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Padane A, Mbow M, Mboup A, Diedhiou C, Gueye K, Lo C, Ndiour S, Leye N, Ndoye A, Selbé Ndiaye A, Diagne N, Ndiaye S, Beye M, Sarr M, Lo G, Wade D, Ahouidi A, Diaw P, Camara M, Touré Kane N, Mboup S. Rapidly rising cases with omicron In Senegal. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 45:100959. [PMID: 35242337 PMCID: PMC8866144 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Omicron variant continues to progress in Senegal with the appearance of new contaminations. IRESSEF detected the first positive case of the Omicron variant on Friday, December 3, 2021. Since this date, the number of Omicron variant infections has increased over the weeks. Molecular surveillance of the Omicron variant is carried out in real time to inform the medical authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Padane
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Corresponding author: A. Padane, Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal. Tel.: +221 775080727; fax: +221 338502017.
| | - M. Mbow
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
- Service d'Immunologie FMPO, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A. Mboup
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - C.K. Diedhiou
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - K. Gueye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - C.I. Lo
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - S. Ndiour
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - N. Leye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - A.S. Ndoye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - A.J. Selbé Ndiaye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - N.D. Diagne
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - S. Ndiaye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - M. Beye
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - M. Sarr
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - G. Lo
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - D. Wade
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - A. Ahouidi
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - P.A. Diaw
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - M. Camara
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - N.C. Touré Kane
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - S. Mboup
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
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Stevens B, Wade D. A response to a Letter to the Editor re: Improving Continuing Professional Development opportunities for radiographers: A single centre evaluation. Radiography (Lond) 2017; 23:269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Wade
- Rivermead Rehabilitation Centre, Oxford
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Wade D, Moon Z, Windgassen S, Weinman J. Nonpharmacological interventions to reduce short-term or long-term psychological stress in ICU patients: a systematic review. Crit Care 2015. [PMCID: PMC4471242 DOI: 10.1186/cc14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Marquez Rodriguez P, Troisgros O, Bejotb Y, Shoaib R, Ellis H, Wade D. A new scale measuring complexity in neurologic rehabilitation patients: Oxford Case Complexity Assessment Measure (OCCAM). Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brands I, Köhler S, Stapert S, Wade D, Heugten C. How flexible is coping after acquired brain injury? A 1-year prospective study investigating coping patterns and influence of self-efficacy, executive functioning and self-awareness. J Rehabil Med 2014; 46:869-75. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Nikolic M, Lok L, Mattishent K, Barth S, Yung B, Cummings N, Shulgina L, Wade D, Shittu M, Vali Y, Chong K, Wilkinson A, Mikolasch T, Brij S, Jenkins S, Kamath A, Pasteur M, Wason J, Marciniak SJ. S82 Multi-centre prospective comparison of the BTS and ACCP guidelines to determine size in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Troisgros O, Bejot Y, Marquez Rodriguez P, Shoaib R, Ellis H, Wade D. Validation d’une échelle évaluant la complexité de la maladie à l’échelon du patient : The Oxford Case Complexity Assessment Measure (OCCAM). Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2013.07.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gage H, Grainger L, Ting S, Williams P, Chorley C, Carey G, Borg N, Bryan K, Castleton B, Trend P, Kaye J, Khan S, Wade D. Care assistant support following specialist rehabilitation for people with Parkinson's and carers in the community: Findings from the SPIRIT RCT. J Neurol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wade D, Hardy R, Howell D, Mythen M. Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol 2013; 79:944-963. [PMID: 23558761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients may suffer extreme psychological reactions in intensive care units (ICU), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after leaving hospital. Previous systematic reviews of studies up to 2007 found that the true prevalence of and consistent risk factors for PTSD after ICU were not established, due to methodological shortcomings of studies. Therefore we aimed to conduct a systematic review of observational studies of post-ICU PTSD from 2008-2012, and to compare them to 1997-2007 studies, with regard to quality, prevalence estimates and risk factors. METHODS We used a pre-specified protocol, and systematic, explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise studies. Studies in general ICU settings with mixed-diagnosis patients (N.>30) were included. Risk of bias was assessed, with lower-risk studies given greater weight. No quantitative synthesis was possible due to heterogeneity, therefore ranges of estimates and frequencies of risk factors were examined. RESULTS The review included 26 papers, 13 from 1997-2007 and 13 from 2008-2012. There were more high quality studies in the latter period. The range of prevalence estimates from high-quality studies was similar; 8% to 27% (1997-2007) and 9% to 27% (2008-2012). Clinical risk factors consistently identified over the two periods were use of benzodiazepines, duration of sedation and mechanical ventilation. Psychological risk factors include stress and fear experienced acutely in ICU, and frightening memories of the admission. CONCLUSION The quality and number of post-ICU PTSD studies has increased over time, and we can be more confident in the accumulated findings. Evidence from both periods suggests that up to 27% of ICU survivors suffer from PTSD. There is also increasing evidence that use of benzodiazepines and duration of sedation, along with fear, stress and delirium in the ICU are likely risk factors for subsequent PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- The Critical Care Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust UCLH, London NW1 2BU, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with poor quality of life and deteriorating health for the caregiver. METHODS This comprehensive review was performed to investigate the current literature on caregiver burden, factors affecting caregiver burden and the effectiveness of different types of intervention. RESULTS Successful psychoeducational interventions for caregivers have included provision of information about AD, care planning, advice about patient management and the importance of self-care, skills training to aid patient management, stress management training, and problem-solving and decision-making guidance. CONCLUSION Interventions that are individually tailored to the caregiver are particularly effective at reducing caregiver burden and should be further investigated. The use of effective pharmacological treatment for the improvement and/or stabilisation of AD symptoms in the patient is also likely to improve caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beinart
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK
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Edwards J, Cocks J, Burnett P, Maud D, Wong L, Yuen HP, Harrigan SM, Herrman-Doig T, Murphy B, Wade D, McGorry PD. Randomized Controlled Trial of Clozapine and CBT for First-Episode Psychosis with Enduring Positive Symptoms: A Pilot Study. Schizophr Res Treatment 2011; 2011:394896. [PMID: 22937265 PMCID: PMC3420683 DOI: 10.1155/2011/394896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the results of a pilot study investigating the relative and combined effects of a 12 week course of clozapine and CBT in first-episode psychosis patients with prominent ongoing positive symptoms following their initial treatment. Patients from our early psychosis service who met the inclusion criteria (n = 48) were randomized to one of four treatment groups: clozapine, clozapine plus CBT, thioridazine, or thioridazine plus CBT. The degree of psychopathology and functionality of all participants was measured at baseline then again at 6, 12 and 24 weeks, and the treatment outcomes for each group determined by statistical analysis. A substantial proportion (52%) of those treated with clozapine achieved symptomatic remission, as compared to 35% of those who were treated with thioridazine. Overall, those who received clozapine responded more rapidly to treatment than those receiving the alternative treatments. Interestingly, during the early treatment phase CBT appeared to reduce the intensity of both positive and negative symptoms and thus the time taken to respond to treatment, as well having as a stabilizing effect over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Edwards
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - J. Cocks
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - P. Burnett
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - D. Maud
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - L. Wong
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - H. P. Yuen
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - S. M. Harrigan
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - T. Herrman-Doig
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - B. Murphy
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - D. Wade
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - P. D. McGorry
- OrygenYouth Health Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Alvarez-Jiménez M, Gleeson JF, Cotton SM, Wade D, Crisp K, Yap MBH, McGorry PD. Differential predictors of critical comments and emotional over-involvement in first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2010; 40:63-72. [PMID: 19079825 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708004765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research has focused on delineating the specific predictors of emotional over-involvement (EOI) and critical comments (CC) in the early course of psychosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential relationships of EOI and CC with relevant predictors in relatives of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. METHOD Baseline patient-related factors including psychotic symptoms, depression and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and carer attributes comprising CC, EOI, burden of care and carers' stress and depression were assessed in a cohort of 63 remitted FEP patients and their relatives. Carers were reassessed at 7 months follow-up. RESULTS Baseline analysis showed that EOI was more strongly correlated with family stress compared with CC, whereas CC yielded a stronger association with DUP than EOI. Carers' CC at follow-up was not significantly predicted by either baseline family stress, burden of care or patient-related variables. Conversely, baseline EOI predicted both family stress and burden of care at 7 months follow-up. Finally, family burden of care at follow-up was a function of baseline EOI and patients' depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary support to the postulate that EOI and CC may be influenced by separate factors early in the course of psychosis and warrant future research and therapeutic interventions as separate constructs. Implications for family interventions in the early phase of psychosis and the prevention of CC and EOI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alvarez-Jiménez
- ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Baker M, Axelrod L, Bryan K, Gage H, Kaye J, Trend P, Wade D. 3.407 Provision of community services for people with Parkinson's disease: A qualitative study of patient and carer perceptions. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-designed prospective studies of substance misuse in first-episode psychosis can improve our understanding of the risks associated with comorbid substance misuse and psychosis. AIMS To examine the potential effects of substance misuse on in-patient admission and remission and relapse of positive symptoms in first-episode psychosis. METHOD The study was a prospective 15-month follow-up investigation of 103 patients with first-episode psychosis recruited from three mental health services. RESULTS Substance misuse was independently associated with increased risk of in-patient admission, relapse of positive symptoms and shorter time to relapse of positive symptoms after controlling for potential confounding factors. Substance misuse was not associated with remission or time to remission of positive symptoms. Heavy substance misuse was associated with increased risk of in-patient admission, relapse and shorter time to relapse. CONCLUSIONS Substance misuse is an independent risk factor for a problematic recovery from first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- ORYGEN Youth Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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Karavitaki N, Wass J, Henderson Slater JD, Wade D. A case of post-traumatic isolated ACTH deficiency with spontaneous recovery 9 months after the event. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:276-7. [PMID: 16421141 PMCID: PMC2077606 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.070482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lambert M, Conus P, Lubman DI, Wade D, Yuen H, Moritz S, Naber D, McGorry PD, Schimmelmann BG. The impact of substance use disorders on clinical outcome in 643 patients with first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112:141-8. [PMID: 15992396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies investigating the impact of comorbid substance use disorders (SUD) in psychosis have tended to focus on cross-sectional data, with few studies examining the effects of substance use course on clinical outcome. The main aim of the present study was to assess the impact of baseline SUD and course of SUD on remission of positive symptoms. METHOD The Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre admitted 786 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients between 1998 and 2000. Data on SUD and clinical outcome were collected from patients' medical records (MR) of 643 patients who met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence of SUD was 74%, with 62% having a SUD at baseline. This reduced to 36% in those patients who completed 18 months of treatment at the EPPIC program. A Cox regression analysis indicated that a decrease or cessation of substance use significantly increased the probability of remission, whilst persistent SUD substantially reduced the likelihood. In addition, patients who reduced use appeared to have better outcomes at 18 months than those patients who had never used substances. Baseline SUD was not found to have any significant influence on symptom remission. CONCLUSION Patients presenting with FEP have high rates of SUD. Effective management of psychosis within a specialized service is associated with reductions in SUD over the course of treatment, although persistent substance use is associated with non-compliance, treatment drop-out and poor remission rates. As such, young people with FEP and comorbid substance use should be offered integrated treatment that addresses both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lambert
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychosis Early Detection and Intervention Centre (PEDIC), University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Wade D. Community rehabilitation in neurology. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.047969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chinchar VG, Bryan L, Silphadaung U, Noga E, Wade D, Rollins-Smith L. Inactivation of viruses infecting ectothermic animals by amphibian and piscine antimicrobial peptides. Virology 2004; 323:268-75. [PMID: 15193922 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of five purified amphibian antimicrobial peptides (dermaseptin-1, temporin A, magainin I, and II, PGLa), crude peptide fractions isolated from the skin of Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana, and four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from hybrid striped bass (piscidin-1N, -1H, -2, and -3) were examined for their ability to reduce the infectivity of channel catfish virus (CCV) and frog virus 3 (FV3). All compounds, with the exception of magainin I, markedly reduced the infectivity of CCV. In contrast to CCV, FV3 was 2- to 4-fold less sensitive to these agents. Similar to an earlier study employing two other amphibian peptides, the agents used here acted rapidly and over a wide, physiologically relevant, temperature range to reduce virus infectivity. These results extend our previous findings and strongly suggest that various amphibian and piscine AMPs may play important roles in protecting fish and amphibians from pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39211, USA.
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Disler P, Turner-Stokes L, Wade D, Sackley C. Rehabilitation interventions for foot drop in neuromuscular disease. Hippokratia 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wade D, Silveira A, Rollins-Smith L, Bergman T, Silberring J, Lankinen H. Hematological and antifungal properties of temporin A and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid. Acta Biochim Pol 2002; 48:1185-9. [PMID: 11995990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Temporin A (TA) and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid peptide (CATA) were synthesized and assayed for their hemolytic, anticoagulant, and antifungal properties. CATA retains significant antifungal activity, is less hemolytic than TA, and inhibits blood coagulation. These results recommend further studies of the biological activities of CATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Peptide Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University, Finland.
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Wade D, Silveira A, Rollins-Smith L, Bergman T, Silberring J, Lankinen H. Hematological and antifungal properties of temporin A and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid. Acta Biochim Pol 2001. [DOI: 10.18388/abp.2001_3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Temporin A (TA) and a cecropin A-temporin A hybrid peptide (CATA) were synthesized and assayed for their hemolytic, anticoagulant, and antifungal properties. CATA retains significant antifungal activity, is less hemolytic than TA, and inhibits blood coagulation. These results recommend further studies of the biological activities of CATA.
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Suder P, Wade D, Łegowska A, Kotlińska J, Rolka K, Silberring J. Dynorphin A inhibits nociceptin-converting enzyme from the rat spinal cord. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:927-31. [PMID: 11573954 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinase found in the spinal cord of rat, called nociceptin-converting enzyme (NCE), is competitively inhibited by dynorphin A and its fragment des-[Tyr(1)]-DYN A. This proteinase converts orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) to two major fragments: OFQ/N(1-11) and further OFQ/N(1-6) with analgesic properties. Dynorphin A at the concentration of 10 microM increases K(M) from 15.0 to 55.9 microM. The calculated K(i) for this interaction was estimated at 3.7 microM. This observation may suggest an interaction between opioid and nociceptive systems which may be affected by the balance between opioid and antiopioid systems. This balance between particular OFQ/N sequences that are derived from the same precursor and regulated by proteinases may play an important role in pain. Interestingly, dynorphin B does not reveal a similar action on the NCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suder
- Faculty of Chemistry and Regional Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena Street 3, PL-30-060 Krakow, Poland
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Eichen JG, Dalmau J, Demopoulos A, Wade D, Posner JB, Rosenfeld MR. The photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor is an autoantigen of paraneoplastic retinopathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2001; 21:168-72. [PMID: 11725181 DOI: 10.1097/00041327-200109000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report a novel antibody associated with paraneoplastic retinopathy and to characterize the retinal autoantigen. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of rat and human tissues was used to identify antiretinal antibodies. Serologic screening of a bovine retinal cDNA expression library was performed to clone the target antigen. RESULTS A 72-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of progressive visual loss, bilateral central scotomas, light flashes, and night blindness. Visual acuity was 20/40 OD and 20/30 OS. There was generalized loss of retinal pigment and narrow arterioles; discs were normal in appearance. The electroretinogram showed no response. Chest computed tomograph scan demonstrated a right lung mass; biopsy revealed poorly differentiated carcinoma. The patients' serum contained antibodies that immunolabeled nuclei of cells of the outer--and to a lesser extent, the inner--nuclear layer of the adult rat retina. No reactivity was identified with nonretinal adult human or rat tissues. Reactivity was seen in the developing rat embryo. Serologic screening of a bovine retinal library resulted in the isolation of three overlapping clones, encoding a protein highly homologous to the human photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor gene product. CONCLUSIONS The target antigen of an antibody associated with paraneoplastic retinopathy is the photoreceptor cellspecific nuclear receptor, a member of a conserved family of nuclear receptors involved in photoreceptor cell development or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Eichen
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Arkansas Cancer Research Center, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Beglin FM, Firestone AR, Vig KW, Beck FM, Kuthy RA, Wade D. A comparison of the reliability and validity of 3 occlusal indexes of orthodontic treatment need. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120:240-6. [PMID: 11552122 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2001.116401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several occlusal indexes are currently used to ascertain eligibility for orthodontic treatment. A comparison of 3 indexes of orthodontic treatment need was made with the consensus opinion of a panel of 15 experienced orthodontists. Sets of study casts (170) representing the full spectrum of malocclusions were selected. An examiner, calibrated in the Dental Aesthetic Index, the Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation with the California Modification, and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, scored the casts. The panel of orthodontists individually rated the same casts for their degree of orthodontic treatment need. The mean rating of the panel on the need for treatment was used as the gold standard for evaluating the validity of the indexes. Intrarater and interrater reliability was high (kappa > 0.8). Overall accuracy of the indexes, as reflected in area under receiver-operating characteristic curves, was also high: Dental Aesthetic Index, 95%; Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation with the California Modification, 94%; and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, 98%. Cutoff points for the indexes that resulted in the closest agreement with the gold standard differed from the published cutoff points for the indexes. The indexes appear to be valid measures of treatment need as perceived by orthodontists. The published cutoff points for the indexes were more conservative in assigning patients for treatment than a panel of orthodontists. However, adjusting the cutoff points moved all 3 indexes into close agreement with the experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Beglin
- College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This prospective study was designed to assess the effects of omental transposition in patients with a chronic spinal injury. METHODS Neurological status was established to be stable and multiple baseline across patient studies were done preoperatively and repeated postoperatively. Assessments included activities of daily living (ADL), functional ability, degree of spasticity, motor power, sensation, pain perception, urodynamic studies, electromyography, sensory evoked potentials (SEPs), and infrared thermography to measure peripheral and general skin vascular responses. Each patient had MRI. Assessments were done at 3, 6, and 12 months after omental transposition in 17 patients. RESULTS The detailed assessments failed to show significant improvement, although some patients showed minor objective and subjective change in some categories. Neurological deterioration occurred in one patient. There were 20 surgical complications including urinary tract infection, deep vein thrombosis, wound infection, and incisional hernia. CONCLUSIONS Omental transposition has not been shown to improve neurological function in 17 patients with chronic spinal cord injury, and continued use of this operation in this situation is not supported by this study. Further advances in spinal cord repair may utilise the pedicled omental graft to provide an alternative vascular supply, but its current use should be limited to experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duffill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wessex Neurological Centre, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Abstract
Aerobic exercise training has demonstrated positive effects after brain injury. However, therapists express concern regarding the use of effortful exercise in individuals presenting with spasticity or involuntary muscle activity. This study aimed to address this concern and to evaluate whether an intervention of maximal intensity cycling exercise impaired an individual's ability to actively extend his hemiparetic elbow. Using a single case design, it was shown that active elbow extension improved during the period of this investigation, and was not impaired immediately following maximal cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dawes
- Rivermead Rehabilitation Centre, Oxford, UK
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Wade D, Silveira A, Silberringb J, Kuuselac P, Lankinen H. Temporin antibiotic peptides:
A review and derivation of a consensus sequence. Protein Pept Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.2174/092986650706221207144422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The temporins are a group of small, linear, basic, highly hydrophobic, antibiotic, peptide amides that were originally isolated from the skin of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. During the past decade, 30 temporin or temporin-like peptides have been isolated from the skins of Anurans. This article presents a brief review of the temporin literature, an analysis of the amino acid sequences of temporins and temporin-like peptides, and the derivation of a composite or consensus sequence, [FLP(I/L)IASLL(S/G)KLL-am].
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Wade
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King GustafV Research Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital - M9, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Silveira
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King GustafV Research Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital - M9, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Silberringb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Regional Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, PL-30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - P. Kuuselac
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Microbiology, University Central Hospital,
P.O. Box 402, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Lankinen
- Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University,
P.O. Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Alcock KJ, Wade D, Anslow P, Passingham RE. Pitch and timing abilities in adult left-hemisphere-dysphasic and right-hemisphere-damaged subjects. Brain Lang 2000; 75:47-65. [PMID: 11023638 DOI: 10.1006/brln.2000.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The production and perception of pitch and rhythm were tested in patients with acquired unilateral left-hemisphere (LH) lesions (and subsequent motor dysphasia, n = 13), patients with unilateral right-hemisphere (RH) lesions (n = 14), and normal age-matched controls. While the LH dysphasic subjects were not generally impaired on the production or perception of pitch, they were grossly impaired on the production and perception of rhythm. The RH subjects, in contrast, were impaired on measures of pitch perception and production, including the discrimination and production of single notes and of melodies. It is concluded that the two hemispheres differ in their specialization for the perception and production of pitch and rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Alcock
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the extent of interference between gait and cognitive tasks after brain injury; to investigate whether such interference is common to various cognitive tasks, or confined to specific cognitive modules; to investigate whether such interference declines during recovery from brain injury. METHOD Fifty participants were recruited from a neurological rehabilitation unit (33 people, 75% of sample); the stroke rehabilitation ward of an acute hospital (11 people, 20%); and a young disabled unit (six people, 5%). Measures of stride duration were taken in single task conditions, and in conjunction with each of four cognitive tasks. Outcome measures were dual task decrements in gait and in cognitive task performance. RESULTS Overall, a 7% decrement in stride duration was recorded under dual task conditions compared with single task, with stride duration being significantly longer during simultaneous performance of each cognitive task. There was a 4% decrement on average in cognitive task performance under dual task conditions, with significant decrements being recorded for word generation while walking and paired associate monitoring while walking. A significant correlation (r=0.45) was found between dual task decrements and scores on a standard measure of disability-the Barthel activities of daily living scale-but the correlation with 10 m walking time was not significant (r=0.18). CONCLUSION Interference between cognitive tasks and motor control activities such as gait is a problem in neurological rehabilitation settings. Interference between cognition and locomotor tasks may be important in assessing neurological patients' ability to function independently, and in designing therapies for both cognitive and motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University College London, UK.
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Abstract
Temporin A (TA) is a small, basic, highly hydrophobic, antimicrobial peptide amide (FLPLIGRVLSGIL-NH2) found in the skin of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. It has variable antibiotic activities against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including clinically important methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus as well as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains. In this investigation the antimicrobial activity and structural characteristics of TA synthetic analogs were studied. For antibacterial activity against S. aureus and enterococcal strains, the hydrophobicity of the N-terminal amino acid of TA was found to be important as well as a positive charge at amino acid position 7, and bulky hydrophobic side chains at positions 5 and 12. Replacing isoleucine with leucine at amino acid positions 5 and 12 resulted in the greatest enhancement of antibacterial activity. In addition, there was little difference between the activities of TA and its all-D enantiomer, indicating that the peptide probably exerts its effect on bacteria via non-chiral interactions with membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University, Finland
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Wade D, Garvin M, Schwartz K, Wang X, Vaughan A, Oram J, Lawn R. cAMP regulates apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux by induction of expression of the tangier protein ABC1. Atherosclerosis 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)80747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Jenkinson C, Mant J, Carter J, Wade D, Winner S. The London handicap scale: a re-evaluation of its validity using standard scoring and simple summation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68:365-7. [PMID: 10675222 PMCID: PMC1736821 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.68.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of the London handicap scale (LHS) using a simple unweighted scoring system compared with traditional weighted scoring METHODS 323 patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke were followed up by interview 6 months after their stroke as part of a trial looking at the impact of a family support organiser. Outcome measures included the six item LHS, the Dartmouth COOP charts, the Frenchay activities index, the Barthel index, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Patients' handicap score was calculated both using the standard procedure (with weighting) for the LHS, and using a simple summation procedure without weighting (U-LHS). Construct validity of both LHS and U-LHS was assessed by testing their correlations with the other outcome measures. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha for the LHS was 0.83. The U-LHS was highly correlated with the LHS (r=0.98). Correlation of U-LHS with the other outcome measures gave very similar results to correlation of LHS with these measures. CONCLUSION Simple summation scoring of the LHS does not lead to any change in the measurement properties of the instrument compared with standard weighted scoring. Unweighted scores are easier to calculate and interpret, so it is recommended that these are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jenkinson
- Health Services Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Institute of Health Sciences, Headington, Oxford, UK
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36
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Rudd AG, Wade D, Irwin P. The National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke. J R Coll Physicians Lond 2000; 34:131-3. [PMID: 10816865 PMCID: PMC9665568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Misra M, Reaveley DA, Cooper C, Brown EA, Knight BL, Wade D, Seed M. Mechanism for elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients on dialysis: turnover studies. Adv Perit Dial 2000; 14:223-7. [PMID: 10649729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] are increased in patients on renal replacement therapy. Lipoprotein (a) is increasingly being recognized as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. In an effort to explore the mechanism for elevation of Lp(a) in patients on dialysis we have performed turnover studies of Lp(a) with radioactive iodine. Lp(a) was isolated from 1 patient on hemodialysis (HD) and 1 patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); the protein was labeled with 125I and returned to each patient. Lipoprotein (a) was subsequently isolated from the patients over a 15-day period and the decay of the specific radioactivity of Lp(a) was used to determine the fractional catabolic rate (FCR), which was 0.27 (pool/day) for the HD patient and 0.28 (pool/day) for the CAPD patient. These rates are indistinguishable from those measured in 4 patients with hypercholesterolemia (0.29, SEM = 0.01) and in 4 other familial hypercholesterolemic patients (0.29, SEM = 0.02) studied previously using the same method by Knight et al. (7). We found no difference in the FCR of patients on dialysis when compared to patients with hyperlipidemia and normal renal function. Increased plasma concentration of Lp(a) in our patients on renal replacement therapy is not due to decreased catabolism, but is caused by increased synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Misra
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Charing Cross Hospital, UK
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38
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Oh H, Hedberg M, Wade D, Edlund C. Activities of synthetic hybrid peptides against anaerobic bacteria: aspects of methodology and stability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:68-72. [PMID: 10602725 PMCID: PMC89630 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.1.68-72.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1999] [Accepted: 10/15/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria requires development of new antimicrobial agents. One line of investigation is the synthesis of antimicrobial hybrid peptides. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the in vitro activities of 16 cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides (CAMEL analogues) against 60 anaerobic bacterial strains, to compare their activities with those of seven clinically used antimicrobial agents, and to compare different methods for anaerobic susceptibility testing of these peptides. The stability of one of the peptides, temporin B, with different stereoisomeric configurations was investigated in a fecal milieu. The CAMEL analogues showed antimicrobial activity against the anaerobic bacteria, with MICs ranging from 0.125 to 32 microg/ml. The overall activities (the MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited) of the CAMEL analogues against anaerobic bacteria were mainly inferior to those of imipenem, clindamycin, and piperacillin but were equal to or superior to those of metronidazole, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. The agarose dilution method was found to be an accurate method for the testing of large numbers of bacterial strains. The D isomer of temporin B was inactivated more slowly in feces than the L isomer. This study shows that the CAMEL analogues are potential agents for the treatment of anaerobic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oh
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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39
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Wade D. Seattle's breath of fresh air. JEMS 2000; 25:26-7. [PMID: 10977739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Seattle Medic One, WA, USA
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40
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Rudd AG, Irwin P, Rutledge Z, Lowe D, Wade D, Morris R, Pearson MG. The national sentinel audit for stroke: a tool for raising standards of care. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1999; 33:460-4. [PMID: 10624664 PMCID: PMC9665717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess the quality of inpatient care and follow-up for stroke in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. DESIGN Retrospective audit of case notes and service organisation. SETTING 197 trust (80% of eligible trusts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland). PATIENTS 6,894 consecutive stroke patients admitted between 1 January 1998 and 31 March 1998 (up to 40 per trust). AUDIT TOOL: The Intercollegiate Stroke Audit. RESULTS Most patients were admitted to acute hospitals with access to the appropriate acute investigations and treatments. Only 64% of trusts had a physician with responsibility for stroke and only 50% had a stroke team. Involvement of different members of the multidisciplinary team within appropriate time-frames varied from 37% to 61%. Assessment of impairments specific to stroke was inadequate (screening for swallowing disorders in only 55%, cognitive function tests in 23% and visual field examination in 44%). Rehabilitation goals were agreed by the multidisciplinary team in only 55% of eligible cases. 41% of patients were contacted by their GP within 3 days of discharge. The best compliance with standards was achieved for the 18% of patients who spent at least 50% of their time in a stroke unit. CONCLUSIONS This national audit demonstrates that care is suboptimal in many areas, and that there is wide variation in standards for the management of stroke across the country. This may have implications for clinical governance.
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Abstract
We studied the involvement of the right parietal cortex in visual conjunction search, where two features are present in the array and spatial attention and feature binding is required, and in subset search, where two features are also present but only one of them is needed in order to group stimuli together (the subset) and allow parallel processing without the need for feature binding. Six patients with right parietal lobe lesions, six age-matched controls, and three control patients with left parietal lesions were tested on these two tasks. Patients with right parietal lesions were significantly slower than normal controls in the conjunction task, especially for target-absent trials. In the subset condition, neither normal control subjects nor patients with left parietal damage showed a difference between target-present and target-absent trials whereas right parietal patients showed a significant difference between target-present and target-absent responses. The results suggest a role for the right parietal cortex in shifting attention to the next stimulus once binding of features has taken place or selecting spatial areas containing the desired feature in a subset search, but that parietal cortex is not required for binding the features of the object.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ashbridge
- Division of Psychology, South Bank University, London, UK
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Rivermead Rehabilitation Centre, Oxford, UK
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43
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Abstract
We studied ten patients referred from the neurology service with severe disability associated with the use of a wheelchair, but with no organic disorder to account for their disabilities. All patients were assessed using rating scales as well as a standardized psychiatric interview (SCID), and all medical and psychiatric case notes were examined. We also interviewed key carers for their views on the information and assistance the patients had received. All but two of the ten patients were women, and the mean age was 45.4 years (SD=5.4). All had current diagnoses of conversion or somatoform disorders and six had previous episodes of major depression. Most patients expressed beliefs about their illness that were not consistent with the medical facts, and only two of the carers were satisfied with explanations they had been given by doctors. The results suggest that requests for psychiatric help once patients have become grossly disabled are unlikely to lead to recovery. The psychiatrist, however, can help the primary care doctor to formulate a plan of management aimed at preventing further deterioration.
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44
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Abstract
Temporin A is a small, basic, highly hydrophobic, antibacterial peptide found in the skin of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. It was synthesized twice by the FastMoc solid phase method using amino acids protected at the N(alpha)-position with either 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or 2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl. The syntheses of temporin A demonstrates the difference between 2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids. The purified peptide showed also antibacterial activity against clinically important gram-positive bacteria. It was found to have a moderately good activity against both methicillin resistant and sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus, but a weaker activity against vancomycin resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Harjunpää
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, Helsinki University, Finland
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Abstract
The topic of deuterium isotope effects is usually concerned with the effects on chemical reactions that are caused by the substitution of deuterium atoms for protium, or hydrogen, atoms in a molecule. These effects include changes in the rate of cleavage of covalent bonds to deuterium, or to an atom located adjacent to deuterium, in a reactant molecule. Deuterium isotope effects on other, noncovalent, interactions between molecules are known to occur, but they are generally considered to be insignificant, especially in biological experiments where deuterium substituted molecules are used as tracers. Noncovalent interactions between molecules include hydrogen bonding, and ionic and van der Waals interactions. This article reviews evidence for deuterium isotope effects on noncovalent interactions, with an emphasis on binding interactions between molecules of biological interest, but also including examples of nonbiological molecules in order to demonstrate the generality of these effects. The reality of this effect relies on the assumption that the only difference between the isotopomers considered is the presence of deuterium or hydrogen; there are no impurities present. The physical basis of the effect may be due to differences in the polarities and/or sizes of deuterated versus nondeuterated isomers, and the extent of a deuterium isotope effect on a noncovalent interaction depends on the site of deuteration within a biomolecule. The presence of this effect requires careful interpretation of results obtained in experiments with deuterium labeled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kuwait University, Safat.
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46
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Wade D, Palma M, Löfving-Arvholm I, Sällberg M, Silberring J, Flock JI. Identification of functional domains in Efb, a fibrinogen binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248:690-5. [PMID: 9703988 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces and secretes a protein, Efb, that binds to fibrinogen, seems to be required for virulence, and may benefit the microorganism by delaying wound healing. Interactions of Efb with fibrinogen are influenced by divalent metal cations, including Ca2+. Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ increased the binding of fibrinogen to immobilized Efb, whereas binding of Efb to immobilized fibrinogen was decreased with increasing Ca2+ concentration. Studies with synthetic peptides showed that peptides from the carboxyl terminal half of Efb bound to soluble fibrinogen and enhanced the binding of fibrinogen to Efb. A peptide corresponding to a repeated sequence in the amino terminal half of the protein also bound fibrinogen and inhibited binding of fibrinogen to Efb. These results may provide clues to the biological function of Efb and aid in the rational design of agents to block the Efb fibrinogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wade
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
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Palma M, Wade D, Flock M, Flock JI. Multiple binding sites in the interaction between an extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus and fibrinogen. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:13177-81. [PMID: 9582359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.21.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Efb (previously Fib) is a fibrinogen-binding protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. It has previously been shown that it plays a role in a wound infection model in the rat and that antibodies against Efb reduce the number of recovered bacteria from the mammary glands in a mouse mastitis model. Efb binds to the alpha-chain of fibrinogen and does not participate in bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. The binding of Efb to fibrinogen is divalent, with one binding site within the two repeat regions in Efb at the N terminus and one binding site at the C terminus. The divalent binding nature leads to precipitation of Efb-fibrinogen complex when the proteins are added to each other at a 1:1 molar ratio. The interaction between Efb and fibrinogen is strongly enhanced by Ca2+ or Zn2+ but not by Mg2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palma
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, F82, Sweden
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49
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Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997; 315:1582-7. [PMID: 9437276 PMCID: PMC2127973 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7122.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the immediate and long term risk of epileptic seizures after a first ever stroke. DESIGN Cohort study following up stroke survivors for 2 to 6.5 years; comparison with age specific incidence rates of epileptic seizures in the general population. SETTING Community based stroke register. SUBJECTS 675 patients with a first stroke, followed up for a minimum of 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Occurrence of single and recurrent seizures. RESULTS 52 patients had one or more post stroke seizures; in 25 the seizures were recurrent. The 5 year actuarial risk of a post stroke seizure in survivors (excluding 19 patients with a history of epilepsy and 3 patients in whom the seizure occurred shortly before death from another cause) was 11.5% (95% confidence interval 4.8% to 18.2%). The relative risk of seizures, in comparison with the general population, was estimated at 35.2 in the first year after stroke and 19.0 in year 2. The risk of seizures was increased in survivors of subarachnoid and intracerebral haemorrhage (hazard ratio for intracranial haemorrhage v cerebral infarction 10.2 (3.7 to 27.9)). The risk of seizures after ischaemic stroke was substantial only in patients presenting with severe strokes due to total anterior circulation infarction. Only 9 of 295 patients (3%) independent one month after stroke suffered a seizure between 1 month and 5 years (actuarial risk 4.2% (0.1% to 8.3%)). CONCLUSION Stroke patients have about an 11.5% risk of single or recurrent seizures in the first 5 years after a stroke. Patients with more severe strokes or haemorrhagic strokes are at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burn
- Rehabilitation Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital.
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