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Knight EL, Morales PJ, Christian CB, Prasad S, Harbaugh WT, Mehta PH, Mayr U. The causal effect of testosterone on men's competitive behavior is moderated by basal cortisol and cues to an opponent's status: Evidence for a context-dependent dual-hormone hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol 2022; 123:693-716. [PMID: 35201818 PMCID: PMC9901191 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone has been theorized to direct status-seeking behaviors, including competitive behavior. However, most human studies to date have adopted correlational designs, and findings across studies are inconsistent. This experiment (n = 115) pharmacologically manipulated men's testosterone levels prior to a mixed-gender math competition and examined basal cortisol (a hormone implicated in stress and social avoidance) and context cues related to an opponent's perceived status (an opponent's gender or a win/loss in a prior competition) as factors that may moderate testosterone's impact on competitive behavior. We test and find support for the hypothesis that testosterone given to low-cortisol men evokes status-seeking behavior, whereas testosterone given to high-cortisol men evokes status-loss avoidance. In the initial rounds of competition, testosterone's influence on competitive decisions depended on basal cortisol and opponent gender. After providing opponent-specific win-lose feedback, testosterone's influence on decisions to reenter competitions depended on basal cortisol and this objective cue to status, not gender. Compared to placebo, men given exogenous testosterone who were low in basal cortisol showed an increased tendency to compete against male and high-status opponents relative to female and low-status opponents (status-seeking). Men given exogenous testosterone who were high in basal cortisol showed the opposite pattern-an increased tendency to compete against female and low-status opponents relative to male and high-status opponents (status-loss avoidance). These results provide support for a context-dependent dual-hormone hypothesis: Testosterone flexibly directs men's competitive behavior contingent on basal cortisol levels and cues that signal an opponent's status. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon,Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder,Corresponding Authors Erik L. Knight, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, ; Ulrich Mayr, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405-1227,
| | | | | | - Smrithi Prasad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon,Division of Social Sciences, Yale-NUS College, Singapore
| | | | - Pranjal H. Mehta
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon,Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - Ulrich Mayr
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon,Corresponding Authors Erik L. Knight, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, ; Ulrich Mayr, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97405-1227,
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Knight EL, McShane BB, Kutlikova HH, Morales PJ, Christian CB, Harbaugh WT, Mayr U, Ortiz TL, Gilbert K, Ma-Kellams C, Riečanský I, Watson NV, Eisenegger C, Lamm C, Mehta PH, Carré JM. Weak and Variable Effects of Exogenous Testosterone on Cognitive Reflection Test Performance in Three Experiments: Commentary on Nave, Nadler, Zava, and Camerer (2017). Psychol Sci 2020; 31:890-897. [PMID: 32586198 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619885607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Hana H Kutlikova
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Mayr
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | | | | | | | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna.,Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Christoph Eisenegger
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna
| | - Pranjal H Mehta
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
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Christian CB, Shariff AF. Asymmetry and empathy: Higher asymmetry is associated with lower levels of mentalizing. Early Hum Dev 2017; 111:6-15. [PMID: 28527753 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
People differ in their mentalizing abilities. Though past research suggests that individual differences in exposure to prenatal testosterone may be able to explain why some people excel at mentalizing, while others struggle, meta-analyses yield a null relationship between 2D:4D ratio (a proxy for prenatal testosterone) and mentalizing. Importantly, however, past research has not examined the asymmetrical differences between the digit ratios on the right and left hands. In the current work, we test whether the difference between the digit ratios of the left and right hands may function as a better predictor of mentalizing than digit ratio alone. In Study 1, we begin by validating an online, self-report measure of 2D:4D ratio, providing test-retest reliability, convergent, and concurrent validity for our measure. In Study 2, we demonstrate that a) 2D:4D is quadratically related to asymmetry, b) asymmetry is negatively associated with mentalizing, and c) the relationship between asymmetry and mentalizing cannot be explained by the relationship between asymmetry and short-term memory. Taken together, our results paint a more nuanced picture of the relationship between digit ratio and mentalizing ability.
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Abstract
People often weight information about the self more heavily than information about other people when making social comparative judgments. One possible explanation for this egocentrism is that information about the self is more accessible than information about others. We examine this egocentrism in samples from the United States and Taiwan. Study 1 finds egocentrism in comparisons of the self with the average other person in both cultures. Study 2 measured reaction times, demonstrating that (a) information about the self is more accessible than information about the average other and (b) as the accessibility of self-information increases, so does the influence of that information. Study 3 replicates Study 2, using comparisons with a specific other person. Egocentrism occurred in both cultures, suggesting that heavier weighting of self-information occurs across the traditional East-West cultural divide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Ching Lee
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Peng X, Olson RO, Christian CB, Lang CM, Kreider JW. Papillomas and carcinomas in transgenic rabbits carrying EJ-ras DNA and cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA. J Virol 1993; 67:1698-701. [PMID: 8382316 PMCID: PMC237546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1698-1701.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two transgenic rabbits (TRI and TRIII) that carried cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) DNA alone were identified; another (TRII) carried both CRPV DNA and EJ-ras. TRI and TRIII developed extensive skin papillomas at about 1 month of age, and transcripts of CRPV DNA were detectable only in skin and/or papillomas. TRII developed extensive squamous carcinomas of the skin at a very early age. Transcription of both CRPV DNA and EJ-ras was found in the skin cancers. Thus, the tissue specificity of CRPV DNA expression in transgenic rabbits was the same as in virion-infected animals. The expression of EJ-ras could be dependent on the expression of certain CRPV genes and may be a critical cofactor of CRPV DNA in the progression of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Peng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033
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Kreider JW, Christensen ND, Christian CB, Pickel MD. Preclinical system for evaluating topical podofilox treatment of papillomas: dose-response and duration of growth prior to treatment. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99:813-8. [PMID: 1469296 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12614781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the utility of Shope rabbit papillomas as an animal model system for studying topical podofilox treatment and to evaluate dose-response relations and influence of duration of papilloma growth prior to treatment. New Zealand White rabbits received inoculations of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) virions of two dilutions at four sites total on the dorsum. Two papillomas on the left side were treated with podofilox (Oclassen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Rafael, CA). The drug was given topically twice each day, 5 d per week, for 21 d. We evaluated the effects of drug dose and the duration of papilloma growth prior to treatment. Results indicated that treatment beginning on day 28 with both 0.5 and 2.5% (w/v) podofilox inhibited papilloma growth, but 5.0% was more effective. In a separate experiment, papillomas were treated at 7, 21, or 60 d after virus inoculation. At 7 d, the untreated lesions were latent (not visible). At 21 d after infection, they were about 2.5 mm in diameter. At 60 d, papillomas were about 25 mm. Treatment with 5.0% podofilox beginning on any of those days strongly inhibited papilloma growth. Neither Southern blots nor PCR detected CRPV DNA in cured sites of previous virus infection. Antibody production to CRPV virion was not affected by drug treatment. 5.0% podofilox irritated normal skin adjacent to papillomas as evidenced by inflammation, induration, and superficial erosion. However, healing was satisfactory and no scarring resulted. We concluded that the Shope papilloma was a good model system for studying podofilox treatment because the lesions responded to drug across a broad range of drug concentrations and papilloma sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kreider
- Department of Pathology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033
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Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting has now undergone 18 years of proven benefit in the treatment of myocardial ischemic disease. The technique of CABG has been further extended to other situations in which myocardial blood supply is threatened, such as cardiac trauma, aneurysms of coronary arteries, and congenital lesions. The emphasis in choosing CABG over medical therapy in 1985 should be preservation of myocardium at jeopardy of infarction as well as relief of angina. Proximal stenoses in vessels subserving viable muscle that is ischemic at rest or with minimal exercise should be treated with reperfusion by angioplasty or CABG to prevent further injury. After infarction occurs and ventricular function is impaired, CABG is also necessary to preserve remaining myocardium at jeopardy. Such an aggressive approach seems warranted with today's excellent surgical results. Long-term results have also improved, as more attention has been paid to saphenous vein graft preparation, use of mammary artery grafts, complete revascularization, use of antiplatelet agents, control of spasm, and identification of hypercoagulable states that may require sodium warfarin (Coumadin). Angioplasty of vein grafts and distal anastomoses also appears promising to help extend the results of initial CABG. Figure 1 is our recommended approach for the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Tsokos GC, Smith PL, Christian CB, Lipnick RN, Balow JE, Djeu JY. Interleukin-2 restores the depressed allogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis and natural killer cell activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1985; 34:379-86. [PMID: 3156017 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(85)90186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a variety of profound T-cell abnormalities among which are decreased cytotoxic capacity measured by allogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), natural killer cell (NK) activity, and decreased lymphokine production. In a group of 13 patients with active SLE, allogeneic CML, tested by a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay, was 18.2 +/- 2.7% while in the group of normal individuals CML was 41.2 +/- 2.7%. If optimal doses of affinity-purified interleukin-2 (IL-2) were present during the mixed lymphocyte culture, the CML of SLE patients was increased to normal levels (40.4 +/- 4.0%). In contrast, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) increased (but not significantly) the levels of CML. Mixed lymphocyte reaction, tested by tritiated thymidine incorporation, was also decreased in the group of patients (14,820 +/- 815 cpm vs 28,972 +/- 5880 cpm in normals) and it was increased to normal levels if IL-2, but not IFN-alpha was added to the cultures. NK activity was decreased in the group of patients tested by 51Cr-release assay, harvested at 6 and 18 hr. IL-2 increased the NK activity up to normal levels, while IFN-alpha was only partially efficacious. These results demonstrate that IL-2, but not IFN-alpha, can potentiate or even fully restore the deficient cytotoxic effector function of peripheral mononuclear cells in patients with SLE.
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Tsokos GC, Christian CB, Balow JE. Induction of monocytic suppression after stimulation of peripheral human mononuclear cells with staphylococcal protein A and Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Immunol 1983; 78:144-51. [PMID: 6342815 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(83)90267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal protein-A (SPA) and Staphylococcus aureus are known to be polyclonal human B-cell activators. It was noted that they induced plaque-forming-cell (PFC) responses lower than those induced by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and the possibility of early triggering of a suppressor cell was investigated in the present series of experiments. Peripheral mononuclear cells (MNC) were passed through Sephadex G-10 columns to eliminate monocytes. The PFC responses to SPA and S. aureus were thereby increased. PWM-driven PFC responses are suppressed by the simultaneous presence of SPA in a dose-related way, if present in the early phases of the cultures. MNC precultured with SPA or S. aureus have the ability to suppress the PFC response of autologous MNC to PWM. Interestingly this suppressor cell activity was radiation resistant and could not be abrogated by treatment with anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody plus complement. The above experiments clearly demonstrate that the observed low PFC responses of MNC after stimulation with SPA and S. aureus are due to the induction of suppressor cells by these stimulants. The suppressor cells are apparently of monocytic origin.
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Mack JW, Christian CB, Barnes RP, Smith JM, Beddingfield GW. Cardiothoracic surgery in the United States Air Force. Tex Med 1983; 79:60-1. [PMID: 6857544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tsokos GC, Christian CB, Balow JE. Concanavalin-induced suppressor cells: characterization on the basis of corticosteroid and radiation sensitivity. Immunology 1982; 47:85-90. [PMID: 6214501 PMCID: PMC1555494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to examine whether the concanavalin A (Con A)- induced suppressor cells of several in vitro T- and B-lymphocyte functions constitute a functionally unique cell population. This study included simultaneous studies of three different assays of suppression of T- and B-lymphocyte functions. We found that Con-A-induced suppressor cells which inhibit the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and the pokeweed mitogen-induced, plaque-forming cell (PEC) response are radiation sensitive at doses greater than 1000 rad, but corticosteroid resistant, while those suppressing allogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) are both radiation and corticosteroid resistant. These studies indicate either that Con-A-induced suppressor cells include heterogeneous populations which are differentially sensitive to corticosteroids and radiation, or that functionally distinct suppressor mechanisms are variably sensitive to these agents.
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Christian CB. Who owns x-rays? J Ga Dent Assoc 1976:27. [PMID: 1070525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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