.9.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
27
|
Abstract
We used complete Centers for Disease Control death certificate records and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 100% Standard Analytic File for hospice claims for 2002 to examine differences in hospice utilization between African-American and white decedents living in the United States. White decedents were more likely to use hospice in the year before their death than African-American decedents (29% vs 22%). Cause-specific hospice utilization rates among women were consistently higher than among men within a given race. African-American decedents were consistently less likely to use hospice than white decedents for almost all conditions. Hospice utilization was lower among African-American than among white decedents in 31 of 40 states. The higher the overall hospice utilization in a state, the less the positive difference between white and African-American usage rates; that is, the more accepted hospice is, as measured by 'market share', the lower the racial disparity in its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Connor
- National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vibell J, Klinge C, Zampini M, Spence C, Nobre AC. Temporal Order is Coded Temporally in the Brain: Early Event-related Potential Latency Shifts Underlying Prior Entry in a Cross-modal Temporal Order Judgment Task. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19:109-20. [PMID: 17214568 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The speeding-up of neural processing associated with attended events (i.e., the prior-entry effect) has long been proposed as a viable mechanism by which attention can prioritize our perception and action. In the brain, this has been thought to be regulated through a sensory gating mechanism, increasing the amplitudes of early evoked potentials while leaving their latencies unaffected. However, the majority of previous research has emphasized speeded responding and has failed to emphasize fine temporal discrimination, thereby potentially lacking the sensitivity to reveal putative modulations in the timing of neural processing. In the present study, we used a cross-modal temporal order judgment task while shifting attention between the visual and tactile modalities to investigate the mechanisms underlying selective attention electrophysiologically. Our results indicate that attention can indeed speed up neural processes during visual perception, thereby providing the first electrophysiological support for the existence of prior entry.
Collapse
|
30
|
Poliakoff E, Ashworth S, Lowe C, Spence C. Vision and touch in ageing: Crossmodal selective attention and visuotactile spatial interactions. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:507-17. [PMID: 16098997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether ageing affects crossmodal selective attention (the ability to focus on a relevant sensory modality and ignore an irrelevant modality) and the spatial constraints on such selective processing. Three groups of 24 participants were tested: Young (19-25 years), Young-Old (65-72 years) and Old-Old (76-92 years). The participants had to judge the elevation of vibrotactile targets (upper/index finger and lower/thumb), presented randomly to either hand while ignoring concurrent visual distractors. In a second task, the role of the target and distractor modalities was reversed. Crossmodal selective attention was assessed by comparing performance in the presence versus absence of distractors. Spatial constraints on selective attention were also investigated by comparing the effect of distractors presented on the same versus opposite side as the target. When attending to touch, the addition of visual distractors had a significantly larger effect on error rates in both of the older groups as compared to the Young group. This indicates that ageing has a detrimental effect on crossmodal selective attention. In all three age groups, performance was impaired when the target and distractor were presented at incongruent as compared to congruent elevations in both tasks. This congruency effect was modulated by the relative spatial location of the target and distractor in certain conditions for the Young and the Young-Old group. That is, participants in the two younger age groups found it harder to attend selectively to targets in one modality, when distractor stimuli came from the same side rather than from the opposite side. However, no significant spatial modulation was found in the Old-Old group. This suggests that ageing may also compromise spatial aspects of crossmodal selective attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Poliakoff
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Poliakoff E, Shore DI, Lowe C, Spence C. Visuotactile temporal order judgments in ageing. Neurosci Lett 2005; 396:207-11. [PMID: 16356634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report an experiment on the effects of ageing on crossmodal temporal perception. Young (mean age = 21.7 years) and old (mean age = 75.1 years) participants were presented with pairs of visual and vibrotactile stimuli to either hand and required to make unspeeded temporal order judgments (TOJs) regarding which sensory modality appeared to have been presented first. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the two stimuli was varied using the method of constant stimuli. Temporal precision, as indexed by the just noticeable difference (JND), was better (i.e., JNDs were lower) when the stimuli were presented from different positions (M = 101 ms) rather than from the same position (M = 120 ms), as has been demonstrated previously. Additionally, older observers required more time (i.e., their JNDs were larger) to accurately perceive the temporal order (M = 131 ms) as compared to younger observers (M = 98 ms). Our results confirm that ageing deleteriously affects crossmodal temporal processing even when the spatial confound inherent in previous research has been ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Poliakoff
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lutz S, Ashworth J, Spence C, Connor S. The use of radiotherapy in hospice patients: A population-based study from the National Hospice Outcomes Project. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.8074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lutz
- Blanchard Valley Regional Cancer Ctr, Findlay, OH; National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Alexandria, VA
| | - J. Ashworth
- Blanchard Valley Regional Cancer Ctr, Findlay, OH; National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Alexandria, VA
| | - C. Spence
- Blanchard Valley Regional Cancer Ctr, Findlay, OH; National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Alexandria, VA
| | - S. Connor
- Blanchard Valley Regional Cancer Ctr, Findlay, OH; National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, Alexandria, VA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Macaluso E, George N, Dolan R, Spence C, Driver J. Spatial and temporal factors during processing of audiovisual speech: a PET study. Neuroimage 2004; 21:725-32. [PMID: 14980575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech perception can use not only auditory signals, but also visual information from seeing the speaker's mouth. The relative timing and relative location of auditory and visual inputs are both known to influence crossmodal integration psychologically, but previous imaging studies of audiovisual speech focused primarily on just temporal aspects. Here we used Positron Emission Tomography (PET) during audiovisual speech processing to study how temporal and spatial factors might jointly affect brain activations. In agreement with previous work, synchronous versus asynchronous audiovisual speech yielded increased activity in multisensory association areas (e.g., superior temporal sulcus [STS]), plus in some unimodal visual areas. Our orthogonal manipulation of relative stimulus position (auditory and visual stimuli presented at same location vs. opposite sides) and stimulus synchrony showed that (i) ventral occipital areas and superior temporal sulcus were unaffected by relative location; (ii) lateral and dorsal occipital areas were selectively activated for synchronous bimodal stimulation at the same external location; (iii) right inferior parietal lobule was activated for synchronous auditory and visual stimuli at different locations, that is, in the condition classically associated with the 'ventriloquism effect' (shift of perceived auditory position toward the visual location). Thus, different brain regions are involved in different aspects of audiovisual integration. While ventral areas appear more affected by audiovisual synchrony (which can influence speech identification), more dorsal areas appear to be associated with spatial multisensory interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Macaluso
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Poliakoff E, Spence C, O'Boyle DJ, McGlone FP, Cody FWJ. Tactile inhibition of return: non-ocular response inhibition and mode of response. Exp Brain Res 2002; 146:54-9. [PMID: 12192578 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-1153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2001] [Accepted: 05/07/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the slowing of responses to stimuli presented at the same location as a preceding cue. However, the cue-target paradigm used in most previous studies may have overestimated the contribution of eye movement programming to IOR, due to the existence of manual response inhibition effects. This confound can be circumvented by using a target-target paradigm in which participants respond to all stimuli. Here, we compared IOR magnitude from tactile cue-target and target-target tasks involving identical interstimulus intervals of 1,400 and 1,800 ms. Reaction times were measured using a foot pedal toe-lift response and a vocal response. Tactile IOR was observed using both modes of response, demonstrating IOR for the first time using a non-spatial, vocal response. Moreover, IOR effects were significantly smaller in target-target compared to cue-target conditions, thereby confirming the existence of the response inhibition confound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Poliakoff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Despite 2 centuries of research, the question of whether attending to a sensory modality speeds the perception of stimuli in that modality has yet to be resolved. The authors highlight weaknesses inherent in this previous research and report the results of 4 experiments in which a novel methodology was used to investigate the effects on temporal order judgments (TOJs) of attending to a particular sensory modality or spatial location. Participants were presented with pairs of visual and tactile stimuli from the left and/or right at varying stimulus onset asynchronies and were required to make unspeeded TOJs regarding which stimulus appeared first. The results provide the strongest evidence to date for the existence of multisensory prior entry and support previous claims for attentional biases toward the visual modality and toward the right side of space. These findings have important implications for studies in many areas of human and animal cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, England.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
AIM This paper discusses a collaborative approach to implementing clinical supervision, which was initiated between a primary care trust and a school of nursing and midwifery. BACKGROUND To enable clinical supervision to proceed successfully and to be perceived as beneficial, this necessitates a collaborative partnership between clinicians, managers and educationalists. KEY ISSUES The different stages of the initiative will be explored and the paper will consider examples of the collaborative processes involved. The evaluation of the project is examined and suggestions for the future continuation of the initiative are discussed. CONCLUSION There is evidence that this has been a successful initiative and that a collaborative way of working can be beneficial when implementing clinical supervision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee, Kirkcaldy, Fife, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
We investigated the covert reflexive (exogenous) orienting of tactile spatial attention. Participants made speeded discrimination responses (up vs down) to a series of tactile targets presented randomly to the index finger or thumb of either hand. These targets were preceded at a variable stimulus onset asynchrony (200, 300, or 400 ms) by a spatially nonpredictive tactile cue (presented to both finger and thumb of one or other hand) on either the same or opposite side as the target. Tactile elevation discrimination responses were more rapid and accurate when the cue and target appeared on the same side than when they appeared on opposite sides. Our results provide the first direct empirical evidence that tactile spatial attention can be reflexively directed toward peripheral tactile cues leading to the facilitation of subsequent responses to stimuli presented at that body site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Despite 2 centuries of research, the question of whether attending to a sensory modality speeds the perception of stimuli in that modality has yet to be resolved. The authors highlight weaknesses inherent in this previous research and report the results of 4 experiments in which a novel methodology was used to investigate the effects on temporal order judgments (TOJs) of attending to a particular sensory modality or spatial location. Participants were presented with pairs of visual and tactile stimuli from the left and/or right at varying stimulus onset asynchronies and were required to make unspeeded TOJs regarding which stimulus appeared first. The results provide the strongest evidence to date for the existence of multisensory prior entry and support previous claims for attentional biases toward the visual modality and toward the right side of space. These findings have important implications for studies in many areas of human and animal cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, England.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
When two identical visual items are presented in rapid succession, people often fail to report the second instance when trying to recall both (e.g., Kanwisher, 1987). We investigated whether this temporal processing deficit is modulated by the spatial separation between the repeated stimuli within both audition and vision. In Experiment 1, lists of one to three digits were rapidly presented from loudspeaker cones arranged in a semicircle around the participant. Recall accuracy was lower when repeated digits were presented from different positions rather than from the same position, as compared to unrepeated control pairs, demonstrating that auditory repetition deafness (RD) is modulated by the spatial displacement between repeated items. A similar spatial modulation of visual repetition blindness (RB) was reported when pairs of masked letters were presented visually from either the same or different positions arranged on a semicircle around fixation (Experiment 2). These results cannot easily be accounted for by the token individuation hypothesis of RB (Kanwisher, 1987; Park & Kanwisher, 1994) and instead support a recognition failure account (Hochhaus & Johnston, 1996; Luo & Caramazza, 1995, 1996).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Soto-Faraco
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Spence C, Kettenmann B, Kobal G, McGlone FP. Shared attentional resources for processing visual and chemosensory information. Q J Exp Psychol A 2001; 54:775-83. [PMID: 11548034 DOI: 10.1080/713755985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
For many years, researchers have argued that we have separate attentional resources for the processing of information impinging on each of our sensory receptor systems. However, a number of recent studies have demonstrated the existence of shared attentional resources for the processing of auditory, visual and tactile stimuli. In the present study, we examined whether there are also common attentional resources for the processing of chemosensory stimuli. Participants made speeded (left vs. right) footpedal discrimination responses to an unpredictable sequence of visual and chemosensory stimuli presented to either nostril. The participants' attention was directed to one or the other modality by means of a symbolic auditory cue (high or low tone) at the start of each trial, which predicted the likely modality for the upcoming target on the majority (80%) of trials. Participants responded more rapidly when the target occurred in the expected modality than when it occurred in the unexpected modality, implying the existence of shared attentional resources for the processing of chemosensory and visual stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Olfaction is unique among the senses in that signals from the peripheral sensory receptors bypass the thalamus on their way to the cortex. The fact that olfactory stimuli are not gated by the thalamus has led some researchers to suggest that people may be unable to selectively direct their attention toward the olfactory modality. We examined this issue in an experiment where participants made speeded intensity (strong vs weak)-discrimination responses to an unpredictable sequence of olfactory and visual stimuli. Attention was directed to either olfaction or to vision by means of an informative cue that predicted the likely modality for the upcoming target on the majority of trials. Participants responded more rapidly when the target was presented in the expected rather than the unexpected modality, showing that people can selectively attend to olfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Spence C, Shore DI, Gazzaniga MS, Soto-Faraco S, Kingstone A. Failure to remap visuotactile space across the midline in the split-brain. Can J Exp Psychol 2001; 55:133-40. [PMID: 11433784 DOI: 10.1037/h0087360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of posture change on the representation of visuotactile space in a split-brain patient using a cross-modal congruency task. Split-brain patient J.W. made speeded elevation discrimination responses (up versus down) to a series of tactile targets presented to the index finger or thumb of his right hand. We report congruency effects elicited by irrelevant visual distractors placed either close to, or far from, the stimulated hand. These cross-modal congruency effects followed the right hand as it moved within the right hemispace, but failed to do so when the hand crossed the midline into left hemispace. These results support recent claims that interhemispheric connections are required to maintain an accurate representation of visuotactile space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kennett S, Eimer M, Spence C, Driver J. Tactile-visual links in exogenous spatial attention under different postures: convergent evidence from psychophysics and ERPs. J Cogn Neurosci 2001; 13:462-78. [PMID: 11388920 DOI: 10.1162/08989290152001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tactile-visual links in spatial attention were examined by presenting spatially nonpredictive tactile cues to the left or right hand, shortly prior to visual targets in the left or right hemifield. To examine the spatial coordinates of any crossmodal links, different postures were examined. The hands were either uncrossed, or crossed so that the left hand lay in the right visual field and vice versa. Visual judgments were better on the side where the stimulated hand lay, though this effect was somewhat smaller with longer intervals between cue and target, and with crossed hands. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) showed a similar pattern. Larger amplitude occipital N1 components were obtained for visual events on the same side as the preceding tactile cue, at ipsilateral electrode sites. Negativities in the Nd2 interval at midline and lateral central sites, and in the Nd1 interval at electrode Pz, were also enhanced for the cued side. As in the psychophysical results, ERP cueing effects during the crossed posture were determined by the side of space in which the stimulated hand lay, not by the anatomical side of the initial hemispheric projection for the tactile cue. These results demonstrate that crossmodal links in spatial attention can influence sensory brain responses as early as the N1, and that these links operate in a spatial frame-of-reference that can remap between the modalities across changes in posture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kennett
- Birkbeck College, University of London
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
It has long been claimed that attended stimuli are perceived prior to unattended stimuli--doctrine of prior entry. Most, if not all, studies on which such claims have been based, however, are open to a nonattentional interpretation involving response bias, leading some researchers to assert that prior entry may not exist. Given this controversy, we introduce a novel methodology to minimize the effect of response bias by manipulating attention and response demands in orthogonal dimensions. Attention was oriented to the left or right (ie., spatially), but instead of reporting on the basis of location, observers reported the order (first or second) of vertical versus horizontal line segments. Although second-order response biases were demonstrated, effects of attention in accordance with the law of prior entry were clearly obtained following both exogenous and endogenous attentional cuing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D I Shore
- Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Collier DN, Spence C, Cox MJ, Phibbs PV. Isolation and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudorevertants containing suppressors of the catabolite repression control-defective crc-10 allele. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 196:87-92. [PMID: 11267761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The amiE gene encodes an aliphatic amidase capable of converting fluoroacetamide to the toxic compound fluoroacetate and is one of many genes whose expression is subject to catabolite repression control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The protein product of the crc gene, Crc, is required for repression of amiE and most other genes subject to catabolite repression control in this bacterium. When grown in a carbon source such as succinate, wild-type P. aeruginosa is insensitive to fluoroacetamide (due to repression of amiE expression). In contrast, mutants harboring the crc-10 null allele cannot grow in the presence of fluoroacetamide (due to lack of repression of amiE). Selection for succinate-dependent, fluoroacetamide-resistant derivatives of the crc-10 mutant yielded three independent pseudorevertants containing suppressors that restored a degree of catabolite repression control. Synthesis of Crc protein was not reestablished in these pseudorevertants. All three suppressors of crc-10 were extragenic, and all three also suppressed a Delta crc::tetA allele. In each of the three pseudorevertants, catabolite repression control of amidase expression was restored. Catabolite repression control of mannitol dehydrogenase production was also restored in two of the three isolates. None of the suppressors restored repression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or pyocyanin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Collier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
We examined the effects of modality expectancy on human performance. Participants judged azimuth (left vs. right location) for an unpredictable sequence of auditory, visual, and tactile targets. In some blocks, equal numbers of targets were presented in each modality. In others, the majority (75%) of the targets were presented in just one expected modality. Reaction times (RTs) for targets in an unexpected modality were slower than when that modality was expected or when no expectancy applied. RT costs associated with shifting attention from the tactile modality were greater than those for shifts from either audition or vision. Any RT benefits for the most likely modality were due to priming from an event in the same modality on the previous trial, not to the expectancy per se. These results show that stimulus-driven and expectancy-driven effects must be distinguished in studies of attending to different sensory modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, England.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Recent neurophysiological research in the monkey has revealed bimodal neuronal cells with both tactile receptive fields on the hand and visual receptive fields that follow the hands as they move, suggesting the existence of a bimodal map of visuotactile space. Using a cross-modal congruency task, we examined the representation of visuotactile space in normal people and in a split-brain patient (J. W.) as the right arm assumed different postures. The results showed that the congruency effects from distracting lights followed the hand around in space in normal people, but failed to do so in the split-brain patient when the hand crossed the midline. This suggests that cross-cortical connections are required to remap visual space to the current hand position when the hand crosses the midline.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The authors report a series of 6 experiments investigating crossmodal links between vision and touch in covert endogenous spatial attention. When participants were informed that visual and tactile targets were more likely on 1 side than the other, speeded discrimination responses (continuous vs. pulsed, Experiments 1 and 2; or up vs. down, Experiment 3) for targets in both modalities were significantly faster on the expected side, even though target modality was entirely unpredictable. When participants expected a target on a particular side in just one modality, corresponding shifts of covert attention also took place in the other modality, as evidenced by faster elevation judgments on that side (Experiment 4). Larger attentional effects were found when directing visual and tactile attention to the same position rather than to different positions (Experiment 5). A final study with crossed hands revealed that these visuotactile links in spatial attention apply to common positions in external space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, England.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
When observing ourselves in a mirror, we see our body and adjacent objects (e.g. a comb or razor) projecting the image of distant objects. Are these recoded by the brain as reflecting stimuli in peripersonal space? To address this, we exploited the neuropsychological phenomenon of crossmodal, visual-tactile extinction, as shown by patient BV following right-hemisphere stroke. In such crossmodal extinction, a right visual event impairs the perception of a simultaneous left tactile event. In BV, the right visual stimulus (an LED flash) induced more extinction of touch on the contralesional left hand when presented near the ipsilesional right hand, than when distant from it. This agrees with previous data in patients and monkeys showing that visual-tactile interactions are strongest within peripersonal space. Crucially, we also found that an ipsilesional flash produced more extinction when observed as the distant mirror-reflection of an LED that lay close to the ipsilesional hand, rather than as a distant LED flash projecting an equivalent visual image directly. This suggests that in BV, seeing his own hand via a mirror activates a representation of peripersonal space around that hand, not of the extrapersonal space suggested by the distant visual image in the mirror. We discuss the possible neural basis of interpreting mirror reflections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maravita
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Recent research on multisensory perception suggests a number of general principles for crossmodal integration and that the standard model in the field--feedforward convergence of information--must be modified to include a role for feedback projections from multimodal to unimodal brain areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Driver
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|