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Abstract
The global strategy for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis, based on regular anthelminthic treatment, health education and improved sanitation standards, is reviewed. The reasons for the development of a control strategy based on population intervention rather than on individual treatment are explained. The evidence and experience from control programmes that created the basis for (i) the definition of the intervention package, (ii) the identification of the groups at risk, (iii) the standardization of the community diagnosis and (iv) the selection of the appropriate intervention for each category in the community are discussed. How to best deliver the appropriate intervention, the impact of the control measures on morbidity and on indicators such as school attendance, cognitive development and productivity are presented. The factors influencing the cost-benefits of helminth control are also considered. The recent progress on the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is illustrated. Research needs are analysed in relation to the most recent perceptions from private-public partnerships involved in helminth control. The way forward for the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is described as a multi-disease approach that goes beyond deworming and fosters a pro-poor strategy that supports the aims of the Millennium Development Goals.
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Quihui-Cota L, Valencia ME, Crompton DWT, Phillips S, Hagan P, Diaz-Camacho SP, Triana Tejas A. Prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasitic infections in relation to nutritional status in Mexican schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98:653-9. [PMID: 15363645 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infections affect childhood development and morbidity in many developing countries. Undernutrition may increase susceptibility to parasitic infections which in turn impair the nutritional status of the host. The relationship between intestinal parasitic infections and nutritional status in 400 Mexican schoolchildren was investigated. More than half of the children in the study showed intestinal parasites and polyparasitism. The prevalence of helminth infections was significantly higher in Oaxaca than in Sinaloa (P < 0.05). Z scores for weight-for-age (WA) and height-for-age (HA) were much lower in children of Oaxaca than in Sinaloa (P < 0.001). A significantly higher Z score for weight-for-height (WH), WA, and HA were found in non-infected versus infected children (P < 0.05). Higher prevalences of intestinal infections were found in children with lower HA and WA than in normally nourished children (P < 0.05). Higher intensities of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were found in the schoolchildren of Sinaloa than in Oaxaca (P < 0.01). Negative and significant associations were found between Hymenolepis nana and T. trichiura infection (eggs per gram) and nutritional status. Intestinal parasitic infections may be regarded as main risk factors associated with poor nutritional status in Mexican schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Quihui-Cota
- Division of Human Nutrition, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. Carretera a La Victoria, KM 0.6 A.P. 1735, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico.
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Pena-Rosas JP, Nesheim MC, Garcia-Casal MN, Crompton DWT, Sanjur D, Viteri FE, Frongillo EA, Lorenzana P. Intermittent iron supplementation regimens are able to maintain safe maternal hemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy in Venezuela. J Nutr 2004; 134:1099-104. [PMID: 15113952 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.5.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily iron supplementation programs for pregnant women recommend amounts of iron that are considered by some to be excessive, and either lower-dose or less frequent iron supplementation regimens have been proposed. A randomized, placebo-controlled study was performed to assess and compare the relative effectiveness of a weekly (WS) or twice weekly (TW) iron supplementation schedule in maintaining or achieving hemoglobin (Hb) levels at term considered to carry minimal maternal and fetal risk (90-130 g/L). Pregnant women (n = 116) at wk 10-30 of gestation (63 WS and 53 TW) were enrolled in the study (52 in WS and 44 TW completed the study). Women were randomly allocated to receive a 120-mg oral dose of iron as ferrous sulfate and 0.5 mg of folic acid weekly (n = 52) or 60 mg iron and 0.25 mg folic acid and a placebo twice weekly (n = 44). Hb, hematocrit, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation were estimated at baseline and at 36-39 wk of gestation. Baseline dietary data and the presence and intensity of intestinal helminthic infections were assessed. The duration of supplementation was 14 +/- 4 wk and the median level of adherence was 60.5%. Hb concentrations improved in women following the TW regimen and in women following WS who had low baseline Hb levels. About 89% of WS women and 95% of TW women maintained Hb levels at term (between 90 g/L and 130 g/L), a range associated with optimal pregnancy outcomes. One woman in the TW group exhibited higher Hb levels that potentially carried perinatal risk (>130 g/L). Intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation may be a valid strategy when used as a preventive intervention in prenatal care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Pena-Rosas
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Crompton DWT, Engels D, Montresor A, Neira MP, Savioli L. Action starts now to control disease due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Acta Trop 2003; 86:121-4. [PMID: 12745132 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Considerable experience and limited quantitative evidence indicate that infections with the soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura usually start to become established in children aged 12 months and older. Since children living in countries where the infections are endemic are at risk of morbidity, even those as young as 12 months may need to be considered for inclusion in public health programmes designed to reduce morbidity by means of regular anthelminthic chemotherapy. This situation raises the question as to whether such young children should be given anthelminthic drugs. Systems for the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs do not fully develop until children are in their second year of life. Current knowledge, however, reveals that the incidence of side effects linked to benzimidazole drugs in young children is likely to be the same as in older children. Accordingly, we conclude that albendazole and mebendazole may be used to treat children as young as 12 months if local circumstances show that relief from ascariasis and trichuriasis is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Montresor
- Strategy Development and Monitoring for Parasitic Diseases and Vector Control, Communicable Diseases Control, Prevention and Eradication, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Poor people in developing countries endure the burden of disease caused by four common species of soil-transmitted nematode that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Disease accompanying these infections is manifested mainly as nutritional disturbance, with the differing infections having their deleterious effects at different phases during the human life cycle. Reduced food intake, impaired digestion, malabsorption, and poor growth rate are frequently observed in children suffering from ascariasis and trichuriasis. Poor iron status and iron deficiency anemia are the hallmarks of hookworm disease. The course and outcome of pregnancy, growth, and development during childhood and the extent of worker productivity are diminished during hookworm disease. Less is known about the impact of these infections in children under 2 years of age. The severity of disease caused by soil-transmitted nematodes has consistently been found to depend on the number of worms present per person. Cost-effective measures based on highly efficacious anthelminthic drugs are now available to reduce and control disease caused by these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W T Crompton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.
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Nickol BB, Crompton DWT, Searle DW. Reintroduction of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931, as a Genus in Acanthocephala: Significance of the Intermediate Host. J Parasitol 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/3285748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Peng W, Zhou X, Cui X, Crompton DWT, Whitehead RR, Xiong J, Wu H, Yang Y, Wu W, Xu K, Yan Y. Transmission and Natural Regulation of Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides in a Rural Community in China. J Parasitol 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/3284479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Holland CV, O'Shea E, Asaolu SO, Turley O, Crompton DWT. A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anthelminthic Intervention for Community Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Levamisole and Ascaris lumbricoides. J Parasitol 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/3283775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Munro JF, Crompton DWT, Stoddart RC. Andracantha tunitae (Acanthocephala) in the Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) from Shetland, Scotland. J Parasitol 1995. [DOI: 10.2307/3283841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ewald JA, Crompton DWT. Centrorhynchus aluconis (Acanthocephala) and Other Helminth Species in Tawny Owls (Strix aluco) in Great Britain. J Parasitol 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/3283737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Tierney JF, Crompton DWT. Infectivity of Plerocercoids of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Ligulidae) and Fecundity of the Adults in an Experimental Definitive Host, Gallus gallus. J Parasitol 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/3283228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Holland CV, Crompton DWT, Asaolu SO, Crichton WB, Torimiro SEA, Walters DE. A Possible Genetic Factor Influencing Protection from Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides in Nigerian Children. J Parasitol 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/3283330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ewald JA, Crompton DWT, Johnson I, Stoddart RC. The Occurrence of Centrorhynchus (Acanthocephala) in Shrews (Sorex araneus and Sorex minutus) in the United Kingdom. J Parasitol 1991. [DOI: 10.2307/3283141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Stoddart RC, Crompton DWT, Walters DE. Influence of Host Strain and Helminth Isolate on the First Phase of the Relationship between Rats and Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala). J Parasitol 1991. [DOI: 10.2307/3283122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Crompton DWT, Arnold SE, Walters DE, Keymer AE, Marrs RW. Factors influencing the fecundity ofMoniliformis moniliformis(Acanthocephala): constant diet and varied dose. J Zool (1987) 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb04725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crompton DWT, Keymer AE, Walters DW, Arnold SE, Marrs RW. Factors influencing the fecundity ofMoniliformis moniliformis(Acanthocephala): constant dose and varied diet. J Zool (1987) 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb04718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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