An integrated approach for the assessment of the electrochemical oxidation of diclofenac: By-product identification, microbiological and eco-genotoxicological evaluation

Diclofenac (DCF), a contaminant of emerging concern, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely detected in water bodies, which demonstrated harmful acute and chronic toxicity toward algae, zooplankton and aquatic invertebrates, therefore its removal from impacted water is necessary. DCF is recalcitrant toward traditional treatment technologies, thus, innovative approaches are required. Among them, electrochemical oxidation (EO) has shown promising results. In this research, an innovative multidisciplinary approach is proposed to assess the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of diclofenac from wastewater by integrating the investigations on the removal efficiency and by-product identification with the disinfection capacity and the assessment of the effect on environmental geno-toxicity of by-products generated through the oxidation. The electrochemical treatment successfully degraded DCF by achieving >98 % removal efficiency, operating with NaCl 0.02 M at 50 A m-2. By-product identification analyses showed the formation of five DCF parental compounds generated by decarboxylic and CN cleavage reactions. The disinfection capacity of the EO technique was evaluated by carrying out microbiological tests on pathogens generally found in aquatic environments, including two rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), one rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus atrophaeus), and one Gram-positive coccus (Enterococcus hirae). Eco-toxicity was evaluated in freshwater organisms (algae, rotifers and crustaceans) belonging to two trophic levels through acute and chronic tests. Genotoxicity tests were carried out by Comet assay, and relative expression levels of catalase, manganese and copper superoxide dismutase genes in crustaceans. Results highlight the effectiveness of EO for the degradation of diclofenac and the inactivation of pathogens; however, the downstream mixture results in being harmful to the aquatic ecosystem.

Histopathological Image Deep Feature Representation for CBIR in Smart PACS

Pathological Anatomy is moving toward computerizing processes mainly due to the extensive digitization of histology slides that resulted in the availability of many Whole Slide Images (WSIs). Their use is essential, especially in cancer diagnosis and research, and raises the pressing need for increasingly influential information archiving and retrieval systems. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACSs) represent an actual possibility to archive and organize this growing amount of data. The design and implementation of a robust and accurate methodology for querying them in the pathology domain using a novel approach are mandatory. In particular, the Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) methodology can be involved in the PACSs using a query-by-example task. In this context, one of many crucial points of CBIR concerns the representation of images as feature vectors, and the accuracy of retrieval mainly depends on feature extraction. Thus, our study explored different representations of WSI patches by features extracted from pre-trained Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs). In order to perform a helpful comparison, we evaluated features extracted from different layers of state-of-the-art CNNs using different dimensionality reduction techniques. Furthermore, we provided a qualitative analysis of obtained results. The evaluation showed encouraging results for our proposed framework.

Insights on non-exhaust emissions: An approach for the chemical characterization of debris generated during braking

Up to 50 % of total PM2.5 emissions are due to particles derived from the automotive sector, and both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions contribute to the pollution of urban areas. Fuel incomplete combustion, or lubricant degradation due to high temperatures during the combustion process, are responsible for exhaust emissions. The non-exhaust ones concern brakes, tires and road surface-wear emissions and road resuspension contribution. The present study aims to provide a methodological approach for a detailed chemical characterization of wear friction products by means of a large array of techniques including spectroscopic tools, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chromatography, morphological and elemental analysis. The dust sample derived from the wear of a brake pad material was collected after a Noise & Vibration Harshness (NVH) test under loads similar to a Worldwide Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) braking cycle. The TGA shows that only a small fraction is burned during the test in an oxidizing environment, testifying that the sample consists mostly of metals (more than 90 %). Fe exhibits the highest concentrations (50-80 %, even in the form of oxides). Also other kinds of metals, such as Zn, Al, Mg, Si, S, Sn, Mn, occur in small quantities (about 1-2% each). This finding is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The organic fraction of the debris, investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy, has an evident aromatic character, probably due to oxidative phenomena occurring during the braking cycle test. Noteworthy, the extraction of the dust sample with organic solvents, revealed for the first time the presence of ultrafine particles (UFPs), even in the range of few nanometers (nanoparticles), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), recognized as highly toxic compounds. The simultaneous presence of toxic organic carbon and metals makes of concern the non-exhaust emissions and mandatory a deep insight on their structure and detailed composition.

A combined approach for improving humanoid robots autonomous cognitive capabilities

Recent technologies advancements promise to change our lives dramatically in the near future. A new different living society is progressively emerging, witnessed from the conception of novel digital ecosystems, where humans are expected to share their own spaces and habits with machines. Humanoid robots are more and more being developed and provided with enriched functionalities; however, they are still lacking in many ways. One important goal in this sense is to enrich their cognitive capabilities, to make them more “intelligent” in order to better support humans in both daily and special activities. The goal of this research is to set a step in bridging the gap between symbolic AI and connectionist approaches in the context of knowledge acquisition and conceptualization. Hence, we present a combined approach based on semantics and machine learning techniques for improving robots cognitive capabilities. This is part of a wider framework that covers several aspects of knowledge management, from representation and conceptualization, to acquisition, sharing and interaction with humans. Our focus in this work is in particular on the development and implementation of techniques for knowledge acquisition. Such techniques are discussed and validated through experiments, carried out on a real robotic platform, showing the effectiveness of our approach. The results obtained confirmed that the combination of the approaches gives superior performance with respect to when they are considered individually.

OS05.6.A Modification of the tumor microenvironment in patients with glioblastoma using autologous, genetically modified, hematopoietic stem cell-based therapy: the TEM-GBM STUDY (NCT03866109)

Background

Bone marrow-derived macrophages account for substantial GBM tumor volume and contribute to the local inflammatory tumor microenvironment, disease progression and treatment response.

Material and Methods

We have developed a genetically modified, autologous hematopoietic stem cell-based platform designed to deliver Interferon-alpha (IFNa), thanks to a transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanism mediated by miRNA target sequences, specifically into the tumor microenvironment via Tie-2 expressing monocytes (Temferon).

Results

As of Feb 2022, 3 escalating doses of Temferon (from 0.5 to 2.0x106/kg) were tested across 15 patients with newly diagnosed, unmethylated MGMT glioblastoma (GBM) assigned to 5 cohorts. The duration of follow-up from surgery is 6 - 28 mo (2 - 25 mo after Temferon). To date, no dose limiting toxicities have been identified. As expected, one month after the administration of the highest tested dose, the hematopoietic system of Temferon-treated patients was composed of up to 30% of CD14+ genetically modified cells, as determined by the presence of vector genomes in the DNA in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. Temferon-derived progeny persisted, albeit at lower levels, up to 18 months (longest time of analysis). Despite the substantial proportion of engineered cells, very low median concentrations of IFNα were detected in the plasma (D+30, 5.9; D+90, 8.8pg/mL) and in the CSF (D+30, 1.5; D+90, 2.4pg/mL), indicating tight regulation of transgene expression. SAEs were mostly attributed to conditioning chemotherapy (e.g. infections) or disease progression (e.g. seizures). 1 SUSAR (persistent GGT elevation) has occurred. Median OS is 15 mo from surgery (range 6.1-28.4 mo; 10.8 mo post Temferon). Of the 15 pts treated so far, 4 pts belonging to low dose cohorts underwent 2nd surgery. Homing of transduced cells from BM to the tumor site was demonstrated by the presence of gene-marked cells in the specimens collected from 3 of the 4 analyzed pts. Single-cell RNA seq performed on CD45+ cells purified from the TME of Temferon-treated pts compared to recurrent tumors belonging to GBM pts treated as per the current standard of care, highlighted a Temferon signature defined by the induction of markers of IFNa responses and macrophage repolarization. Potential long-term benefit with Temferon was identified in a patient from cohort 3, who had disease progression at D+120 with two distant enhancing lesions, and increased tumor necrosis. One year following Temferon, with no 2nd line therapy added, there was approximately 40% reduction in enhancing tumor volume compared to D+180 with a stable clinical and imaging picture thereafter.

Conclusion

The results provide initial evidence of Temferon’s potential to modulate the TME of GBM patients, and anecdotal evidence for long lasting effects of Temferon in prevention of disease progression.

Ultrasound features of highly vascularized uterine myomas (uterine smooth muscle tumors) and correlation with histopathology

OBJECTIVE

To correlate the ultrasound appearance of highly vascularized uterine myomas with their histopathological diagnosis.

METHODS

This was a prospective observational study of patients with a preoperative ultrasound diagnosis of a highly vascularized uterine myoma (color score of 3 or 4, according to the Morphological Uterus Sonographic Assessment (MUSA) criteria), characterized by circumferential and intralesional vascular pattern, who underwent myomectomy or hysterectomy. For each patient, ultrasound characteristics were recorded at baseline, including the number of lesions, the size, echogenicity and border regularity of the lesion, presence of cystic areas and shadowing within the myoma, and visualization of the endometrium. Ultrasound features were correlated with the definitive histological diagnosis. Ultrasound features were then compared between malignant and benign lesions.

RESULTS

We included 70 patients with highly vascularized uterine myomas on power/color Doppler. Their mean age was 46.5 ± 11.4 years and 13 (18.6%) were postmenopausal. At histological examination, 65 (92.9%) uterine myomas were benign lesions, comprising 32 typical leiomyomas, 29 leiomyoma variants and four adenomyomas. The remaining five (7.1%) uterine myomas were malignant masses, comprising two uterine sarcomas, one leiomyosarcoma, one neuroendocrine tumor and one uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP). The mean age of patients with a malignant lesion was significantly higher than the age of those with a benign lesion (64.8 ± 16.0 vs 42.4 ± 5.1; P < 0.001). Four out of five patients with a malignant lesion were over 45 years old. Ultrasound demonstrated cystic areas within the lesion in 10/32 (31.3%) typical leiomyomas, 16/29 (55.2%) leiomyoma variants, all four adenomyomas and in the cases of STUMP and leiomyosarcoma. Lesion borders were regular in 64/65 (98.5%) benign lesions and 2/5 (40%) malignant lesions (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between benign and malignant lesions with respect to echogenicity, presence of shadowing and size. The endometrium was visible in 55/65 women with benign lesions and in 2/5 with malignant lesions (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that ultrasound features of uterine myomas, such as circumferential and intralesional vascularity, cystic areas and lesion borders, are important parameters for differential diagnosis, especially when combined with the patient's age. Such features could be useful to differentiate typical myomas from benign variants and malignant lesions in a preoperative setting and to select patients that may benefit from conservative management rather than surgery. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

3D transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of uterine septa according to different classifications: are there other measurements that correlate to reproductive outcome in small indentation length?

Background: High discrepancy between current classifications was observed in the definition of uterine septa, especially for indentation lengths >5 <10mm. Objectives: To assess the discrepancy between current classifications in the diagnoses of septate uterus and to correlate them with reproductive outcomes; to detect 3D transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) additional measurements, which can better correlate small indentation lengths >5 <10mm to reproductive failures. Material and methods: Observational study enrolling 664 women of reproductive age with 3D ultrasound diagnosis of an indentation length ≥3mm. For each patient a detailed reproductive history was taken before performing 3D transvaginal examination. Patients with previous uterine surgery or metroplasty were excluded. Main Outcome Measure(s): Indentation lengths >5 <10mm showed high discrepancy in the diagnosis of uterine septum between different classifications. For these small indentations additional 3D measurements (indentation angle, septal width and septal length/ fundal myometrial thickness (L/M) ratio) were correlated to infertility and recurrent miscarriage. Results: Among the cohort, 215 patients showed an indentation length >5 <10mm; 136 tried to conceive: 69 (51%) were infertile, 38 (28%) had recurrent miscarriages (≥2) and 5 (4%) had at least one delivery. Recurrent miscarriage significantly correlated to an indentation angle >134°; whereas infertility to an indentation width <32mm and a L/M ratio >75%. Conclusions: Wide discrepancies between different classifications are more evident in indentation lengths >5 <10mm. Additional measurements on 3D coronal section may help to evaluate the risk of infertility or recurrent miscarriage. What is new? Additional 3D TVS measurements, beyond septal lengths, in particular for small fundal indentation, may help in predicting the risk of developing adverse reproductive outcomes.

Citrus Flavonoids and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies

BACKGROUND

Autoimmune diseases are chronic disorders in which the immune system does not recognize and attacks one self's healthy components. In this context, although natural remedies might represent a promising therapeutic strategy, evidence regarding Citrus flavonoids is still controversial.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize and critically discuss the clinical evidence on the effects of Citrus flavonoids for the management of autoimmune diseases.

METHOD

A systematic review of articles has been carried out independently by two Authors using MEDLINE, Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases. Search terms comprised keywords related to Citrus flavonoids and autoimmune diseases. The last search was performed on March 16, 2021. No language restrictions were applied. Systematic review and study selection were conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Before starting the review, Authors defined the types of articles to be included. Three reviewers independently carried out the extraction of papers.

RESULTS

Ten clinical studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the final review.

CONCLUSION

The studies discussed in this review are heterogeneous. Indeed, some studies suggest the use of Citrus flavonoids in the frame of autoimmune disorders, whereas others discourage it. Hence, this systematic review highlights the need of further large-scale clinical studies to define the exact role of Citrus flavonoids in the management of autoimmune diseases (PROSPERO number CRD42021234903).

Predictors of rehospitalization in Psychotic Patients after their first hospitalization

Introduction

It is important to determine those clinical factors that imply a greater risk of rehospitalization in psychotic patients

Objectives

To determine the rate and predictors of rehospitalization in psychotic patients after their first hospitalization

Methods

We include all Psychotic patients admitted for first time in their life in our Psychiatric Unit between 2009 and 2019 (N=359) , including all diagnosed according DSM-IV of Schizophrenia or other Psychotic disorders -Multiple clinical, sociodemographic and biological variables of the basal hospitalization were recorded With the SPSS program we compared the variables between patients who needed any hospitalization in the follow-up until 31th December 2019 and those who do not. We use the Chi square ( qualitative variables) and the Student T ( quantitative variables)

Results

109 psychotic inpatients had at least one rehospitalizations (30,4%). The qualitative variables significantly associated with rehospitalization were : cannabis in urine at admission (P<0.03), and treatment with risperidone (P<0.014). Instead treatment with long acting paliperidone was associated with absence of rehospitalization (P<0.005) .The quantitative variables relationed significantly with multiple rehospitalization were : lower age (P<0,015) lower HDL cholesterol levels (P<0.02) and higher years of follow-up after discharge (P<0.000)

Conclusions

1-More of 30% of psychotic patients need rehospitalization after their first hospitalization in a mean of follow up of 5,8 years 2-Lower age, longer follow-up period and treatment with risperidone are significantly associated with rehospitalization , instead treatment with long acting paliperidone are significantly associated with absence of rehospitalization

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

P366 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE REHABILITATION IN PATIENTS WITH LONG COVID–19

Moving from the first COVID–19 pandemic to the chronic phase of COVID–19, more than 50 long–term detrimental effects have been recognized in the so–called long COVID–19 syndrome. The exact mechanisms underlying the exercise capacity reduction and functional limitations are unknown, however, rehabilitation could play a pivotal role. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a combination of aerobic and resistance training performed in the same session for 8 weeks could be well–tolerated and effective in long COVID–19 patients with reduced exercise capacity [(&lt;85% of predicted peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak)] at 3–month from hospital discharge after COVID–19. The exercise training program included 3 exercise sessions per week. Each session included: a) aerobic exercise (starting at 30 min and increasing to 60 min) with 5 min warm–up and 5–min cool down; b) nine major muscle group resistance exercises (for the lower extremity: leg extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and leg press; for the upper extremity: push–up/pull–down; for the core muscles: abdomen, back). The intensity of aerobic exercise was defined according to VO2peaktest results targeting the 80% level of lactate threshold in Watts. Resistance training load was determined for each muscle groups according to the results of the maximal dynamic strength testing (1RM; one repetition maximum) and was confirmed and updated after 4 weeks by defining new 1RM values. Resistance training prescription loading was defined as 40% of 1RM, 2 sets (3 sets for last two weeks) and 12 repetitions for each muscle group. The duration of a single training session was approximately 90 min. Out of 220 patients screened, 50 patients (aged 55.8±9.7 years, 15 women, body mass index 26.6±5.2 kg/m2) were enrolled. Mean exercise training sessions was 66.1±34.0; none of the patients dropped out from the study. VO2peak increased 15% and peak ventilation 9% (p &lt; 0.001 for both). After the training program, mean percentage of VO2peak significantly increased (+14.2%, p &lt; 0.001). Muscle strength increased markedly for all major muscle groups ranging from 16% to 33% increase (p &lt; 0.010). An exercise rehabilitation with combined aerobic and resistance exercises for 8 weeks increases markedly both cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness in long COVID–19 patients. These results may highlight the importance of regular exercise rehabilitation aiming to promote daily activities, independent living, and better quality of life.

P44 PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY AFTER ACUTE TYPE A AORTIC DISSECTION REPAIR IN PATIENTS OF 70 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER

Objectives

The impact of age on outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection remains controversial. We sought to investigate 30–day and follow–up outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection repair in elderly patients. Survival anlysis was performed and independent risk factors for mortality were searched.

Methods

During a 21–year period (2000–2021), 102 patients of 70 years of age or older were emergently treated for acute type A aortic dissection at our institution. (mean age 75.1 ± 3.8 years, 53.9% male) Preoperative characteristics are displayed in Table I.

Results

Overall 30–day mortality (including operative mortality) was 21.6%. Mortality increased among patients presenting with atrial fibrillation (adjusted odds ratio 10.33, P = 0.02) and visceral malperfution (adjusted odds ratio 70.88, P = 0.005). Survival at 1, 5 and 10 years was 70.2 ± 4.6%, 50.9 ± 5.6% and 24.1 ± 5.6%, respectively (Figure 1). The need to perform concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was the only independent risk factor for mortality during follow–up. (adjusted odds ratio 2.21, P = 0.04)

Conclusions

Thirty –day and follow–up mortality were extremely satisfactory in elderly patients undergoing acute type A dissection repair. We could detect significant disease and surgery–related risk factors for death. Patients presenting with atrial fibrillation or visceral malperfusion had the poorest 30–day outcome. The need to perform concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, significantly increased the mortality during follow–up.

Densità di popolazione e SARS-CoV-2: uno studio epidemiologico di urban health

Despite SARS-CoV-2 transmission being a complex phenomenon, greater population density seems to be a risk factor. The aim of this study was to analyze through an epidemiologic urban health approach the relationship between population density and SARS-CoV-2 incidence using data which are comparable with regard to testing strategies. All 10,300 SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases between October and December 2020 were included. We conducted separate analysis by gender standardizing and stratifying by age and month. In the Province Capital (p.d.=765 inhabitants/km2), standardized SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate was higher than the expected, both in men (SIR=1.17, 95%CI=1.12;1.22, p&lt;0.0001) and women (SIR=1.20, 95%CI=1.15;1.25, p&lt;0.0001). In municipalities with p.d. &gt;200 inhabitants/km2, standardized SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate was similar to the expected (p&gt;0.05). In municipalities with p.d. &lt;200 inhabitants/km2, standardized SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate was lower than the expected, both in men (SIR=0.85, 95%CI=0.81;0.90, p&lt;0.0001) and women (SIR=0.84, 95%CI=0.80;0.88, p&lt;0.0001). Stratified analysis by months with likelihood ratio test showed heterogeneity of the p.d. effect in men and women (p&lt;0.05). SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate seemed to be higher in most densely populated areas, both in men and women. Our results confirmed the great importance of restrictive measures as well as the importance of limiting the epidemic wave in the initial stages and could help guide pandemic management strategies according to urban context and population density.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 patients at 3 months follow-up

Background

Long-term effects of Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and their sustainability are of the utmost relevance. For the chronic phase, the main concerns are the development of pulmonary interstitial disease and/or lingering cardiovascular involvement. How to intercept, assess, and treat these patients with long-term consequences of COVID-19 remains uncertain.

Purpose

We aimed to determine: 1) functional capacity of COVID-19 survivors by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET); 2) those characteristics associated with CPET performance; 3) safety and tolerability of CPET.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 discharged alive at a single hospital in northern Italy. At 3-month from hospital discharge, complete clinical evaluation, trans-thoracic echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), pulmonary function test (PFT), and dominant leg extension (DLE) maximal strength evaluation were performed.

Results

From 225 patients discharged from March to November 2020 we excluded 12 incomplete/missing cases, and 13 unable to perform CPET leading to a final population of 200 patients. At PFT all median parameters were within normality range.

Median percent-predicted peak oxygen uptake (%pVO2) was 88% (78.3–103.1). Ninety-nine (49.5%) patients had %pVO2 below, whereas 101 (50.5%) above the 85% predicted value (indicating normality).

Sixteen (16.2%) patients had respiratory, 28 (28.9%) cardiac, 21 (21.2%) mixed-cardiopulmonary, and 34 (34.3%) non-cardiopulmonary limitation of exercise. One-hundred sixty (80.0%) patients complain at least one symptom, without relationship with peakVO2.

Multivariate linear regression analysis showed percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in one-second (β=5.29, p=0.023), percent-predicted diffusing capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (β=6.31, p=0.001), and DLE maximal strength (β=14.09, p=0.008) independently associated with peakVO2.

At sensitivity analysis, the results of previous multivariate linear regression analysis were also similar among sub-groups of patients with no previous significant disease in anamnesis (cardiovascular disease except for arterial hypertension, respiratory disease, kidney disease, or cancer) and of those with a length of hospital stay ≤7 days.

None major event was reported during/after CPET, whereas only two cases (1.0%) had a mild symptomatic hypotension post exercise. None of the involved health professionals developed COVID-19.

Conclusions

CPET after COVID-19 is safe and about 1/3rd of COVID-19 survivors show functional capacity limitation mainly explained by muscular impairment, calling for future research to identify patients at higher risk of long-term effects that may benefit from careful surveillance and targeted rehabilitation.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

A double blind randomized controlled trial investigating efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with type 2 diabetes: study protocol

Reducing exposure to cigarette smoke is an imperative for public health and for diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes who continue to smoke face challenges at quitting and the delivery of effective smoking cessation interventions is a major unmet need. The high-affinity α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist varenicline in combination with counseling is effective for smoking cessation, but evidence in patients with diabetes is limited. A clinical trial of varenicline targeted specifically at smokers with T2DM is warranted. This randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial will be the first study to test efficacy and safety of varenicline in smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over the course of 52 weeks. We hypothesize that varenicline treatment (1 mg BID, administered for 12 weeks) would increase quit rates, maintain smoking abstinence up to 1 year after treatment, and be well-tolerated in T2DM smokers intending to quit. Efficacy end points will include carbon monoxide-confirmed continuous abstinence rate (CAR) and 7-day point prevalence of abstinence. The results of this RCT will help inform medical/health authorities and physicians worldwide whether an optimally varenicline-treated cohort of T2DM patients who smoke will experience significant success rates, without significant side effects.Trial registration NCT01387425 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01387425 ).

Completed suicide in bipolar i patients after their first hospitalisation

Introduction

Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder that has one of the greatest risk of completed suicide (CS)

Objectives

Determine the rate and the risk factors of CS in a cohort of Bipolar I patients followed after their first hospitalization

Methods

We choose all Bipolar I patients (DSM-IV) who were first time hospitalized in our Psychiatric unit between 1996 and 2016. We reviewed the charts of first hospitalization and recorded multiple baseline variables. In the follow-up we updated the database recording all patients who CS. We compared the different baseline variables between Bipolar patients who CS and the rest.

Results

Of a total of 254 bipolar I patients 9 (3,5%) CS in the mean of 13 years of follow up (rate 40 times higher than General Population). The average age at CS was 41.1 years (range between 26 and 71 years old) so there was a 9 years gap on average between the first psychiatric hospitalization and suicide. CS was characterized by a violent act (8 out of 9 cases, 89 %). When we compared BP patients who CS with the rest, only history of suicide in first-degree relatives was detected as a risk factor significantly associated (P<0.01) with CS. Conversely baseline treatment with anticonvulsants (mainly valproate) was detected as a significantly (P<0.004) protective factor of CS.

Conclusions

1-Bipolar I patients after first hospitalization completed suicide 40 times higher than general population almost always by violent method 2-History of CS in first-degree relatives is predictor of completed suicide

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Completed suicide in bipolar ii patients after their first hospitalization

Introduction

Bipolar disorder, especially Bipolar II subtype, is a mental disorder that has one of the greatest risk of completed suicide (CS).

Objectives

Determine the rate and the risk factors of CS in a cohort of Bipolar II patients followed after their first hospitalization

Methods

We choose all Bipolar II patients (DSM-IV) who were hospitalized for first time in our Psychiatric unit between 1996 and 2016. We reviewed the charts of first hospitalization and recorded multiple baseline variables. In the follow-up we updated the database recording all patients who CS. We compared the different baseline variables between Bipolar II patients who CS and the rest

Results

Of a total of 59 bipolar II patients 6 (10 %) CS in the mean of 13 years of follow up (rate 120 times higher than General Population). The average age at CS was 45.3 years (range between 33 and 57 years old) so there was a 2 years gap on average between the first psychiatric hospitalization and suicide. CS was characterized by a violent act (5 out of 6 cases, 83 %). When we compared BP II patients who CS with the rest, only history of previous violent suicide attempt was detected as a risk factor significantly associated (P<0.04) with CS.

Conclusions

Bipolar II patients CS early after their first hospitalization and at very high rate (120 times than GP) almost always by violent method. History of previous violent suicide attempt is predictor of completed suicide

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Lifestyle and Mediterranean diet adherence in a cohort of Southern Italian patients with Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Several studies supported the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) on chronic diseases. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the MeDi might interfere with systemic inflammatory state, gut microbiota, and comorbidities. The Med Diet Score (MDS) estimates the adherence to the MeDi and the cardiovascular (CV) risk. Aims of our study were i) to photograph lifestyle and diet habits of a southern Italy cohort of people with MS (pwMS), and ii) to investigate the impact of the MeDi on MS clinical outcomes.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

We conducted a multi-center, cross-sectional study, enrolling 435 consecutive consenting pwMS, attending the outpatient clinics for routine follow-up visits. Participants underwent a clinical examination and a 29-item self-administered questionnaire on life and dietary habits. Disease phenotype, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), MS Severity Score (MSSS), waist circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), therapies, and comorbidities, were updated. MDS was assessed and correlated with current and retrospective clinical data.

RESULTS

75.8% of respondents were interested in nutrition, 72.8% were non-smokers, 52.9% performed physical activity, and 45.6% used food supplements. MDS was higher in pwMS with normal WC (p = 0.031), and inversely correlated with MSSS (p = 0.013) and EDSS (p = 0.012) at survey time. MDS did not correlate with the total number of relapses (before and after diagnosis) (p = 0.372). Metabolic comorbidities were associated with an increased 10-year CV risk (r = 0.85, p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest a putative beneficial effect of the MeDi on WC, MS course and disability. Given the role of chronic systemic inflammation in maintenance of autoimmunity and secondary neurodegeneration, both involved in long-term disability, we may suppose a beneficial effect of the MeDi on MS long-term disability outcomes, probably mediated by a modulation of the gut microbiota and the low-grade chronic systemic inflammation.

Early genotoxic effects from exposure to environmental pollutants young people from South Italy

Children and young people are particularly sensitive to the environmental pollution which is closely related to degenerative diseases. Several studies show that a genotoxic damage during young age can increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. The young people are more vulnerable than adults to the environmental pollutants because they spend more time outdoors, they have immaturity of some organs and of the mechanisms involved in the cellular repair. In the present study, the early biological effects of exposure to a particularly polluted area of Southern Italy were evaluated in 200 children (6-10 year-old) and 100 young people (18-25 year-old). This area, worldwide known as Sarno basin, is characterized by strong anthropization, many agro-food processing industries, massive use of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural practices and a strong river pollution. The comet assay was chosen because it reflects cumulative exposure to a variety of environmental factors and it was performed on salivary leukocytes in the children selected for the survey, while in the young people the DNA damage was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. As in previous studies were not find significant differences between salivary leukocytes and blood lymphocytes we preferred the sampling of saliva for the children to avoid bloody practices. Furthermore, before cell sampling the children's parents were interviewed using an ad hoc questionnaire designed to gather additional information about exposure sources. A questionnaire was administered also to the young people to have more information on their lifestyle and some characteristic of the area of exposure (vehicular traffic and so on). The results showed a clear damage from exposure in the children differently from young people.

Key messages

Comet assay was performed in vitro on lymphocytes of 200 children (6-10 year-old) and 100 young people (18-25 year-old) exposed to a particularly polluted area of Southern Italy. An evident DNA damage was observed in lymphocytes coming from children; no genetic material alterations were observed in young people.

Bi-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation for upper-limb hemiparesis in acute stroke: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Neuromodulation is a promising approach to increasing motor recovery in stroke; however, to date, there is a scarcity of evidence documenting the clinical potential of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) administered in the acute phase of stroke. The present study aims to examine the clinical effects of a treatment involving the application of tDCS in the acute stage post-stroke.

METHODS

This was a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. A cohort of 32 stroke patients with severe motor impairment underwent 5 days of treatment with real or sham bi-hemispheric tDCS over the motor cortex. During the treatment, tDCS was applied twice per day (two daily applications each of 15 min), starting 48 to 72 h after stroke onset.

RESULTS

We found statistically significant improvements after both real and sham tDCS treatments in primary (hand grip strength, Motricity Index) and secondary (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, Barthel Index) outcomes. Patients receiving real tDCS showed a larger improvement of upper-limb muscle strength at the end of treatment phase; this advantage was no longer present after 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Transcranial direct current stimulation may be used to accelerate the rate of upper-limb motor recovery during the spontaneous recovery period.

Prevalence and clinical impact of VIral Respiratory tract infections in patients hospitalized for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: the VIRCAP study

Prevalence and clinical impact of viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has not been well defined so far. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and the clinical impact of VRTIs in patients with CAP. Prospective study involving adult patients consecutively admitted at medical wards for CAP and tested for VRTIs by real-time PCR on pharyngeal swab. Patients' features were evaluated with regard to the presence of VRTI and aetiology of CAP. Clinical failure was a composite endpoint defined by worsening of signs and symptoms requiring escalation of antibiotic treatment or ICU admission or death within 30 days. 91 patients were enrolled, mean age 65.7 ± 10.6 years, 50.5% female. 62 patients (68.2%) had no viral co-infection while in 29 patients (31.8%) a VRTI was detected; influenza virus was the most frequently identified (41.9%). The two groups were similar in terms of baseline features. In presence of a VRTI, pneumonia severity index (PSI) was more frequently higher than 91 and patients had received less frequently pre-admission antibiotic therapy (adjusted OR 2.689, 95% CI 1.017-7.111, p = 0.046; adjusted OR 0.143, 95% CI 0.030-0.670, p = 0.014). Clinical failure and antibiotic therapy duration were similar with regards to the presence of VRTI and the aetiology of CAP. VRTIs can be detected in almost a third of adults with CAP; influenza virus is the most relevant one. VRTI was associated with higher PSI at admission, but it does not affect patients' outcome.

A Semantic Matching Strategy for Very Large Knowledge Bases Integration

Over the last few decades, data has assumed a central role, becoming one of the most valuable items in society. The exponential increase of several dimensions of data, e.g. volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value, has led the definition of novel methodologies and techniques to represent, manage, and analyse data. In this context, many efforts have been devoted in data reuse and integration processes based on the semantic web approach. According to this vision, people are encouraged to share their data using standard common formats to allow more accurate interconnection and integration processes. In this article, the authors propose an ontology matching framework using novel combinations of semantic matching techniques to find accurate mappings between formal ontologies schemas. Moreover, an upper-level ontology is used as a semantic bridge. An implementation of the proposed framework is able to retrieve, match, and align ontologies. The framework has been evaluated with the state-of-the-art ontologies in the domain of cultural heritage and its performances have been measured by means of standard measures.

P05.02 A phase I/IIa dose escalation study evaluating the safety and efficacy of autologous CD34+ enriched hematopoietic progenitor cells genetically modified for human interferon-α2 in patients with GBM and an unmethylated MGMT promoter (TEM-GBM-001)

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Most patients with GBM & an unmethylated O-6-methylguanine-DNA methylase (MGMT) gene promoter, have a poor prognosis with approximately 20% of patients surviving to 2 years. Poor prognosis is likely related to a number of factors including a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME in GBM is mainly composed of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) & microglia. A subset of tumor-infiltrating macrophages characterized by expression of the angiopoietin receptor Tie2 (TEMs) have features of M2-TAMs, promote tumor angiogenesis & are infrequently found in normal organs. Tie2 is significantly upregulated upon homing to tumors. Gene therapy technology has allowed TEMs to be used as carriers for the local and tumor restricted release of interferon-α (IFN). IFN has antitumor effects, inhibits angiogenesis & modulates the immune system. Cell-based delivery of IFN into the TME by TEMs is expected to provide efficacy, taking advantage of pleiotrophic anti-tumor effects & avoiding tolerability issues associated with systemic IFN treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We are currently conducting a Phase I/IIa clinical study in Milan to evaluate this therapeutic approach (Temferon) in 21 patients with GBM & unmethylated MGMT promoter (EudraCT Number 2018- 001404-11). The study recruits & follows up patients at a specialist neurosurgical & neuro-oncology unit (INCB); administration of Temferon & hematological follow up takes place at a specialist hematology & bone marrow transplantation unit at OSR. Potentially eligible patients are identified immediately after first surgical resection of GBM once the MGMT promoter methylator status is known. Once screening procedures have been completed, harvesting of HSPCs occurs followed by 6 weeks of radiotherapy. Patients receive a non-myeloablative conditioning regimen consisting of BCNU & thiotepa. This is followed by administration of non-manipulated HSPCs and Temferon. In-patient monitoring occurs until hematological recovery. Thereafter, regular follow-up of patients occurs up to 2 years (+720 days) and patients will be invited to participate in a long term follow-up study lasting an additional 6 years.

RESULTS

In Part A of the study, 3 cohorts of 3 patients will receive escalating doses of Temferon. On completion of Part A, a single dose of Temferon will be selected to be studied in a further 12 patients in Part B. Criteria for study eligibility are the same for both Part A and Part B. In the event that GBM disease progression occurs, patients will be managed with second line therapies including second surgery, TMZ, BCNU, fotemustine or any other approved therapy for GBM. Patient recruitment for Part A is ongoing with the first dose of Temferon administered in July 2019.

High serum osteopontin levels are associated with prevalent fractures and worse lipid profile in post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes

PURPOSE

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have increased fracture risk. Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein involved in bone remodeling and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of OPN with fracture prevalence and with metabolic parameters in post-menopausal women with T2DM.

METHODS

Sixty-four post-menopausal women with T2DM (age 67.0 ± 7.8 years, diabetes duration 8.9 ± 6.7 years), enrolled in a previous study, were followed up (3.6 ± 0.9 years). Previous fragility fractures were recorded. The FRAX score (without BMD) was calculated and biochemical parameters (plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile and renal function) were assessed. Serum 25OH-vitamin D, calcium, PTH and OPN were evaluated at baseline. The association between OPN and fracture prevalence at baseline was evaluated by a logistic model.

RESULTS

OPN levels were higher in patients with previous fractures (n.25) than in patients without previous fractures at baseline (n.39) (p = 0.006). The odds of having fractures at baseline increased by 6.7 (1.9-31.4, 95% CI, p = 0.007) for each increase of 1 ng/ml in OPN levels, after adjustment for vitamin D and HbA1c levels. Fracture incidence was 4.7%. Higher OPN associated with a decrease in HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.048), after adjustment for age, basal HDL-cholesterol, basal and follow-up HbA1c and follow-up duration. 25OH-vitamin D associated with an increase in FRAX-estimated probability of hip fracture at follow-up (p = 0.029), after adjustment for age, 25OH-vitamin D and time.

CONCLUSIONS

In post-menopausal women with T2DM, OPN might be a useful marker of fracture and worse lipid profile.

Nasal cytology as a screening tool in formaldehyde-exposed workers

Background

Workers in pathology and anatomy laboratories may be exposed to formaldehyde. An evaluation of the early effects of this substance is, therefore, paramount. This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate if nasal cytology could be used as a tool to detect changes in nasal mucosa in workers exposed to formaldehyde.

Aims

To assess whether nasal cytology was able to reveal any alteration of nasal mucosa in workers exposed to formaldehyde compared to unexposed subjects, and to ascertain whether a specific pattern of alterations correlated with years of exposure in order to evaluate long-term occupational exposure effects.

Methods

The study included a group of workers exposed to formaldehyde and a group of non-exposed workers. All subjects underwent clinical examination, followed by nasal cytology. Pathological indices from each rhinocytograms were compared between the two groups.

Results

Nasal cytology revealed a chronic inflammatory non-allergic condition in the exposed group. Qualitative analysis of data distribution of neutrophils and mucous-secreting/ciliated cells ratio showed data clustering with a cut-off set at 15 years of exposure. The mean formaldehyde concentrations ranged from <0.04 to 0.15 parts per million (ppm). The maximum levels of formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 0.67 ppm.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that nasal cytology may be a promising tool for the health surveillance of workers exposed to formaldehyde and may also represent a useful research tool for the study of the health effects of other chemicals irritants for the upper airways.

Smoking and diabetes: dangerous liaisons and confusing relationships

The combined harmful effects of cigarette smoking and hyperglycemia can accelerate vascular damage in patients with diabetes who smoke, as is well known. Can smoking cause diabetes? What are the effects of smoking on macro and microvascular complications? Now growing evidence indicates that regular smokers are at risk of developing incident diabetes. Since the prevalence rates of smoking in patients with diabetes are relatively similar to those of the general population, it is essential to address the main modifiable risk factor of smoking to prevent the onset of diabetes and delay the development of its complications. Quitting smoking shows clear benefits in terms of reducing or slowing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Does quitting smoking decrease the incidence of diabetes and its progression? What are the effects of quitting smoking on complications? The current evidence does not seem to unequivocally suggest a positive role for quitting in patients with diabetes. Quitting smoking has also been shown to have a negative impact on body weight, glycemic control and subsequent increased risk of new-onset diabetes. Moreover, its role on microvascular complications of the disease is unclear. What are the current smoking cessation treatments, and which ones are better for patients with diabetes? Stopping smoking may be of value for diabetes prevention and management of the disease and its macrovascular and microvascular complications. Unfortunately, achieving long-lasting abstinence is not easy and novel approaches for managing these patients are needed. This narrative review examines the evidence on the impact of smoking and smoking cessation in patients with diabetes and particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. In addition, management options and potential future directions will be discussed.

Determinants of Deep Gray Matter Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Multimodal MRI Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Deep gray matter involvement is a consistent feature in multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different deep gray matter alterations and the development of subcortical atrophy, as well as to investigate the possible different substrates of volume loss between phenotypes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-seven patients with MS (52 with relapsing-remitting and 25 with progressive MS) and 41 healthy controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. MR imaging investigation included volumetric, DTI, PWI and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping analyses. Deep gray matter structures were automatically segmented to obtain volumes and mean values for each MR imaging metric in the thalamus, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Between-group differences were probed by ANCOVA analyses, while the contribution of different MR imaging metrics to deep gray matter atrophy was investigated via hierarchic multiple linear regression models.

RESULTS

Patients with MS showed a multifaceted involvement of the thalamus and basal ganglia, with significant atrophy of all deep gray matter structures (P < .001). In the relapsing-remitting MS group, WM lesion burden proved to be the main contributor to volume loss for all deep gray matter structures (P ≤ .006), with a minor role of local microstructural damage, which, in turn, was the main determinant of deep gray matter atrophy in patients with progressive MS (P ≤ .01), coupled with thalamic susceptibility changes (P = .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study confirms the diffuse involvement of deep gray matter in MS, demonstrating a different behavior between MS phenotypes, with subcortical GM atrophy mainly determined by global WM lesion burden in patients with relapsing-remitting MS, while local microstructural damage and susceptibility changes mainly accounted for the development of deep gray matter volume loss in patients with progressive MS.

Cholesteatoma vs granulation tissue: a differential diagnosis by DWI-MRI apparent diffusion coefficient

PURPOSE

To diagnose cholesteatoma when it is not visible through tympanic perforation, imaging techniques are necessary. Recently, the combination of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has proven effective to diagnose middle ear cholesteatoma. In particular, diffusion weighted images have integrated the conventional imaging for the qualitative assessment of cholesteatoma. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to obtain a quantitative analysis of cholesteatoma calculating the apparent diffusion coefficient value. So, we investigated whether it could differentiate cholesteatoma from other inflammatory tissues both in a preoperative and in a postoperative study.

METHODS

This study included 109 patients with clinical suspicion of primary or residual/recurrent cholesteatoma. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion sequences before primary or second-look surgery to calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient value.

RESULTS

We found that the apparent diffusion coefficient values of cholesteatoma were significantly lower than those of non cholesteatoma. In particular, the apparent diffusion coefficient median value of the cholesteatoma group (0.84 × 10^- 3 mm²/s) differed from the inflammatory granulation tissue (2.21 × 10^- 3 mm²/s) group (p < 2.2 × 10^- 16). Furthermore, we modeled the probability of cholesteatoma by means of a logistic regression and we determined an optimal cut-off probability value of ~ 0.86 (specificity = 1.0, sensitivity = 0.97), corresponding to an apparent diffusion coefficient cut-off value of 1.37 × 10^- 3 mm²/s.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study has demonstrated that apparent diffusion coefficient values constitute a valuable quantitative parameter for preoperative differentiation of cholesteatomas from other middle ear inflammatory diseases and for postoperative diagnosis of recurrent/residual cholesteatomas.

Molecular analysis of three known and one novel LPL variants in patients with type I hyperlipoproteinemia

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Type I hyperlipoproteinemia, also known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1 or GPIHBP1 genes. The aim of this study was to identify novel variants in the LPL gene causing lipoprotein lipase deficiency and to understand the molecular mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 3 individuals with severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent pancreatitis were selected from the Lipid Clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital and LPL was sequenced. In vitro experiments were performed in human embryonic kidney 293T/17 (HEK293T/17) cells transiently transfected with wild type or mutant LPL plasmids. Cell lysates and media were used to analyze LPL synthesis and secretion. Media were used to measure LPL activity. Patient 1 was compound heterozygous for three known variants: c.337T > C (W113R), c.644G > A (G215E) and c.1211T > G (M404R); patient 2 was heterozygous for the known variant c.658A > C (S220R) while patient 3 was homozygous for a novel variant in the exon 5 c.679G > T (V227F). All the LPL variants identified were loss-of-function variants and resulted in a substantial reduction in the secretion of LPL protein.

CONCLUSION

We characterized at the molecular level three known and one novel LPL variants causing type I hyperlipoproteinemia showing that all these variants are pathogenic.

Italian medical students quality of life: years 2005-2015

BACKGROUND

Quality of Life (QoL) is a concept used to indicate the general wellness of persons or societies. University students report a low quality of life and a worse perception of their health status, because of a situation of greater discomfort in which they live during the course of the study, especially in faculties with an important emotional burden, such as medical schools. The aim of the study was to evaluate the perceived health status of first year medical students.

METHODS

We conducted a cross sectional study in the time span 2005-2015, administering the questionnaire Short Form 36 (SF-36) to first-year students of the School of Medicine of the University of Siena, Italy. In addition to demographic information such as gender and the age we investigated the region of residence, marital status, employment status, and smoking habits; height and weight were required to calculate the body mass index (BMI) to evaluate a possible physical discomfort connected with the perception of health status. The data from the questionnaires were organized and processed by software Stata® SE, version 12.1.

RESULTS

1,104 questionnaires were collected. Medical students reported lower SF-36 scores, compared to the Italian population of the same age. Female gender and smoking habits influence negatively the score of several scales. Body Mass Index is positively correlated with the Physical Activity, while Age is negatively correlated with Social Activities.

CONCLUSIONS

The perceived quality of life of the Italian medical students is lower when compared to the general population. This confirms that the condition of student implies additional problems, as other studies reports. It would be better to improve it, developing students' resilience. It would be interesting to extend this research to students of other years, from other faculties and other locations, to gain a broader view about the QoL of the Italian students.

Redefining the Pulvinar Sign in Fabry Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The pulvinar sign refers to exclusive T1WI hyperintensity of the lateral pulvinar. Long considered a common sign of Fabry disease, the pulvinar sign has been reported in many pathologic conditions. The exact incidence of the pulvinar sign has never been tested in representative cohorts of patients with Fabry disease. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the pulvinar sign in Fabry disease by analyzing T1WI in a large Fabry disease cohort, determining whether relaxometry changes could be detected in this region independent of the pulvinar sign positivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed brain MR imaging of 133 patients with Fabry disease recruited through specialized care clinics. A subgroup of 26 patients underwent a scan including 2 FLASH sequences for relaxometry that were compared with MRI scans of 34 healthy controls.

RESULTS

The pulvinar sign was detected in 4 of 133 patients with Fabry disease (3.0%). These 4 subjects were all adult men (4 of 53, 7.5% of the entire male population) with renal failure and under enzyme replacement therapy. When we tested for discrepancies between Fabry disease and healthy controls in quantitative susceptibility mapping and relaxometry maps, no significant difference emerged for any of the tested variables.

CONCLUSIONS

The pulvinar sign has a significantly lower incidence in Fabry disease than previously described. This finding, coupled with a lack of significant differences in quantitative MR imaging, allows hypothesizing that selective involvement of the pulvinar is a rare neuroradiologic sign of Fabry disease.

Association between low C-peptide and fragility fractures in postmenopausal women without diabetes

PURPOSE

C-peptide has been shown to exert several, previously unknown, biological effects. A recent cross-sectional study demonstrated an association between low C-peptide serum levels and low lumbar bone density of postmenopausal women not affected by diabetes. To date, very little research attention has been directed toward the association between C-peptide and osteoporotic fractures. To contribute toward filling this gap, we investigated the association between C-peptide and fractures in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

A cohort of 133 non-diabetic postmenopausal women with and without a history of fractures was evaluated in this cross-sectional investigation. Standardized interviews were performed to gather information on the patients' fracture history. All of the participants underwent a bone mineral density assessment by DXA, radiographs, and a serum C-peptide measurement.

RESULTS

Thirty-four women presented fractures. Bivariate analysis revealed an inverse correlation between C-peptide and fractures (r = -0.27, p = 0.002). A significant difference in mean C-peptide levels was also found between women with vs. without fractures (p = 0.01, adjusted for age, BMI and glucose). Logistic regression analysis showed that C-peptide levels, femoral and vertebral BMD were all negatively associated with fracture status (B = -1.097, ES = 0.401, p = 0.006, 95% CI 0.15-0.73; B = -15.6, SE = 4.17, p < 0.001, CI 0.001-0.002; B = -24.8, SE = 5.23, p < 0.001, CI 0001-0.002; respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms an inverse association between serum C-peptide levels and a history of fractures in postmenopausal women without diabetes. These results suggest that C-peptidemay exert an effect on bone mineral density. However, further large-scale studies are needed to corroborate this finding and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms involved.

Universal proposal strategies of anti-HPV vaccination for adolescents: comparative analysis between school-based and clinic immunization programs

INTRODUCTION

A promising approach to increase teenager's adherence to immunization against HPV is the administration of vaccinations within the school facilities. The Local Health Unit of Taranto experienced two different vaccine strategy proposals in the twelve-year-olds: the first one was the usual active call strategy in the outpatient clinic, while the second one provided the involvement of the schools in the area. The aim of the study is to evaluate the results of the proposed vaccination strategies in both sexes and in towns of different sizes in order to identify an effective path for achieving vaccine coverage improvement.

METHODS

To estimate the number of anti-HPV vaccine doses administered in adolescents of the 2003 cohort, we used the computerized vaccination system data of the Apulia Region. Then, once analyzed, the data for anti-HPV vaccine were broken down by gender, vaccine strategy and size of the town of residence. Analyses performed by using STATA SE 14.

RESULTS

The multiple logistic regression points out that, females (OR = 3.2; p < 0.01), living in small towns (OR = 1.3; p < 0.01) and school vaccination strategy (OR = 2; p < 0.01) increase the likelihood of completing the anti-HPV vaccine cycle in adolescents. The comparative assessment of anti-HPV coverage strategies, suggests that school vaccination has resulted in significantly better outcomes than outpatient clinic one, for all the groups considered (overall 72.3% vs 55.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

The involvement of school institutes can define a winning organizational model to get a wider adolescent's adherence to immunization programs, especially in bigger towns. The school vaccination strategy could improve anti-HPV vaccine adherence also in males, who perceives a lower HPV-related diseases risk than females.

Adjuvant treatment with a symbiotic in patients with inflammatory non-allergic rhinitis

Inflammatory non-allergic rhinitis (INAR) is characterized by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate and a non-IgE-mediated pathogenesis. This retrospective, controlled, multicentre study investigated whether a symbiotic, containing Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, Bifidobacterium lactis, and fructo-oligosaccharides (Pollagen®, Allergy Therapeutics, Italy), prescribed as adjunctive therapy to a standard pharmacological treatment, was able to reduce symptom severity, endoscopic features, and nasal cytology in 93 patients (49 males and 44 females, mean age 36.3±7.1 years) with INAR. The patients were treated with nasal corticosteroid, oral antihistamine, and isotonic saline. At randomization, 52 patients were treated also with symbiotic as adjunctive therapy, whereas the remaining 41 patients served as controls. Treatment lasted for 4 weeks. Patients were visited at baseline, after treatment, and after 4-week follow-up. Adjunctive symbiotic treatment significantly reduced the percentages of patients with symptoms and endoscopic signs, and diminished inflammatory cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that a symbiotic was able, as adjuvant treatment, to significantly improve symptoms, endoscopic feature, and cytology in patients with INAR, and its effect may be long lasting.