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Bhambhani C, Kang Q, Hovelson DH, Sandford E, Olesnavich M, Dermody SM, Wolfgang J, Tuck KL, Brummel C, Bhangale AD, He K, Gutierrez MG, Lindstrom RH, Liu CJ, Tuck M, Kandarpa M, Mierzwa M, Casper K, Prince ME, Krauss JC, Talpaz M, Henry NL, Giraldez MD, Ramnath N, Tomlins SA, Swiecicki PL, Brenner JC, Tewari M. ctDNA transiting into urine is ultrashort and facilitates noninvasive liquid biopsy of HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177759. [PMID: 38516891 PMCID: PMC11018327 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDTransrenal cell-free tumor DNA (TR-ctDNA), which transits from the bloodstream into urine, has the potential to enable noninvasive cancer detection for a wide variety of nonurologic cancer types.MethodsUsing whole-genome sequencing, we discovered that urine TR-ctDNA fragments across multiple cancer types are predominantly ultrashort (<50 bp) and, therefore, likely to be missed by conventional ctDNA assays. We developed an ultrashort droplet digital PCR assay to detect TR-ctDNA originating from HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) and confirmed that assaying ultrashort DNA is critical for sensitive cancer detection from urine samples.ResultsTR-ctDNA was concordant with plasma ctDNA for cancer detection in patients with HPV+ OPSCC. As proof of concept for using urine TR-ctDNA for posttreatment surveillance, in a small longitudinal case series, TR-ctDNA showed promise for noninvasive detection of recurrence of HPV+ OPSCC.ConclusionOur data indicate that focusing on ultrashort fragments of TR-ctDNA will be important for realizing the full potential of urine-based cancer diagnostics. This has implications for urine-based detection of a wide variety of cancer types and for facilitating access to care through at-home specimen collections.FundingNIH grants R33 CA229023, R21 CA225493; NIH/National Cancer Institute grants U01 CA183848, R01 CA184153, and P30CA046592; American Cancer Society RSG-18-062-01-TBG; American Cancer Society Mission Boost grant MBGI-22-056-01-MBG; and the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Daniel H. Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics
| | - Erin Sandford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Mary Olesnavich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | - Jenny Wolfgang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Kirsten L. Tuck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | | | - Kuang He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | | | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology
- Department of Pathology
| | - Melissa Tuck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Michelle Mierzwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, and
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Keith Casper
- Department of Otolaryngology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark E. Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John C. Krauss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - N. Lynn Henry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria D. Giraldez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Urology
| | - Paul L. Swiecicki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Bulen BJ, Khazanov NA, Hovelson DH, Lamb LE, Matrana M, Burkard ME, Yang ESH, Edenfield WJ, Claire Dees E, Onitilo AA, Buchschacher GL, Miller AM, Parsons BM, Wassenaar TR, Suga JM, Siegel RD, Irvin W, Nair S, Slim JN, Misleh J, Khatri J, Masters GA, Thomas S, Safa MM, Anderson DM, Mowers J, Dusenbery AC, Drewery S, Plouffe K, Reeder T, Vakil H, Patrias L, Falzetta A, Hamilton R, Kwiatkowski K, Johnson DB, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA. Validation of Immunotherapy Response Score as Predictive of Pan-solid Tumor Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Benefit. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:1335-1349. [PMID: 37497337 PMCID: PMC10367935 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy response score (IRS) integrates tumor mutation burden (TMB) and quantitative expression biomarkers to predict anti-PD-1/PD-L1 [PD-(L)1] monotherapy benefit. Here, we evaluated IRS in additional cohorts. Patients from an observational trial (NCT03061305) treated with anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy were included and assigned to IRS-High (-H) versus -Low (-L) groups. Associations with real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined by Cox proportional hazards (CPH) modeling. Those with available PD-L1 IHC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 with or without chemotherapy were separately assessed. Patients treated with PD-(L)1 and/or chemotherapy (five relevant tumor types) were assigned to three IRS groups [IRS-L divided into IRS-Ultra-Low (-UL) and Intermediate-Low (-IL), and similarly assessed]. In the 352 patient anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy validation cohort (31 tumor types), IRS-H versus IRS-L patients had significantly longer rwPFS and OS. IRS significantly improved CPH associations with rwPFS and OS beyond microsatellite instability (MSI)/TMB alone. In a 189 patient (10 tumor types) PD-L1 IHC comparison cohort, IRS, but not PD-L1 IHC nor TMB, was significantly associated with anti-PD-L1 rwPFS. In a 1,103-patient cohort (from five relevant tumor types), rwPFS did not significantly differ in IRS-UL patients treated with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy plus anti-PD-(L)1, nor in IRS-H patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1 versus anti-PD-(L)1 + chemotherapy. IRS associations were consistent across subgroups, including both Europeans and non-Europeans. These results confirm the utility of IRS utility for predicting pan-solid tumor PD-(L)1 monotherapy benefit beyond available biomarkers and demonstrate utility for informing on anti-PD-(L)1 and/or chemotherapy treatment. Significance This study confirms the utility of the integrative IRS biomarker for predicting anti-PD-L1/PD-1 benefit. IRS significantly improved upon currently available biomarkers, including PD-L1 IHC, TMB, and MSI status. Additional utility for informing on chemotherapy, anti-PD-L1/PD-1, and anti-PD-L1/PD-1 plus chemotherapy treatments decisions is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc Matrana
- Ochsner Cancer Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mark E. Burkard
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eddy Shih-Hsin Yang
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Adedayo A. Onitilo
- Cancer Care and Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suresh Nair
- Lehigh Valley Topper Cancer Institute, Allentown, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Jamil Khatri
- ChristianaCare Oncology Hematology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Gregory A. Masters
- Medical Oncology Hematology Consultants, Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, Delaware
| | - Sachdev Thomas
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | | | - Daniel M. Anderson
- Metro-Minnesota Community Oncology Research Consortium, St. Louis Park, Minnesota
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Khazanov NA, Lamb LE, Hovelson DH, Kwiatkowski K, Johnson DB, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA. Abstract 2171: A multivariate biomarker predicts sacituzumab govitecan response in solid tumors. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the recent clinical success of antibody drug conjugates (ADC) in oncology, predictive biomarkers are lacking, potentially limiting their impact. Herein, we evaluated the ability of candidate biomarkers alone and in combination to predict objective response rates observed in solid tumor patients treated with the TROP2-targeted ADC, sacituzumab govitecan (SG), as determined in the IMMU-12-01 basket trial. We leveraged available next generation sequencing (NGS)-based molecular profiling data from an independent advanced solid tumor cohort (n = 23,968) and developed a multivariate biomarker algorithm that produced biomarker positive rates correlating with the objective response rates (ORR) observed in IMMU-12-01. Candidate biomarkers evaluated included TROP2 gene expression, proliferation (by gene expression) and tumor cellularity. Notably, while TROP2 gene expression was highly correlated with protein expression across 45 tumor types (r = 0.93), TROP2 gene expression alone did not significantly predict ORR across 9 tumor types (r = 0.40, p = 0.29). In contrast, a biomarker algorithm combining TROP2 and proliferation by gene expression with tumor cellularity strongly predicted response both when using tumor type-specific biomarker rates in a discovery cohort (r = 0.83, p = 0.006) and in an independent validation cohort (r = 0.82, p = 0.007). These results indicate that the multivariate biomarker accounts for 67% of the variability observed in response rates and may thus identify patients likely to benefit from SG. Among tumor types with objective responses in IMMU-12-01, biomarker positive rates ranged from 9.9% in colorectal cancer to 57.4% in bladder cancer. Additional tumor types with biomarker positive rates >30% included cancers of the head and neck, cervix, salivary gland, skin (non-melanoma) and ovary, all with positive biomarker rates >30%. Interestingly, most tumor types had biomarker positive rates >5%, suggesting the potential for a tumor type-agnostic approach to patient selection. Considering SG and other ADC’s mechanism of action, a plausible model for response is that (1) higher target expression increases ADC drug delivery, (2) higher tumor cellularity increases ADC bystander effect and (3) higher tumor cell proliferation increases tumor cell death. In summary, we uncovered a novel biomarker algorithm capable of predicting SG response across solid tumors that may be generalizable to ADCs as a class, with the potential to further optimize use and maximize benefit.
Citation Format: Nickolay A. Khazanov, Laura E. Lamb, Daniel H. Hovelson, Kat Kwiatkowski, D. Bryan Johnson, Daniel R. Rhodes, Scott A. Tomlins. A multivariate biomarker predicts sacituzumab govitecan response in solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2171.
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Lamb LE, Khazanov NA, Hovelson DH, Kwiatkowski K, Johnson DB, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA. Abstract 968: Evaluation of Her2 RNA expression as a potential predictive biomarker for anti-Her2 therapy. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) is effective in "HER2 Low" breast cancer, defined by 1+ or 2+ expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Interest has now turned toward defining a sub-population of IHC 0+ tumors that may have HER2 expression below the limit of IHC detection/quantification and may thus also be responsive. We previously validated a high dynamic range HER2 RNA expression assay run as part of our comprehensive genomic profiling test, StrataNGS.
Herein, we evaluated the HER2 RNA expression data together with copy number and clinical outcome data from the Strata Clinical Molecular Database (SCMD) in advanced breast cancer (n = 3,063) and other advanced solid tumors (n = 26,715). As expected, HER2 gene expression was significantly higher in tumors with DNA amplification (>=6 copies; median: 13.9 vs. 10.0 in log2 units; p < 1e-100). Despite similar copy number levels in amplified breast vs. other cancers (median: 21.8 vs. 19.8 copies), HER2 expression levels were ~2-fold higher (median: 14.5 vs. 13.5; p = 1.3e-10). Similarly, HER2 expression levels were higher in non-amplified breast vs. other cancers (median: 10.7 vs. 9.9; p<1e-100), suggesting that DNA amplification and cell lineage affect HER2 expression. Using our previously validated HER2 threshold, among 75 eligible SCMD breast cancer patients treated with 1st or 2nd line systemic trastuzumab or pertuzumab containing therapy, HER2 RNA High patients (n=46, 59%) had significantly longer time to next therapy (TTNT) compared to HER2 RNA Not High patients (median TTNT 26.9 vs. 5.6 months, adjusted hazard ratio 0.31, p=0.005 when adjusted for 1st vs. 2nd line, pertuzumab inclusion, and inclusion of chemotherapy or hormonal therapy).
In patients with available IHC data (n = 388), HER2 RNA expression trended with IHC across the 0-3+ range, however, while 3+ tumors had distinctly high RNA expression (median: 14.4), 0-2+ tumors had lower expression with overlapping distributions (median: 10.5, 10.9, 11.5, respectively), suggesting that 0-2+ tumors do not represent distinct biological groups, but rather a continuum of low expression. We defined a HER2 RNA Low threshold (>10.6), corresponding to the top 75% of IHC 1-2+ breast cancers. Importantly, at this threshold, nearly half (44.1%) of 0+ breast cancers were also classified as HER2 RNA Low. Additionally, 25.8% of all non-breast solid tumors were classified as HER2 RNA Low. Given that HER2 RNA High predicted benefit from 1st generation anti-HER2 therapies, future studies should consider HER2 RNA Low as an alternative biomarker to Her2 IHC Low, with the opportunity to further expand trastuzumab deruxtecan use into the IHC 0+ breast cancer population and potentially to additional solid tumors.
Citation Format: Laura E. Lamb, Nickolay A. Khazanov, Daniel H. Hovelson, Kat Kwiatkowski, D. Bryan Johnson, Daniel R. Rhodes, Scott A. Tomlins. Evaluation of Her2 RNA expression as a potential predictive biomarker for anti-Her2 therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 968.
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Cani AK, Hu K, Liu CJ, Siddiqui J, Zheng Y, Han S, Nallandhighal S, Hovelson DH, Xiao L, Pham T, Eyrich NW, Zheng H, Vince R, Tosoian JJ, Palapattu GS, Morgan TM, Wei JT, Udager AM, Chinnaiyan AM, Tomlins SA, Salami SS. Development of a Whole-urine, Multiplexed, Next-generation RNA-sequencing Assay for Early Detection of Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2022; 5:430-439. [PMID: 33812851 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite biomarker development advances, early detection of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) remains challenging. We previously developed a clinical-grade urine test (Michigan Prostate Score [MiPS]) for individualized aggressive PCa risk prediction. MiPS combines serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the TMPRSS2:ERG (T2:ERG) gene fusion, and PCA3 lncRNA in whole urine after digital rectal examination (DRE). OBJECTIVE To improve on MiPS with a novel next-generation sequencing (NGS) multibiomarker urine assay for early detection of aggressive PCa. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Preclinical development and validation of a post-DRE urine RNA NGS assay (Urine Prostate Seq [UPSeq]) assessing 84 PCa transcriptomic biomarkers, including T2:ERG, PCA3, additional PCa fusions/isoforms, mRNAs, lncRNAs, and expressed mutations. Our UPSeq model was trained on 73 patients and validated on a held-out set of 36 patients representing the spectrum of disease (benign to grade group [GG] 5 PCa). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of UPSeq was compared with PSA, MiPS, and other existing models/biomarkers for predicting GG ≥3 PCa. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS UPSeq demonstrated high analytical accuracy and concordance with MiPS, and was able to detect expressed germline HOXB13 and somatic SPOP mutations. In an extreme design cohort (n = 109; benign/GG 1 vs GG ≥3 PCa, stratified to exclude GG 2 cancer in order to capture signal difference between extreme ends of disease), UPSeq showed differential expression for T2:ERG.T1E4 (1.2 vs 78.8 median normalized reads, p < 0.00001) and PCA3 (1024 vs 2521, p = 0.02), additional T2:ERG splice isoforms, and other candidate biomarkers. Using machine learning, we developed a 15-transcript model on the training set (n = 73) that outperformed serum PSA and sequencing-derived MiPS in predicting GG ≥3 PCa in the held-out validation set (n = 36; AUC 0.82 vs 0.69 and 0.69, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results support the potential utility of our novel urine-based RNA NGS assay to supplement PSA for improved early detection of aggressive PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY We have developed a new urine-based test for the detection of aggressive prostate cancer, which promises improvement upon current biomarker tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumin Han
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trinh Pham
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas W Eyrich
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heng Zheng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Randy Vince
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ganesh S Palapattu
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John T Wei
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron M Udager
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Simpa S Salami
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Cyrta J, Prandi D, Arora A, Hovelson DH, Sboner A, Rodriguez A, Fedrizzi T, Beltran H, Robinson DR, Gopalan A, True L, Nelson PS, Robinson BD, Mosquera JM, Tomlins SA, Shen R, Demichelis F, Rubin MA. Comparative genomics of primary prostate cancer and paired metastases: insights from 12 molecular case studies. J Pathol 2022; 257:274-284. [PMID: 35220606 PMCID: PMC9311708 DOI: 10.1002/path.5887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary prostate cancer (PCa) can show marked molecular heterogeneity. However, systematic analyses comparing primary PCa and matched metastases in individual patients are lacking. We aimed to address the molecular aspects of metastatic progression while accounting for the heterogeneity of primary PCa. In this pilot study, we collected 12 radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens from men who subsequently developed metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We used histomorphology (Gleason grade, focus size, stage) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (ERG and p53) to identify independent tumors and/or distinct subclones of primary PCa. We then compared molecular profiles of these primary PCa areas to matched metastatic samples using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and amplicon‐based DNA and RNA sequencing. Based on combined pathology and molecular analysis, seven (58%) RP specimens harbored monoclonal and topographically continuous disease, albeit with some degree of intratumor heterogeneity; four (33%) specimens showed true multifocal disease; and one displayed monoclonal disease with discontinuous topography. Early (truncal) events in primary PCa included SPOP p.F133V (one patient), BRAF p.K601E (one patient), and TMPRSS2:ETS rearrangements (eight patients). Activating AR alterations were seen in nine (75%) mCRPC patients, but not in matched primary PCa. Hotspot TP53 mutations, found in metastases from three patients, were readily present in matched primary disease. Alterations in genes encoding epigenetic modifiers were observed in several patients (either shared between primary foci and metastases or in metastatic samples only). WES‐based phylogenetic reconstruction and/or clonality scores were consistent with the index focus designated by pathology review in six out of nine (67%) cases. The three instances of discordance pertained to monoclonal, topographically continuous tumors, which would have been considered as unique disease in routine practice. Overall, our results emphasize pathologic and molecular heterogeneity of primary PCa, and suggest that comprehensive IHC‐assisted pathology review and genomic analysis are highly concordant in nominating the ‘index’ primary PCa area. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Department for BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Davide Prandi
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Arshi Arora
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
| | - Daniel H. Hovelson
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor MA USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Antonio Rodriguez
- Department for BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Tarcisio Fedrizzi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medicine Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Department of Medical Oncology Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA USA
| | - Dan R. Robinson
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Anurandha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
| | - Lawrence True
- Department of Pathology Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
| | | | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center New York NY USA
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA
- Department for BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Tomlins SA, Hovelson DH, Harms P, Drewery S, Falkner J, Fischer A, Hipp J, Kwiatkowski K, Lazo de la Vega L, Mitchell K, Reeder T, Siddiqui J, Vakil H, Johnson DB, Rhodes DR. Development and Validation of StrataNGS, a Multiplex PCR, Semiconductor Sequencing-Based Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Test. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:1515-1533. [PMID: 34454112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use in targeted tumor testing, multiplex PCR/semiconductor (Ion Torrent) sequencing-based assessment of all comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) variant classes has been limited. Herein, we describe the development and validation of StrataNGS, a 429-gene, multiplex PCR/semiconductor sequencing-based CGP laboratory-developed test performed on co-isolated DNA and RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens with ≥2 mm2 tumor surface area. Validation was performed in accordance with MolDX CGP validation guidelines using 1986 clinical formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples and an in-house developed optimized bioinformatics pipeline. Across CGP variant classes, accuracy ranged from 0.945 for tumor mutational burden (TMB) status to >0.999 for mutations and gene fusions, positive predictive value ranged from 0.915 for TMB status to 1.00 for gene fusions, and reproducibility ranged from 0.998 for copy number alterations to 1.00 for splice variants and insertions/deletions. StrataNGS TMB estimates were highly correlated to those from whole exome- or FoundationOne CDx-determined TMB (Pearson r = 0.998 and 0.960, respectively); TMB reproducibility was 0.996 (concordance correlation coefficient). Limit of detection for all variant classes was <20% tumor content. Together, we demonstrate that multiplex PCR/semiconductor sequencing-based tumor tissue CGP is feasible using optimized bioinformatic approaches described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Harms
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Tomlins SA, Hovelson DH, Suga JM, Anderson DM, Koh HA, Dees EC, McNulty B, Burkard ME, Guarino M, Khatri J, Safa MM, Matrana MR, Yang ES, Menter AR, Parsons BM, Slim JN, Thompson MA, Hwang L, Edenfield WJ, Nair S, Onitilo A, Siegel R, Miller A, Wassenaar T, Irvin WJ, Schulz W, Padmanabhan A, Harish V, Gonzalez A, Mansoor AH, Kellum A, Harms P, Drewery S, Falkner J, Fischer A, Hipp J, Kwiatkowski K, Lazo de la Vega L, Mitchell K, Reeder T, Siddiqui J, Vakil H, Johnson DB, Rhodes DR. Real-World Performance of a Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Test Optimized for Small Tumor Samples. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00472. [PMID: 34476329 PMCID: PMC8384401 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue-based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) is increasingly used for treatment selection in patients with advanced cancer; however, tissue availability may limit widespread implementation. Here, we established real-world CGP tissue availability and assessed CGP performance on consecutively received samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a post hoc, nonprespecified analysis of 32,048 consecutive tumor tissue samples received for StrataNGS, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based comprehensive genomic profiling (PCR-CGP) test, as part of an ongoing observational trial (NCT03061305). Sample characteristics and PCR-CGP performance were assessed across all tested samples, including exception samples not meeting minimum input quality control (QC) requirements (< 20% tumor content [TC], < 2 mm2 tumor surface area [TSA], DNA or RNA yield < 1 ng/µL, or specimen age > 5 years). Tests reporting ≥ 1 prioritized alteration or meeting TC and sequencing QC were considered successful. For prostate carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, tests reporting ≥ 1 actionable or informative alteration or meeting TC and sequencing QC were considered actionable. RESULTS Among 31,165 (97.2%) samples where PCR-CGP was attempted, 10.7% had < 20% TC and 59.2% were small (< 25 mm2 tumor surface area). Of 31,101 samples evaluable for input requirements, 8,089 (26.0%) were exceptions not meeting requirements. However, 94.2% of the 31,101 tested samples were successfully reported, including 80.5% of exception samples. Positive predictive value of PCR-CGP for ERBB2 amplification in exceptions and/or sequencing QC-failure breast cancer samples was 96.7%. Importantly, 84.0% of tested prostate carcinomas and 87.9% of lung adenocarcinomas yielded results informing treatment selection. CONCLUSION Most real-world tissue samples from patients with advanced cancer desiring CGP are limited, requiring optimized CGP approaches to produce meaningful results. An optimized PCR-CGP test, coupled with an inclusive exception testing policy, delivered reportable results for > 94% of samples, potentially expanding the proportion of CGP-testable patients and impact of biomarker-guided therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Anderson
- Metro-Minnesota Community Oncology Research Consortium (MMCORC), St Louis Park, MN
| | | | - Elizabeth C. Dees
- The University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Michael Guarino
- ChristianaCare's Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE
| | - Jamil Khatri
- ChristianaCare's Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE
| | | | | | - Eddy S. Yang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | | | - Leon Hwang
- Kaiser Permanente Mid Atlantic, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | | | - Robert Siegel
- Bon Secours St Francis Cancer Center, Greenville, SC
| | | | | | - William J. Irvin
- Bon Secours St Francis Medical Center Midlothian, Midlothian, VA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Harms
- University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI
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9
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Rhodes D, Hovelson DH, Safa MM, Burkard ME, Yang ESH, Edenfield WJ, Reeder T, Vakil H, Kwiatkowski K, Mitchell K, Johnson B, Tomlins SA. Comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic profiling (CGTP) to predict pembrolizumab (P) benefit in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors (STs). J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2609 Background: P is approved in many ST types, however predictive biomarkers and the proportion of pts who benefit vary widely. Biomarkers beyond PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) based tumor mutation burden (TMB) may improve benefit prediction. We determined if treatment data and CGTP collected in an ongoing observational trial (NCT03061305) could predict pan-ST P benefit. Methods: Eligible advanced ST pts had QC-passing TMB and expression data from multiplex PCR based tissue CGTP on FFPE tissue (StrataNGS and an investigational test) and documented P treatment > 1 month. Real-world time to next treatment (TTNT) was defined as time in months from therapy start to new therapy start (after stopping initial therapy) or death. TMB and gene expression biomarker association with P TTNT was evaluated. Backward stepwise regression was performed to fit a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model; pts were assigned to four score groups (IRS 1-4) based on overlapping TTNT curves from 8 equal bins. P TTNT were compared between IRS groups by log-rank test. A chemotherapy (C) comparator cohort was established from C TTNT for pts in this cohort. Results were stratified by ST type, P mono vs. C combo, and TMB status. Results: 610 pts (254 [41.6%] NSCLC; 356 [58.4%] from 23 other ST types) with CGTP and P treatment were identified; P TTNT was highly correlated to overall survival (n=146; Pearsons r2=0.75). By univariate analysis of TMB and 9 expression biomarkers, TMB, two independent PD-L1 expression amplicons, and PD-L2 expression were significantly associated with P TTNT (all p ≤ 0.002). The most significant multivariate model included 5 variables, with 1) increasing TMB, PD-L1, and PD-L2, and 2) decreasing TOP2A (proliferation) and GZMA as P TTNT predictors. Median P TTNT, but not C TTNT (345 courses from 254 pts), differed significantly by IRS group (Table). Median P TTNT by IRS group did not significantly differ by non-small cell lung vs. other ST type or P mono vs. C combo (both p > 0.05); excluding TMB-high patients, median P TTNT was still significantly longer in IRS groups 3/4 vs. 1/2 (p = 5.0e-4). Across 19,623 total evaluable pts in NCT03061305, 12.2% were in IRS groups 3/4 and outside of P approved ST types/TMB-low. Conclusions: CGTP in an observational trial cohort demonstrated that TMB, PD-L1 and PD-L2 independently predicted pan-ST P benefit as assessed by OS-validated TTNT. A multivariate CGTP signature predicted P benefit relative to C across ST types. If further validated, such a signature may enable improved P benefit prediction. P versus C TTNT by IRS group. Clinical trial information: NCT03061305. [Table: see text]
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10
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Freeman ZT, Nirschl TR, Hovelson DH, Johnston RJ, Engelhardt JJ, Selby MJ, Kochel CM, Lan RY, Zhai J, Ghasemzadeh A, Gupta A, Skaist AM, Wheelan SJ, Jiang H, Pearson AT, Snyder LA, Korman AJ, Tomlins SA, Yegnasubramanian S, Drake CG. A conserved intratumoral regulatory T cell signature identifies 4-1BB as a pan-cancer target. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1405-1416. [PMID: 32015231 DOI: 10.1172/jci128672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in targeting the immune checkpoints program cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) for cancer immunotherapy, a large number of patients and cancer types remain unresponsive. Current immunotherapies focus on modulating an antitumor immune response by directly or indirectly expanding antitumor CD8 T cells. A complementary strategy might involve inhibition of Tregs that otherwise suppress antitumor immune responses. Here, we sought to identify functional immune molecules preferentially expressed on tumor-infiltrating Tregs. Using genome-wide RNA-Seq analysis of purified Tregs sorted from multiple human cancer types, we identified a conserved Treg immune checkpoint signature. Using immunocompetent murine tumor models, we found that antibody-mediated depletion of 4-1BB-expressing cells (4-1BB is also known as TNFRSF9 or CD137) decreased tumor growth without negatively affecting CD8 T cell function. Furthermore, we found that the immune checkpoint 4-1BB had a high selectivity for human tumor Tregs and was associated with worse survival outcomes in patients with multiple tumor types. Thus, antibody-mediated depletion of 4-1BB-expressing Tregs represents a strategy with potential activity across cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Freeman
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Medical School.,Rogel Cancer Center, and
| | - Thomas R Nirschl
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Selby
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Christina M Kochel
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Y Lan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhai
- Department of Biostatistics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alyza M Skaist
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J Wheelan
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Rogel Cancer Center, and.,Department of Biostatistics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Linda A Snyder
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Scott A Tomlins
- Rogel Cancer Center, and.,Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles G Drake
- Department of Oncology and.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Rhodes D, Hovelson DH, Suga JM, Anderson DM, Dees EC, Koh HA, Burkard ME, Khatri J, Safa MM, Matrana MR, Yang ESH, Menter AR, Parsons BM, Slim JN, Falkner J, Reeder T, Vakil H, Kwiatkowski K, Johnson B, Tomlins SA. PCR-based comprehensive genomic profiling (PCR-CGP): Feasibility from >20,000 tumor tissue specimens (TTS) and predicted impact on actionable biomarker identification versus hybrid capture (H)-CGP and plasma (P)-CGP. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3574 Background: Tissue-based h-CGP is increasingly utilized for treatment selection in patients with advanced solid tumors but has high tumor surface area [TSA] requirements (≥25mm2 for leading commercial tests). P-CGP is recommended when tissue is insufficient for H-CGP. Here we assessed the feasibility and clinical impact on actionable biomarker identification of PCR-CGP. Methods: We performed a post-hoc, non-prespecified analysis on 21,743 consecutive subjects with advanced solid tumors who sent TTS for PCR-CGP from 5/17-12/19 as part of an ongoing observational trial at > 20 U.S. health systems (NCT03061305). PCR-CGP was performed using StrataNGS, a single-site laboratory developed test assessing all CGP biomarker classes (including microsatellite instability (MSI) status and tumor mutation burden [TMB]). We predicted actionable biomarker identification rates for PCR-CGP, H-CGP and P-CGP if applied to all U.S. patients with advanced solid tumors through incorporating population incidence, biomarker frequencies, test TSA and tumor content requirements (or cfDNA detection rates), and performance characteristics. Actionable biomarkers were the 30 in 11 tumor types from the MolDX p-CGP local coverage determination (L38043), pan-tumor NTRK fusions and MSI, and TMB in lung cancer. Results: Among TTS from 21,734 patients with advanced cancer, 20,493 (94.3%) met TSA requirements for PCR-CGP (≥2mm2) vs. 9,281 (42.7%) for H-CGP. PCR-CGP reported results for 98.0% and 95.0% of patients with large (≥25mm2 TSA) and small (2-24mm2) TS, respectively, in a median of 7 business days. Compared to 1,882 orthogonal actionable biomarker results, PCR-CGP accuracy was 96.6% and 96.5% in large and small TTS, respectively. Actionable biomarker frequency was highly correlated in PCR-CGP tested large vs. small TTS (r2= 0.99), as well as in this PCR-CGP cohort vs. a MSKCC institutional pan-cancer H-CGP cohort (r2= 0.92). If applied to all U.S. patients with advanced solid tumors, PCR-CGP has significantly greater predicted actionable biomarker identification rate (88.5%) compared to P-CGP (77.0%, N-1 chi-squared test, p < 0.0001) or H-CGP (54.3%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Half of TTS submitted for PCR-CGP did not meet H-CGP tissue requirements. PCR-CGP is feasible for the vast majority of patients and is predicted to expand the actionable biomarker evaluable proportion of patients with advanced solid tumors compared to H-CGP or P-CGP. Clinical trial information: NCT03061305 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Claire Dees
- The University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
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12
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Nallandhighal S, Tosoian JJ, Singhal U, Karim R, Mathieu R, Plouffe K, Rioux-Leclercq N, Siddiqui J, Liu CJ, Hovelson DH, Doglioni C, Morgan TM, Susani M, Luciano Luciano R, Shariat SF, Tomlins SA, Briganti A, Palapattu GS, Udager AM, Salami SS. Dissection of primary prostate cancer to determine the clonal origin of synchronous lymph node metastasis. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e17614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e17614 Background: Primary prostate cancer often consists of multiple, genomically-distinct clones. The clonal source of lymph node metastasis in multifocal disease is unknown. We sought to analyze and determine the histopathologic and molecular characteristics of the tumor sub-clones capable of metastasis in primary prostate cancers with synchronous lymph node metastasis. Methods: We identified patients with primary prostate cancer found to have lymph node (LN) metastasis at the time of radical prostatectomy, including those with multifocal disease. Punch biopsies were obtained from multiple regions of primary tumors and LN metastases. Targeted next generation sequencing to assess somatic DNA mutations, copy number alterations (CNA), and TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using in-house developed pipelines. Phylogenetic evolutionary analyses were performed to delineate the primary cancer clone responsible for LN metastasis. Results: We identified 2 patients with LN cancer regions. In one patient, while all four Grade Group (GG) 5 primary tumor (PT) regions showed concordant TP53 and TPR non-synonymous mutations and broad copy number alterations (CNAs) with two LN foci, only two regions shared high level CNAs with both lymph node foci. In this case, a GG1 tumor focus showed no TP53 somatic mutation or CNA overlap with the high-grade tumor or lymph node samples. Critically, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GG5 PT with extra-prostatic extension (EPE) showed higher concordance with the LN metastases than regions confined to the prostate. In another patient with four PT, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PT with EPE closely resembled the LN metastasis; both were TMPRSS2:ERG fusion positive share PTEN copy number loss. Two PT (GG1 and 2) appeared to be independent clones and were TMPRSS2:ERG fusion negative. One of the six circulating tumor cells (isolated pre-prostatectomy) from this patient demonstrated a significant PTEN copy loss consistent with the findings in the region of EPE and the LN metastasis. Conclusions: Our findings confirm molecular heterogeneity of primary prostate cancers and homogeneity of LN metastases supporting the use of shared molecular alterations to infer clonal lineage. Our results highlight the critical role of adverse pathologic features, such as grade and EPE, in prostate cancer with synchronous lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Udit Singhal
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | | | - Javed Siddiqui
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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13
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Faisal FA, Murali S, Kaur H, Vidotto T, Guedes LB, Salles DC, Kothari V, Tosoian JJ, Han S, Hovelson DH, Hu K, Spratt DE, Baras AS, Tomlins SA, Schaeffer EM, Lotan TL. CDKN1B Deletions are Associated with Metastasis in African American Men with Clinically Localized, Surgically Treated Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2595-2602. [PMID: 31969336 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potential biological determinants of aggressive prostate cancer in African American (AA) men are unknown. Here we characterize prostate cancer genomic alterations in the largest cohort to date of AA men with clinical follow-up for metastasis, with the aim to elucidate the key molecular drivers associated with poor prognosis in this population. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Targeted sequencing was retrospectively performed on 205 prostate tumors from AA men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) to examine somatic genomic alterations and percent of the genome with copy-number alterations (PGA). Cox proportional hazards analyses assessed the association of genomic alterations with risk of metastasis. RESULTS At RP, 71% (145/205) of patients had grade group ≥3 disease, and 49% (99/202) were non-organ confined. The median PGA was 3.7% (IQR = 0.9%-9.4%) and differed by pathologic grade (P < 0.001) and stage (P = 0.02). Median follow-up was 5 years. AA men with the highest quartile of PGA had increased risks of metastasis (multivariable: HR = 13.45; 95% CI, 2.55-70.86; P = 0.002). The most common somatic mutations were SPOP (11.2%), FOXA1 (8.3%), and TP53 (3.9%). The most common loci altered at the copy number level were CDKN1B (6.3%), CHD1 (4.4%), and PTEN (3.4%). TP53 mutations and deep deletions in CDKN1B were associated with increased risks of metastasis on multivariable analyses (TP53: HR = 9.5; 95% CI, 2.2-40.6; P = 0.002; CDKN1B: HR = 6.7; 95% CI, 1.3-35.2; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Overall, PGA, somatic TP53 mutations, and a novel finding of deep deletions in CDKN1B were associated with poor prognosis in AA men. These findings require confirmation in additional AA cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana A Faisal
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanjana Murali
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harsimar Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thiago Vidotto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liana B Guedes
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniela Correia Salles
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Polsky Urologic Cancer Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sumin Han
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexander S Baras
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Polsky Urologic Cancer Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Gupta S, Hovelson DH, Kemeny G, Halabi S, Foo WC, Anand M, Somarelli JA, Tomlins SA, Antonarakis ES, Luo J, Dittamore RV, George DJ, Rothwell C, Nanus DM, Armstrong AJ, Gregory SG. Discordant and heterogeneous clinically relevant genomic alterations in circulating tumor cells vs plasma DNA from men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:225-239. [PMID: 31705765 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) and cell-free (cf) DNA-based genomic alterations are increasingly being used for clinical decision-making in oncology. However, the concordance and discordance between paired CTC and cfDNA genomic profiles remain largely unknown. We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on CTCs and cfDNA, and low-pass whole genome sequencing (lpWGS) on cfDNA to characterize genomic alterations (CNA) and tumor content in two independent prospective studies of 93 men with mCRPC treated with enzalutamide/abiraterone, or radium-223. Comprehensive analysis of 69 patient CTCs and 72 cfDNA samples from 93 men with mCRPC, including 64 paired samples, identified common concordant gains in FOXA1, AR, and MYC, and losses in BRCA1, PTEN, and RB1 between CTCs and cfDNA. Concordant PTEN loss and discordant BRCA2 gain were associated with significantly worse outcomes in Epic AR-V7 negative men with mCRPC treated with abiraterone/enzalutamide. We identified and externally validated CTC-specific genomic alternations that were discordant in paired cfDNA, even in samples with high tumor content. These CTC/cfDNA-discordant regions included key genomic regulators of lineage plasticity, osteomimicry, and cellular differentiation, including MYCN gain in CTCs (31%) that was rarely detected in cfDNA. CTC MYCN gain was associated with poor clinical outcomes in AR-V7 negative men and small cell transformation. In conclusion, we demonstrated concordance of multiple genomic alterations across CTC and cfDNA platforms; however, some genomic alterations displayed substantial discordance between CTC DNA and cfDNA despite the use of identical copy number analysis methods, suggesting tumor heterogeneity and divergent evolution associated with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Gupta
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabor Kemeny
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan Halabi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wen-Chi Foo
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Monika Anand
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun Luo
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and the Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Daniel J George
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Colin Rothwell
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David M Nanus
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Simon G Gregory
- Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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15
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Chung JS, Wang Y, Henderson J, Singhal U, Qiao Y, Zaslavsky AB, Hovelson DH, Spratt DE, Reichert Z, Palapattu GS, Taichman RS, Tomlins SA, Morgan TM. Circulating Tumor Cell-Based Molecular Classifier for Predicting Resistance to Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Neoplasia 2019; 21:802-809. [PMID: 31276932 PMCID: PMC6612010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While circulating tumor cell (CTC)–based detection of AR-V7 has been demonstrated to predict patient response to second-generation androgen receptor therapies, the rarity of AR-V7 expression in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) suggests that other drivers of resistance exist. We sought to use a multiplex gene expression platform to interrogate CTCs and identify potential markers of resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide. 37 patients with mCRPC initiating treatment with enzalutamide (n = 16) or abiraterone (n = 21) were prospectively enrolled for CTC collection and gene expression analysis using a panel of 89 prostate cancer–related genes. Gene expression from CTCs was correlated with PSA response and radioclinical progression-free survival (PFS) using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Twenty patients (54%) had detectable CTCs. At a median follow-up of 11.3 months, increased expression of the following genes was significantly associated with shorter PSA PFS and radioclinical PFS: AR, AR-V7, PSA, PSCA, TSPAN8, NKX3.1, and WNT5B. Additionally, high SPINK1 expression was associated with increased PFS. A predictive model including all eight genes gave an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84 for PSA PFS and 0.86 for radioclinical PFS. In comparison, the AR-V7 only model resulted in AUC values of 0.65 and 0.64.These data demonstrate that clinically relevant information regarding gene expression can be obtained from whole blood using a CTC-based approach. Multigene classifiers in this setting may allow for the development of noninvasive predictive biomarkers to guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Chung
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, Inje University, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Henderson
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Consulting for Computing, Statistics, and Analytics Research (CSCAR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Udit Singhal
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Qiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander B Zaslavsky
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachery Reichert
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,MI, USA
| | - Ganesh S Palapattu
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Russell S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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16
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Cani AK, Hu K, Siddiqui J, Han S, Hovelson DH, Liu CJ, Salami SS, Palapattu GS, Morgan TM, Wei JT, Chinnaiyan AM, Tomlins SA. Abstract 914: Development of a whole-urine, next-generation sequencing-based assay for early detection of aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite advances in biomarker development, early detection of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) remains challenging. Existing biomarkers show modest improvement over models based on serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). We have previously developed a clinical-grade laboratory-developed test, named MiProstate Score (MiPS), for individualized risk prediction of aggressive prostate cancer. It uses transcription-mediated amplification to quantify the gene-fusion TMPRSS2:ERG (T2:ERG) (T1E4 splice isoform) and the lncRNA PCA3 from whole-urine obtained after a digital rectal exam (DRE), combined with serum PSA. To improve MiPS, we describe here the pre-clinical development and validation of a targeted next generation sequencing assay (NGS-MiPS) using post-DRE urine RNA to asses ~90 PCa transcriptomic biomarkers. These include those in MiPS as well as many isoforms of common PCa gene fusions, mRNA, and lncRNA candidate biomarkers nominated by our large-scale PCa tissue RNAseq and other sources. We have obtained a 98% informative sample rate from 2.5 mL of urine and high technical reproducibility (Pearson r=0.99). Risk scores for having PCa [or high-grade PCa (Gleason Score >6)] on biopsy, as determined by clinical MiPS vs. the clinical MiPS model using NGS data, were highly concordant, Pearson’s r=0.74 (and r=0.81). Urine from patients with benign or Gleason 6 vs. Gleason ≥ 4+3=7 cancer on biopsy (extreme design) showed expected differences in the levels of T2:ERG T1E4 (p=0.00003) and PCA3 (p=0.07), with additional T2:ERG splice isoforms and other biomarkers also being significantly different between low vs. high grade cancer. Feature selection and logistic regression trained in an extreme design cohort (n=73) yielded a 29-transcript model that outperformed MiPS and serum PSA in two validation cohorts: 1. A held-out set from the extreme design cohort n=36, AUC 0.81 vs. 0.76 and 0.63 respectively; 2. A separate active surveillance cohort n=45, AUCs 0.66 vs. 0.56 and 0.53 respectively. These results support the potential utility of our urine based targeted NGS assay to supplement serum PSA for the early detection of aggressive prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Andi K. Cani, Kevin Hu, Javed Siddiqui, Sumin Han, Daniel H. Hovelson, Chia-Jen Liu, Simpa S. Salami, Ganesh S. Palapattu, Todd M. Morgan, John T. Wei, Arul M. Chinnaiyan, Scott A. Tomlins. Development of a whole-urine, next-generation sequencing-based assay for early detection of aggressive prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 914.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Hu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Sumin Han
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Salami SS, Kaplan JB, Nallandhighal S, Takhar M, Tosoian JJ, Lee M, Yoon J, Hovelson DH, Plouffe KR, Kaffenberger SD, Schaeffer EM, Karnes RJ, Lotan TL, Morgan TM, George AK, Montgomery JS, Davenport MS, You S, Tomlins SA, Curci NE, Kim HL, Spratt DE, Udager AM, Palapattu GS. Biologic Significance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Invisibility in Localized Prostate Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1900054. [PMID: 32914029 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is used widely for prostate cancer (PCa) evaluation. Approximately 35% of aggressive tumors, however, are not visible on mpMRI. We sought to identify the molecular alterations associated with mpMRI-invisible tumors and determine whether mpMRI visibility is associated with PCa prognosis. METHODS Discovery and validation cohorts included patients who underwent mpMRI before radical prostatectomy and were found to harbor both mpMRI-visible (Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System 3 to 5) and -invisible (Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System 1 or 2) foci on surgical pathology. Next-generation sequencing was performed to determine differential gene expression between mpMRI-visible and -invisible foci. A genetic signature for tumor mpMRI visibility was derived in the discovery cohort and assessed in an independent validation cohort. Its association with long-term oncologic outcomes was evaluated in a separate testing cohort. RESULTS The discovery cohort included 10 patients with 26 distinct PCa foci on surgical pathology, of which 12 (46%) were visible and 14 (54%) were invisible on preoperative mpMRI. Next-generation sequencing detected prioritized genetic mutations in 14 (54%) tumor foci (n = 8 mpMRI visible, n = 6 mpMRI invisible). A nine-gene signature (composed largely of cell organization/structure genes) associated with mpMRI visibility was derived (area under the curve = 0.89), and the signature predicted MRI visibility with 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity (area under the curve = 0.88) in the validation cohort. In the testing cohort (n = 375, median follow-up 8 years) there was no significant difference in biochemical recurrence, distant metastasis, or cancer-specific mortality in patients with predicted mpMRI-visible versus -invisible tumors (all P > .05). CONCLUSION Compared with mpMRI-invisible disease, mpMRI-visible tumors are associated with underexpression of cellular organization genes. mpMRI visibility does not seem to be predictive of long-term cancer outcomes, highlighting the need for biopsy strategies that detect mpMRI-invisible tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpa S Salami
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junhee Yoon
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Samuel D Kaffenberger
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Todd M Morgan
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arvin K George
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jeffrey S Montgomery
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Hyung L Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI.,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Aaron M Udager
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ganesh S Palapattu
- Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Salami SS, Kaplan JB, Nallandhighal S, Takhar M, Tosoian JJ, Lee M, Yoon J, Hovelson DH, Plouffe KR, Kaffenberger SD, George AK, Montgomery JS, Davenport M, You S, Tomlins SA, Curci NE, Kim HL, Spratt DE, Udager AM, Palapattu GS. Radiogenomic characterization of multifocal prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.7_suppl.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
126 Background: Up to 20% of patients with negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) harbor Gleason score ≥7 prostate cancer (PCa). We sought to elucidate the molecular basis of and determine the prognostic significance of PCa visibility on MRI. Methods: We identified a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent MRI prior to prostatectomy with both MRI visible (PIRADS 3 – 5) and invisible PCa. MRI for each patient was re-reviewed and co-registered with whole-mount histopathology. DNA and RNA were co-isolated from all tumor foci pre-identified on FFPE specimens. High depth, targeted DNA and RNA next generation sequencing was performed to characterize the molecular profile of each tumor focus using the Oncomine Comprehensive Panel (DNA) and a custom targeted RNAseq panel assessing PCa relevant alterations. A multigene RNAseq model was developed and validated in two independent cohorts to predict MRI visible PCa and to determine the prognostic significance of MRI visibility. Results: A total of 26 primary tumor foci from 10 patients were analyzed. Of the 14 (54%) invisible lesions on MRI, 5 (36%) were Gleason 3+4 = 7 and the remainder were Gleason 6. We detected high-confidence prioritized PCa relevant mutations in 54% (14/26) of tumor foci, 43% (6/14) of which were in MRI invisible lesions. Notable point mutations were in APC, AR, ARID1B, ATM, ATRX, BRCA2, FAT1, MAP3K1, NF1, SPEN, SPOP, and TP53. A 9-gene RNA signature, the majority of which were under-expressed cellular organization and structure genes, was developed to predict MRI visibility with an AUC of 0.89. Validation of this signature in an independent data set (n = 16) yielded an AUC of 0.88 with a specificity of 100% for predicting MRI visible tumors. Using this signature in a cohort of 375 patients with clinical follow up, we found that predicted MRI visibility status was not an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence, metastasis-free survival, or PCa specific mortality (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: We observed under-expression of cellular organization and structural genes in MRI visible tumors compared to MRI invisible cancer foci. Using our validated signature to predict MRI visibility status, we found that MRI visibility is not a significant predictor of oncological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junhee Yoon
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sungyong You
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Mouat IC, Omata K, McDaniel AS, Hattangady NG, Talapatra D, Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Tomlins SA, Rainey WE, Hammer GD, Giordano TJ, Else T. Somatic mutations in adrenocortical carcinoma with primary aldosteronism or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:217-225. [PMID: 30475217 PMCID: PMC7065382 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several somatic mutations specific to aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) have been described. A small proportion of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are associated with hyperaldosteronism, either primary aldosteronism or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism. However, it is unknown whether they harbor mutations of the same spectrum as APAs. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical phenotype and molecular genotype of ACCs with hyperaldosteronism, particularly the analysis for common APA-associated genetic changes. Patients were identified by retrospective chart review at a specialized referral center and by positive staining for CYP11B2 of tissue microarrays. Twenty-five patients with ACC and hyperaldosteronism were initially identified by retrospective chart review, and tissue for further analysis was available on 13 tumors. Seven patients were identified by positive staining for CYP11B2 in a tissue microarray, of which two were already identified in the initial chart review. Therefore, a total number of 18 patients with a diagnosis of ACC and features of either primary aldosteronism or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism were therefore included in the final study. Mutational status for a select list of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and genes known to carry mutations in APAs were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Review of clinical data suggested autonomous aldosterone production in the majority of cases, while for some cases, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism was the more likely mechanism. The mutational landscape of ACCs associated with hyperaldosteronism was not different from ACCs with a different hormonal phenotype. None of the ACCs harbored mutations of known APA-associated genes, suggesting an alternative mechanism conferring aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew S McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Namita G Hattangady
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Debnita Talapatra
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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Lazo de la Vega L, Samaha MC, Hu K, Bick NR, Siddiqui J, Hovelson DH, Liu CJ, Carter CS, Cho KR, Sciallis AP, Tomlins SA. Multiclonality and Marked Branched Evolution of Low-Grade Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:731-740. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Hovelson DH, Udager AM, McDaniel AS, Grivas P, Palmbos P, Tamura S, Lazo de la Vega L, Palapattu G, Veeneman B, El-Sawy L, Sadis SE, Morgan TM, Montgomery JS, Weizer AZ, Day KC, Neamati N, Liebert M, Keller ET, Day ML, Mehra R, Tomlins SA. Targeted DNA and RNA Sequencing of Paired Urothelial and Squamous Bladder Cancers Reveals Discordant Genomic and Transcriptomic Events and Unique Therapeutic Implications. Eur Urol 2018; 74:741-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Salami SS, Hovelson DH, Kaplan JB, Mathieu R, Udager AM, Curci NE, Lee M, Plouffe KR, de la Vega LL, Susani M, Rioux-Leclercq N, Spratt DE, Morgan TM, Davenport MS, Chinnaiyan AM, Cyrta J, Rubin MA, Shariat SF, Tomlins SA, Palapattu GS. Transcriptomic heterogeneity in multifocal prostate cancer. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123468. [PMID: 30385730 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial gene expression assays are guiding clinical decision making in patients with prostate cancer, particularly when considering active surveillance. Given heterogeneity and multifocality of primary prostate cancer, such assays should ideally be robust to the coexistence of unsampled higher grade disease elsewhere in the prostate in order to have clinical utility. Herein, we comprehensively evaluated transcriptomic profiles of primary multifocal prostate cancer to assess robustness to clinically relevant multifocality. METHODS We designed a comprehensive, multiplexed targeted RNA-sequencing assay capable of assessing multiple transcriptional classes and deriving commercially available prognostic signatures, including the Myriad Prolaris Cell Cycle Progression score, the Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score, and the GenomeDX Decipher Genomic Classifier. We applied this assay to a retrospective, multi-institutional cohort of 156 prostate cancer samples. Derived commercial biomarker scores for 120 informative primary prostate cancer samples from 44 cases were determined and compared. RESULTS Derived expression scores were positively correlated with tumor grade (rS = 0.53-0.73; all P < 0.001), both within the same case and across the entire cohort. In cases of extreme grade-discordant multifocality (co-occurrence of grade group 1 [GG1] and ≥GG4 foci], gene expression scores were significantly lower in low- (GG1) versus high-grade (≥GG4) foci (all P < 0.001). No significant differences in expression scores, however, were observed between GG1 foci from prostates with and without coexisting higher grade cancer (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Multifocal, low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer foci exhibit distinct prognostic expression signatures. These findings demonstrate that prognostic RNA expression assays performed on low-grade prostate cancer biopsy tissue may not provide meaningful information on the presence of coexisting unsampled aggressive disease. FUNDING Prostate Cancer Foundation, National Institutes of Health (U01 CA214170, R01 CA183857, University of Michigan Prostate Specialized Program of Research Excellence [S.P.O.R.E.] P50 CA186786-05, Weill Cornell Medicine S.P.O.R.E. P50 CA211024-01A1), Men of Michigan Prostate Cancer Research Fund, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center core grant (2-P30-CA-046592-24), A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Research Institute, and Department of Defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpa S Salami
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeremy B Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Aaron M Udager
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole E Curci
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew Lee
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Komal R Plouffe
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Martin Susani
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel E Spratt
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew S Davenport
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ganesh S Palapattu
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Udager AM, McDaniel AS, Hovelson DH, Fields K, Salami SS, Kaffenberger SD, Spratt DE, Montgomery JS, Weizer AZ, Reichert ZR, Alva AS, Chinnaiyan AM, Tomlins SA, Mehra R. Frequent PD-L1 Protein Expression and Molecular Correlates in Urinary Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2018; 74:529-531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Salami S, Hovelson DH, Kaplan JB, Mathieu R, Udager AM, Curci N, Lee M, Vega LLDL, Susani M, Rioux-Leclercq N, Spratt DE, Morgan TM, Davenport MS, Rubin MA, Shahrokh SF, Tomlins SA, Palapattu GS. Abstract B036: Comprehensive transcriptomic profiling challenges the robustness of prostate cancer prognostic signatures to multifocality. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.prca2017-b036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Imaging and tissue-based biomarkers are increasingly utilized in men diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer (PCa) to guide definitive management vs. active surveillance. PCa is uniquely multifocal, with multiple clonally distinct tumor foci present in the majority of men. A single tumor focus may also be composed of both low- and high-grade components. Hence, an ideal prognostic biomarker should be robust to both undersampling of a high-grade component, as well as a not sampled multifocal high-grade tumor focus.
Materials and Methods: To assess the robustness of prognostic biomarkers to multifocality, we designed a comprehensive multiplexed targeted RNA sequencing assay (mxRNAseq) capable of assessing multiple classes of transcriptional alterations and deriving available prognostic signature scores (e.g., Prolaris CCP and OncotypeDX GPS). We applied this assay to a retrospective, multi-institution cohort of over 150 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples representing the range of prostate cancer progression. Single candidate biomarkers and derived prognostic signatures were compared between low-grade foci in cases with and without high-grade foci, all-low-grade foci vs. all-high-grade foci, and cases with extremes of grade differences in multifocal tumors. Frequency of clinically relevant extreme multifocality was determined by identifying patients in a single-institution consecutive prostatectomy database over 9 years who had exclusively low-grade cancer on biopsy but very-high-grade disease on prostatectomy.
Results: Our mxRNAseq assay robustly detected known coding gene/lncRNA expression, gene fusions and splice variants, and expressed mutations and germline variants. Supervised hierarchical clustering of target gene expression confirmed expected transcriptional module deregulation and derived prognostic signatures across prostate cancer progression. Prognostic biomarkers (including derived signatures) showed no significant differences in expression between low-grade foci from prostates with and without high-grade multifocal tumors and were uniformly higher in high-grade foci vs. low-grade foci from the same case. In four cases of extreme multifocality (Gleason score 6 vs. >=8 foci), prognostic signatures were significantly lower in low-grade foci vs. high-grade foci. In 1,418 men with biopsy Gleason score 3+3=6 or 3+4=7, 21 (1.5%) had Gleason score ≥ 4+4=8, where the biopsy almost certainly did not sample the most clinically relevant focus.
Conclusions: Using a novel comprehensive mxRNAseq assay, our results challenge the robustness of prognostic biomarkers between multifocal low- and high-grade prostate cancer foci. Tissue-based prostate cancer prognostic biomarkers should be specifically validated using an extreme multifocality design to support utility in predicting the presence of an unsampled, aggressive multifocal tumor focus.
Citation Format: Simpa Salami, Daniel H. Hovelson, Jeremy B. Kaplan, Romain Mathieu, Aaron M. Udager, Nicole Curci, Matthew Lee, Lorena Lazo de la Vega, Martin Susani, Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq, Daniel E. Spratt, Todd M. Morgan, Matthew S. Davenport, Mark A. Rubin, Shariat F. Shahrokh, Scott A. Tomlins, Ganesh S. Palapattu. Comprehensive transcriptomic profiling challenges the robustness of prostate cancer prognostic signatures to multifocality [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr B036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpa Salami
- 1University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI,
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Gupta S, Hovelson DH, Tomlins SA, Kemeny G, Liu CJ, George DJ, Rothwell C, Anand M, Nanus DM, Giannakakou P, Gregory S, Armstrong AJ. Analysis of genomic alterations in matched circulating tumor cell DNA (CTC DNA) and plasma tumor DNA (ctDNA) in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chia-Jen Liu
- University of Michigan Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI
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Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Demirci H, Johnson MW, Tomlins SA, Rao RC. Next generation sequencing of vitreoretinal lymphomas from small-volume intraocular liquid biopsies: new routes to targeted therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7989-7998. [PMID: 28002793 PMCID: PMC5352376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL), the most common lymphoma of the eye, is a rare form of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). Most frequently a high-grade diffuse large B cell lymphoma, VRL can cause vision loss and its prognosis remains dismal: the overall survival time is 3 years after diagnosis. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used but remain frequently ineffective, and no standardized treatment regimen exists. Furthermore, no biologically targeted treatments, based on the genetic profile of the tumor, are available, as VRL has hitherto not comprehensively been profiled. To address these unmet needs, we hypothesized that a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based, National Cancer Institute (NCI) MATCH Trial-modified panel would be able to identify actionable genomic alterations from small-volume, intraocular liquid biopsies. Methods and Findings In this retrospective study, we collected diluted vitreous biopsies from 4 patients with a high suspicion for VRL. Following cytological confirmation of lymphoma (all were diffuse large B cell lymphomas), we subjected genomic DNA from the biopsies to NGS, using a panel containing 126 genes (3,435 amplicons across several hotspots per gene), which was modified from that of the NCI MATCH Trial, a new trial that has matched patients with cancers that have not responded (or never responded), to investigational therapeutics based on their prioritized mutation profile rather than site of tumor origin. Using a validated bioinformatics pipeline, we assessed for the presence of actionable mutations and copy number alterations. In all four small-volume, intraocular liquid biopsies, we obtained sufficient genomic DNA for analysis, even in diluted samples in which the undiluted vitreous was used for cytology and flow cytometry. Using NGS, we found targetable heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the MYD88 oncogene, and confirmed in our cohort the presence the L265 mutations, previously described using PCR-based assays. For the first time in VRL, we also identified the MYD88 S243N mutation. We also identified two-copy copy number losses in the tumor suppressor CDKN2A in all four cases, and one copy loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN in one sample. In one case, in which vitreous biopsies were originally read as cytologically negative, but which was confirmed as lymphoma when a lesion appeared in the brain two years later, our NGS-based approach detected tumoral DNA in the banked, original liquid biopsy. Conclusions We performed the first systematic exploration of the actionable cancer genome in VRL. Our NGS-based approach identified exploitable genomic alterations such as gain-of-function MYD88 oncogene mutations and loss of the tumor suppressor CDKN2A, and thus illuminates new routes to biologically targeted therapies for VRL, a cancer with a dismal prognosis. This precision medicine strategy could be used to nominate novel, targeted therapies in lymphomas and other blinding and deadly ocular, orbital, and ocular adnexal diseases for which few treatments exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Hakan Demirci
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Mark W Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Rajesh C Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US.,Section of Ophthalmology, Surgical Service, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor, Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, US
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Paoletti C, Cani AK, Larios JM, Hovelson DH, Aung K, Darga EP, Cannell EM, Baratta PJ, Liu CJ, Chu D, Yazdani M, Blevins AR, Sero V, Tokudome N, Thomas DG, Gersch C, Schott AF, Wu YM, Lonigro R, Robinson DR, Chinnaiyan AM, Bischoff FZ, Johnson MD, Park BH, Hayes DF, Rae JM, Tomlins SA. Comprehensive Mutation and Copy Number Profiling in Archived Circulating Breast Cancer Tumor Cells Documents Heterogeneous Resistance Mechanisms. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1110-1122. [PMID: 29233927 PMCID: PMC5815882 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Addressing drug resistance is a core challenge in cancer research, but the degree of heterogeneity in resistance mechanisms in cancer is unclear. In this study, we conducted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor cells (CTC) from patients with advanced cancer to assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy and reveal opportunities for precision medicine. Comparison of the genomic landscapes of CTCs and tissue metastases is complicated by challenges in comprehensive CTC genomic profiling and paired tissue acquisition, particularly in patients who progress after targeted therapy. Thus, we assessed by NGS somatic mutations and copy number alterations (CNA) in archived CTCs isolated from patients with metastatic breast cancer who were enrolled in concurrent clinical trials that collected and analyzed CTCs and metastatic tissues. In 76 individual and pooled informative CTCs from 12 patients, we observed 85% concordance in at least one or more prioritized somatic mutations and CNA between paired CTCs and tissue metastases. Potentially actionable genomic alterations were identified in tissue but not CTCs, and vice versa. CTC profiling identified diverse intra- and interpatient molecular mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance, including loss of heterozygosity in individual CTCs. For example, in one patient, we observed CTCs that were either wild type for ESR1 (n = 5/32), harbored the known activating ESR1 p.Y537S mutation (n = 26/32), or harbored a novel ESR1 p.A569S (n = 1/32). ESR1 p.A569S was modestly activating in vitro, consistent with its presence as a minority circulating subclone. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and potential clinical utility of comprehensive profiling of archived fixed CTCs. Tissue and CTC genomic assessment are complementary, and precise combination therapies will likely be required for effective targeting in advanced breast cancer patients.Significance: These findings demonstrate the complementary nature of genomic profiling from paired tissue metastasis and circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res; 78(4); 1110-22. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Paoletti
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andi K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jose M Larios
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kimberly Aung
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth P Darga
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily M Cannell
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul J Baratta
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Chu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maryam Yazdani
- Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Valeria Sero
- Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Nahomi Tokudome
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Present address: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Dafydd G Thomas
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christina Gersch
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anne F Schott
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert Lonigro
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dan R Robinson
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Ben H Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James M Rae
- Breast Oncology Program of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Comphrehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hovelson DH, Liu CJ, Wang Y, Kang Q, Henderson J, Gursky A, Brockman S, Ramnath N, Krauss JC, Talpaz M, Kandarpa M, Chugh R, Tuck M, Herman K, Grasso CS, Quist MJ, Feng FY, Haakenson C, Langmore J, Kamberov E, Tesmer T, Husain H, Lonigro RJ, Robinson D, Smith DC, Alva AS, Hussain MH, Chinnaiyan AM, Tewari M, Mills RE, Morgan TM, Tomlins SA. Rapid, ultra low coverage copy number profiling of cell-free DNA as a precision oncology screening strategy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89848-89866. [PMID: 29163793 PMCID: PMC5685714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cell-free DNA (cfDNA) next generation sequencing (NGS) precision oncology workflows are typically limited to targeted and/or disease-specific applications. In advanced cancer, disease burden and cfDNA tumor content are often elevated, yielding unique precision oncology opportunities. We sought to demonstrate the utility of a pan-cancer, rapid, inexpensive, whole genome NGS of cfDNA approach (PRINCe) as a precision oncology screening strategy via ultra-low coverage (~0.01x) tumor content determination through genome-wide copy number alteration (CNA) profiling. We applied PRINCe to a retrospective cohort of 124 cfDNA samples from 100 patients with advanced cancers, including 76 men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), enabling cfDNA tumor content approximation and actionable focal CNA detection, while facilitating concordance analyses between cfDNA and tissue-based NGS profiles and assessment of cfDNA alteration associations with mCRPC treatment outcomes. Therapeutically relevant focal CNAs were present in 42 (34%) cfDNA samples, including 36 of 93 (39%) mCRPC patient samples harboring AR amplification. PRINCe identified pre-treatment cfDNA CNA profiles facilitating disease monitoring. Combining PRINCe with routine targeted NGS of cfDNA enabled mutation and CNA assessment with coverages tuned to cfDNA tumor content. In mCRPC, genome-wide PRINCe cfDNA and matched tissue CNA profiles showed high concordance (median Pearson correlation = 0.87), and PRINCe detectable AR amplifications predicted reduced time on therapy, independent of therapy type (Kaplan-Meier log-rank test, chi-square = 24.9, p < 0.0001). Our screening approach enables robust, broadly applicable cfDNA-based precision oncology for patients with advanced cancer through scalable identification of therapeutically relevant CNAs and pre-/post-treatment genomic profiles, enabling cfDNA- or tissue-based precision oncology workflow optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Henderson
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Gursky
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott Brockman
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John C Krauss
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rashmi Chugh
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Missy Tuck
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kirk Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine S Grasso
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Quist
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hatim Husain
- Medical Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moore's Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Lonigro
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dan Robinson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David C Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ajjai S Alva
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maha H Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Present address: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lazo de la Vega L, McHugh JB, Cani AK, Kunder K, Walocko FM, Liu CJ, Hovelson DH, Robinson D, Chinnaiyan AM, Tomlins SA, Harms PW. Comprehensive Molecular Profiling of Olfactory Neuroblastoma Identifies Potentially Targetable FGFR3 Amplifications. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1551-1557. [PMID: 28775129 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory neuroblastomas (ONBs), also known as esthesioneuroblastomas, are malignant round-cell tumors that represent up to 5% of sinonasal malignancies. Despite their aggressive course, molecular studies of ONBs have been limited, and targeted therapies are lacking. To identify potential oncogenic drivers and targetable pathways in ONBs, we characterized 20 ONBs, including archived ONBs profiled by targeted, multiplexed PCR (mxPCR)-based DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the coding sequence of over 400 cancer-relevant genes (n = 16), mxPCR-based RNA NGS of 108 target genes (n = 15), and 2 ONBs profiled by comprehensive hybrid-capture-based clinical grade NGS of >1,500 genes. Somatic mutations were infrequent in our cohort, with 7 prioritized nonsynonymous mutations in 5 of 18 (28%) ONBs, and no genes were recurrently mutated. We detected arm/chromosome-level copy-number alterations in all tumors, most frequently gains involving all or part of chromosome 20, chromosome 5, and chromosome 11. Recurrent focal amplifications, often but not exclusively in the context of arm-level gains, included CCND1 [n = 4/18 (22%) tumors] and the targetable receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR3 [n = 5/18 (28%) tumors]. Targeted RNA NGS confirmed high expression of FGFR3 in ONB (at levels equivalent to bladder cancer), with the highest expression observed in FGFR3-amplified ONB cases. Importantly, our findings suggest that FGFR3 may be a therapeutic target in a subset of these aggressive tumors.Implications: ONBs harbor recurrent chromosomal copy-number changes, including FGFR3 amplification associated with overexpression. Hence, FGFR3 may represent a novel therapeutic target in these tumors. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1551-7. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lazo de la Vega
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Komal Kunder
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dan Robinson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Goswami MT, Hovelson DH, Johnson A, Tomlins SA, Wang L, Zhulke K, Singh B, Anand SK, Cani A, Liu A, Kamberov S, Wu YM, Robinson D, Chinnaiyan A, Cooney KA. Abstract 1447: Identification of an oncogenic germline KRAS truncating mutation in hereditary cancers. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Somatic strongly activating KRAS mutations play an oncogenic role across numerous human cancers, while less activating germline KRAS mutations are associated with developmental disorders. KRAS encodes two splice variant products—KRAS-4A and KRAS-4B—differing in their C-terminus through alternative fourth coding exons. Though KRAS-4A is homologous to the original transforming transcript identified in Kirsten rat sarcoma virus, its role in human cancer is less characterized compared to KRAS-4B. Here, through genetic analyses of three cohorts of patients with hereditary and/or aggressive cancers, we identified a rare KRAS-4A specific C-terminal truncating germline mutation (KRAS-4A C180X; rs373169526) in affected men of three families with hereditary prostate cancer and a patient with hereditary melanoma (minor allele frequency [MAF] of 0.0014 in these combined cancer cohorts assessed vs. 0.000056 in the ExAC population database, odds ratio 24.6 [95% confidence interval 5.1-103.5], two sided Fisher’s exact test p = 9.0E-5). The KRAS-4A C180X mutation truncates the C-terminus, removing the polybasic region and -CAAX motifs previously demonstrated to be necessary for Ras family member membrane association, MAP kinase signaling activation and transformation, suggesting a loss of function phenotype. However, in silico assessment of reported human variation demonstrates truncating germline variants only in KRAS-4A and not KRAS-4B, consistent with tolerance. Expression of KRAS-4A protein in NIH3T3 and MDCK leads to loss of exclusive membrane association and inhibits GTP loading, as expected, but paradoxically resulted in modest but significantly increased proliferation and soft agar colony growth compared to control or wildtype KRAS expressing cells. Pro-oncogenic phenotypes were not dependent on MAPK signaling, but showed sensitivity to AKT inhibition. In summary, we identified a germline truncating KRAS-4A mutation over-represented in hereditary cancers that defines a novel mechanism of KRAS activation not dependent on the C-terminal polybasic and -CAAX motifs.
Citation Format: Moloy T. Goswami, Daniel H. Hovelson, Anna Johnson, Scott A. Tomlins, Lucy Wang, Kimberly Zhulke, Bhavneet Singh, Sharath Kumar Anand, Andi Cani, Albert Liu, Steven Kamberov, Yi-Mi Wu, Dan Robinson, Arul Chinnaiyan, Kathleen A. Cooney. Identification of an oncogenic germline KRAS truncating mutation in hereditary cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1447. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1447
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lucy Wang
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Andi Cani
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Yi-Mi Wu
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Omata K, Anand SK, Hovelson DH, Liu CJ, Yamazaki Y, Nakamura Y, Ito S, Satoh F, Sasano H, Rainey WE, Tomlins SA. Aldosterone-Producing Cell Clusters Frequently Harbor Somatic Mutations and Accumulate With Age in Normal Adrenals. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:787-799. [PMID: 29264530 PMCID: PMC5686701 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing (NGS) have revealed the frequent presence of aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) harboring somatic mutations in aldosterone-regulating genes in adrenals from Americans without defined hypertension status. OBJECTIVE Determine the frequency and somatic mutation status of APCCs in a Japanese nonhypertensive cohort. DESIGN SETTING PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Adrenals from 837 consecutive autopsies at a Japanese institution, Tohoku University Hospital, were screened to select 107 unilateral adrenal glands from nonhypertensive patients. APCC score (APCC number/adrenal cortex area per case) was assessed by CYP11B2 immunohistochemistry. DNA from all APCCs and adjacent adrenal cortex was subjected to NGS using two panels targeting aldosterone-regulating genes. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE APCC frequency and somatic mutation spectrum. RESULTS In 107 adrenals, 61 APCCs were detected (average of 0.6 APCCs per gland). APCC score was positively correlated with age (r = 0.50, P < 0.0001). NGS demonstrated high confidence somatic mutations in 21 of 61 APCCs (34%). Notably, 16 of 21 APCCs (76%) harbored somatic mutations in CACNA1D, the most frequently mutated gene in our previous studies of APCCs in Americans and CYP11B2-positive micronodules in cross-sectional imaging (computed tomography) negative primary aldosteronism (PA), whereas no APCCs harbored mutations in KCNJ5, the most frequently mutated gene in aldosterone-producing adenoma. APCC score was significantly lower than our previous cohort of unilateral computed tomography-negative PA. CONCLUSIONS APCCs are frequent in nonhypertensive Japanese adrenals, accumulate with age, and frequently harbor somatic mutations (most commonly in CACNA1D). The role of APCCs in PA pathobiology and non-PA hypertension warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Omata
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sharath K. Anand
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel H. Hovelson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, 980-0872 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Harms KL, Lazo de la Vega L, Hovelson DH, Rahrig S, Cani AK, Liu CJ, Fullen DR, Wang M, Andea AA, Bichakjian CK, Johnson TM, Tomlins SA, Harms PW. Molecular Profiling of Multiple Primary Merkel Cell Carcinoma to Distinguish Genetically Distinct Tumors From Clonally Related Metastases. JAMA Dermatol 2017; 153:505-512. [PMID: 28403382 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. In rare cases, the development of an additional cutaneous MCC tumor is clinically consistent with a second primary MCC tumor rather than a cutaneous metastasis, which has important treatment and prognostic implications. Objective To evaluate genetic relatedness in 4 cases with the clinical diagnosis of multiple primary MCCs. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case series, 7 cases of clinically designated multiple primary MCC were identified; 4 cases met inclusion criteria for next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Mutations, copy number alterations, and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) sequence were analyzed and compared between clinically designated multiple primary tumors to characterize genetic relatedness and hence assess clonality. Patients with clinically designated multiple primary MCC were identified from the multidisciplinary MCC Program at the University of Michigan, a tertiary care center. Main Outcomes and Measures Four cases of clinically designated multiple primary MCC were characterized by tumor sequencing and targeted MCPyV sequencing to distinguish independent primary tumors from related metastases. Results Overall, 4 patients in their 70s or 80s were included and analyzed. Cases 1 and 4 were verified as genetically distinct primary tumors and did not harbor similar copy number alterations or demonstrate significant mutational overlap. Cases 2 and 3 were designated as clonally related based on overlapping copy number alterations. In clonally related tumors, chromosomal copy number changes were more reliable than mutations for demonstrating clonality. Regardless of clonality, we found that MCPyV status was concordant for all tumor pairs and MCPyV positive tumors harbored predominatly subclonal mutations. Conclusions and Relevance Our findings suggest that patients with MCC may develop a second genetically distinct primary tumor; in this case, the subsequent tumor is likely to develop through similar mechanisms of pathogenesis, either MCPyV-mediated or ultraviolet light-mediated. Next-generation sequencing analysis of chromosomal copy number changes and mutations is useful in distinguishing multiple primary MCCs from progression of MCC clinically resembling multiple primaries, allowing appropriate staging of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor2Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Lorena Lazo de la Vega
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Samantha Rahrig
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Andi K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Aleodor A Andea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Christopher K Bichakjian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor2Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Timothy M Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor2Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor3Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor5Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor3Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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Morgan TM, Chung JS, Wang Y, Henderson J, Singhal U, Qiao Y, Zaslavsky A, Hovelson DH, Alva AS, Feng FYC, Palapattu GS, Taichman RS, Chinnaiyan AM, Tomlins SA. Indentification of a CTC-based gene expression signature predicting resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in mCRPC. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.5072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5072 Background: Circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based detection of AR-V7 has been shown to be one potential marker for predicting response to 2nd generation androgen receptor (AR) therapies. However, the apparent rarity of AR-V7 positivity is indicative of the importance of other drivers of resistance in this setting. We sought to utilize a multiplex gene expression platform for assessing CTCs in order to determine other predictive biomarkers of response. Methods: Whole blood (~5mL) was obtained from 37 patients with mCRPC starting enzalutamide (n=16) or abiraterone (n=21). CTCs were isolated using anti-EpCAM-conjugated magnetic beads. Following cell lysis, mRNA was extracted followed by multiplex qRT-PCR for 92 prostate cancer-related genes. Samples were considered CTC-positive based on a previously established set of epithelial markers. We identified genes associated with PSA and radioclinical progression free survival (PFS) using Cox regression analysis. Muli-gene models were tested using ROC analysis. Results: We identified 20 patients (54%) with detectable CTCs, and patients were followed for a median of 10 months (IQR 3.9-19.4 months). Seven genes were associated with both PSA PFS and radioclinical PFS in the Cox analyses (Table). Combing the 7 genes into a single model gave AUC values of 0.88 for PSA PFS and 0.89 for radioclinical PFS. In comparison, the AR-V7-only model resulted in AUC values of 0.65 and 0.66. Conclusions: We identified seven prostate cancer-related genes that can be determined from CTCs and appear to predict short time to progression in men with mCRPC being treated with 2nd generation hormonal therapies. While this is a small cohort and prospective validation is needed, these findings highlight the potential role for this approach in helping guide therapy choice. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Udit Singhal
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Ajjai Shivaram Alva
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Salami SS, Hovelson DH, Mathieu R, Kaplan JB, Susani M, Rioux-Leclercq N, Shariat SF, Tomlins SA, Palapattu GS. Comprehensive molecular profiling of multi-focal prostate cancer and concomitant lymph node metastasis: Implications for tissue-based prognostic biomarkers. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5061 Background: Current tissue-based prognostic biomarker assays claim that assessment of a single biopsy focus is sufficient to predict disease behavior. We analyzed and compared the genetic profiles of multifocal prostate cancer (PCa) with concordant lymph node metastasis (LNM) to determine if expression-based prognostic tests are robust to multifocality. Methods: This IRB-approved study comprised patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection that revealed N1 or discordant multifocal (low- and high-grade foci) disease. DNA and RNA were co-isolated from each tumor focus pre-identified on formalin fixed paraffin embedded specimens. High depth, targeted DNA and RNA next generation sequencing was performed to characterize the molecular profile of each sample, using the Oncomine Comprehensive (11 patients) or Comprehensive Cancer (DNA, 3 patients) Panels and a custom targeted RNAseq panel comprising genes for deriving prognostic signatures. Results: A total of 67 primary tumor and 17 LNM foci from 14 patients were analyzed. We observed significant intra- and inter-patient molecular heterogeneity. For example, in patient #1, while all 4 regions of high-grade primary tumor showed TP53 somatic mutations and some copy number alterations (CNAs) with two samples from the LNM, tumor areas near the positive margin showed more complete concordance than intraprostatic regions. Critically, a low-grade primary tumor focus in this case showed no somatic mutation or CNA overlap with the high-grade or LNM samples. In patient #4, all tumor and LNM foci shared a large number of somatic mutations, including a frameshift mutation in PTEN, with no high level CNA, consistent with a hypermutated genotype. By targeted RNAseq, low- and high-grade tumors from the same patient showed distinct expression profiles using genes included in prognostic signatures. Conclusions: Our results challenge the claim that expression-based prognostic tests are robust to multifocality. Further studies are needed to better characterize the biologically dominant lesion in multifocal PCa and hold promise for the development of improved prognostic biomarkers.
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Hovelson DH, Lazo De La Vega L, McDaniel A, Udager A, Mehra R, Palapattu GS, Weizer AZ, Morgan TM, Montgomery JS, Tomlins SA. Targeted DNA and RNA sequencing of paired urothelial and squamous bladder cancers to reveal discordant genomic and transcriptomic events and unique therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
296 Background: Expression-based molecular subtypes thought to be intrinsic in bladder cancer have been widely reported, carrying important potential clinical treatment implications. Histologically, bladder cancers are also heterogeneous diseases, with a large portion of urothelial carcinomas exhibiting divergent differentiation. Previous subtyping efforts have been carried out using predominantly fresh frozen tissue samples, potentially obscuring this known differentiation heterogeneity. Methods: Here we performed targeted multiplexed, amplicon-based DNA and RNA sequencing on 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bladder cancer samples (including 12 paired urothelial / squamous lesions). High-confidence somatic point mutations, short insertions/deletions (indels), and copy number alterations were detected using the DNA component of the Oncomine Comprehensive Assay (OCP). Targeted RNA sequencing was carried out using a custom Ampliseq panel comprised of 8 housekeeping genes and 103 target genes assessing major transcriptional programs as identified from publically available data. Results: By DNA analysis, we observe frequent TP53 (35%) and activating hotspot PIK3CA (23%) somatic mutations across the cohort, as well as targetable high-level (log-2 copy number ratio > = 1.5) focal amplifications of ERBB2 (3%) or EGFR (3%) in a subset of samples. We report a novel approach for detecting sub-gene copy-number alterations, and confirm several detectable multi-exon losses using whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. Pairing targeted RNA expression analysis with DNA-based alterations, we show high level expression of EGFR and ERBB2 in focally-amplified samples. Most importantly, we show that despite identical prioritized somatic genomic alterations, we observe divergent expression-based profiles in 3 of 12 (25%) paired urothelial and squamous samples. Conclusions: Taken together, these results highlight the importance of molecular heterogeneity in bladder cancer and suggest important considerations for using existing expression-based clustering approaches to guide clinical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Hovelson
- University of Michigan Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Andrew McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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Hovelson DH, Liu CJ, Wang Y, Kang Q, Haakenson C, Langmore J, Kamberov E, Ramnath N, Krauss JC, Talpaz M, Chugh R, Hyland D, Tuck M, Herman K, Husain H, Tewari M, Chinnaiyan AM, Mills R, Morgan TM, Tomlins SA. Rapid, ultra-low coverage copy number profiling of cell-free DNA as a precision oncology screening strategy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
144 Background: Although cell free DNA (cfDNA) profiling by next generation sequencing (NGS) holds great promise for precision oncology, the inability to estimate tumor content a priori typically results in ultra-deep sequencing (e.g. 10,000x) based approaches—often at limited loci—to ensure accurate assessment of cfDNA samples where tumor content can be < 0.1%. However, a large subset of patients with advanced cancers, where most precision oncology is applied, have much greater cfDNA tumor content. Methods: Here we demonstrate the utility of a pan-cancer, rapid, inexpensive, whole genome NGS of cfDNA approach (PRINCe) on benchtop sequencers as a precision medicine screening strategy based on ultra-low coverage (~0.005x) tumor content determination through genome-wide copy number alteration (CNA) profiling using 48 plasma cfDNA samples from patients with advanced cancer. Results: Using this approach, we identified therapeutically relevant focal CNAs in 13 of 48 (27%) cfDNA samples from patients with metastatic cancer, including 11 of 36 (31%) from patients with mCRPC. We further show that PRINCe is effective at whole genome coverages as low as 0.005x. Combining PRINCe with targeted multiplexed-PCR NGS of the same cfDNA enables mutation and CNA assessment using effective coverage as low as 25x based on calibrating sequencing depth to cfDNA tumor content. Lastly, PRINCe identifies pre-treatment cfDNA copy number profiles that can be used for inexpensive disease monitoring. Conclusions: Taken together, our screening approach enables broadly applicable cfDNA based precision oncology for patients with advanced cancer through rapid, inexpensive identification of therapeutically relevant CNAs and pre-treatment genomic profiles for disease monitoring, while also guiding additional cfDNA profiling approaches to reserve costly ultra-deep approaches for patients with very low cfDNA tumor content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Hovelson
- University of Michigan Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- University of Michigan Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Qing Kang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Nithya Ramnath
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Rashmi Chugh
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Hatim Husain
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
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Smith SC, Trpkov K, Chen YB, Mehra R, Sirohi D, Ohe C, Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Omata K, McHugh JB, Jochum W, Colecchia M, Amin M, Divatia MK, Hes O, Menon S, da Cunha IW, Tripodi S, Brimo F, Gill AJ, Osunkoya AO, Magi-Galluzzi C, Sibony M, Williamson SR, Nesi G, Picken MM, Maclean F, Agaimy A, Cheng L, Epstein JI, Reuter VE, Tickoo SK, Tomlins SA, Amin MB. Tubulocystic Carcinoma of the Kidney With Poorly Differentiated Foci: A Frequent Morphologic Pattern of Fumarate Hydratase-deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:1457-1472. [PMID: 27635946 PMCID: PMC5577927 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An emerging group of high-grade renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), particularly carcinomas arising in the hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma syndrome (HLRCC), show fumarate hydratase (FH) gene mutation and loss of function. On the basis of similar cytomorphology and clinicopathologic features between these tumors and cases described as tubulocystic carcinomas with poorly differentiated foci (TC-PD) of infiltrative adenocarcinoma, we hypothesized a relationship between these entities. First, 29 RCCs with morphology of TC-PD were identified retrospectively and assessed for FH expression and aberrant succination (2SC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC), with targeted next-generation sequencing of 409 genes-including FH-performed on a subset. The 29 TC-PD RCCs included 21 males and 8 females, aged 16 to 86 years (median, 46), with tumors measuring 3 to 21 cm (median, 9) arising in the right (n=16) and left (n=13) kidneys. Family history or stigmata of HLRCC were identifiable only retrospectively in 3 (12%). These tumors were aggressive, with 79% showing perinephric extension, nodal involvement in 41%, and metastasis in 86%. Of these, 16 (55%) demonstrated loss of FH by IHC (14/14 with positive 2SC). In contrast, 5 (17%) showed a wild-type immunoprofile of FH+/2SC-. An intriguing group of 8 (28%) showed variable FH± positivity, but with strong/diffuse 2SC+. Next-generation sequencing revealed 8 cases with FH mutations, including 5 FH-/2SC+ and 3 FH±/2SC+ cases, but none in FH+/2SC- cases. Secondly, we retrospectively reviewed the morphology of 2 well-characterized cohorts of RCCs with FH-deficiency determined by IHC or sequencing (n=23 and n=9), unselected for TC-PD pattern, identifying the TC-PD morphology in 10 (31%). We conclude that RCCs with TC-PD morphology are enriched for FH deficiency, and we recommend additional workup, including referral to genetic counseling, for prospective cases. In addition, based on these and other observations, we propose the term "FH-deficient RCC" as a provisional term for tumors with a combination of suggestive morphology and immunophenotype but where genetic confirmation is unavailable upon diagnosis. This term will serve as a provisional nomenclature that will enable triage of individual cases for genetic counseling and testing, while designating these cases for prospective studies of their relationship to HLRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Smith
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, VCU Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kiril Trpkov
- Calgary Laboratory Services and University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deepika Sirohi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chisato Ohe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kei Omata
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Wolfram Jochum
- Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Colecchia
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Mitual Amin
- Department of Pathology, William Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Mukul K Divatia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ondřej Hes
- Department of Pathology, Charles University and University Hospital, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Menon
- Department of Pathology and Uro-oncology Disease Management Group, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Sergio Tripodi
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Fadi Brimo
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institue of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Cristina Magi-Galluzzi
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mathilde Sibony
- Département d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Gabriella Nesi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria M Picken
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Fiona Maclean
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victor E Reuter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satish K Tickoo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Palapattu GS, Salami SS, Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Lazo de la Vega L, Vandenberg KR, Bratley JV, Liu CJ, Kunju LP, Montgomery JS, Morgan TM, Natarajan S, Huang J, Tomlins SA, Marks LS. Molecular Profiling to Determine Clonality of Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Ultrasound Fusion Biopsies from Men on Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:985-991. [PMID: 28031426 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether MRI/ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion biopsy facilitates longitudinal resampling of the same clonal focus of prostate cancer and to determine whether high-grade cancers can evolve from low-grade clones.Experimental Design: All men on active surveillance who underwent tracking MRI/US fusion biopsy of Gleason 6 prostate cancer, on at least two distinct occasions, between 2012 and 2014 were enrolled. MRI/US fusion was used to track and resample specific cancer foci. IHC for ERG and targeted RNA/DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate biopsy specimens to assess clonality.Results: Thirty-one men with median age and PSA of 65 years and 4.6 ng/mL, respectively, were analyzed. The median sampling interval was 12 months (range, 5-35). Of the 26 evaluable men, ERG IHC concordance was found between initial and repeat biopsies in 25 (96%), indicating resampling of the same clonal focus over time. Targeted NGS supported ERG IHC results and identified unique and shared driving mutations, such as IDH1 and SPOP, in paired specimens. Of the nine men (34.6%) who were found to have Gleason ≥7 on repeat biopsy, all displayed temporal ERG concordance. Prioritized genetic alterations were detected in 50% (13/26) of paired samples. Oncogenic mutations were detected in 22% (2/9) of Gleason 6 cancers prior to progression and 44% (4/9) of Gleason ≥7 cancers when progression occurred.Conclusions: Precise tracking of prostate cancer foci via MRI/US fusion biopsy allowed subsequent resampling of the same clonal focus of cancer over time. Further research is needed to clarify the grade progression potential of Gleason 6 prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 985-91. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh S Palapattu
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Simpa S Salami
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lorena Lazo de la Vega
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelly R Vandenberg
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jarred V Bratley
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffery S Montgomery
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shyam Natarajan
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leonard S Marks
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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Lazo de la Vega L, Hovelson DH, Cani AK, Liu CJ, McHugh JB, Lucas DR, Thomas DG, Patel RM, Tomlins SA. Targeted next-generation sequencing of CIC-DUX4 soft tissue sarcomas demonstrates low mutational burden and recurrent chromosome 1p loss. Hum Pathol 2016; 58:161-170. [PMID: 27664537 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene fusions between CIC and DUX4 define a rare class of soft tissue sarcomas poorly understood at the molecular level. Previous karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies support chromosome 8 trisomy as a recurrent alteration; however, other driving alterations are largely unknown. Thus, we analyzed 11 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CIC-DUX4 sarcoma tissue samples (including 3 sample pairs) using targeted Ion Torrent-based multiplexed polymerase chain reaction next-generation sequencing to characterize potential somatic driver alterations in 409 genes. Although we did not identify recurrent somatic mutations (point mutations or insertions/deletions), copy number analysis showed recurrent, broad copy number alterations, including gain of chromosome 8 and loss of 1p. In one sample pair (untreated primary and local recurrence resections), we identified similar copy number profiles and a somatic ARID1A R963X nonsense mutation exclusively in the local recurrence sample. In another sample pair (pre- and post-radiation treatment specimens), we observed single-copy loss of chromosome 7q exclusively in the posttreatment recurrence sample, supporting it as an acquired event after radiation treatment. In the last sample pair (near-concurrent, postchemotherapy primary and distant metastasis), molecular profiles were highly concordant, consistent with limited intertumoral heterogeneity. In summary, next-generation sequencing identified limited somatic driver mutations in CIC-DUX4 sarcomas. However, we identified novel, recurrent copy number alterations, including chromosome 1p, which is also the locus of ARID1A. Additional functional work and assessment of larger cohorts are needed to determine the biological and clinical significance of the alterations identified herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lazo de la Vega
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andi K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David R Lucas
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dafydd G Thomas
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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Paoletti C, Cani AK, Aung K, Darga EP, Cannell EM, Hovelson DH, Yazdani M, Blevins AR, Tokudome N, Baratta PJ, Larios JM, Thomas DG, Brown ME, Gersch C, Schott AF, Robinson D, Chinnaiyan AM, Bischoff F, Hayes DF, Rae JM, Tomlins SA. Abstract 3151: Genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer-associated mutations are present in circulating cell free plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA). We have previously reported mutation profiles of DNA extracted from CTC (CTC-DNA) from two patients with MBC (#2 and 24 in table). Here, we report an expanded cohort with an updated gene panel.
Methods: We studied seven patients (two previously reported, along with five additional patients) with MBC who were enrolled in Mi-CTC-ONCOSEQ, had ≥5 CTC/7.5 ml whole blood (WB), and had at least one CTC with high quality DNA determined by the Ampli1™ quality control kit. CTC were enriched from WB with CellSearch© and purified from white blood cells (WBC) (DEPArray™). DNA from individual CTC and WBC was isolated and subjected to whole genomic amplification (Ampli 1™ WGA) and genotyped by multiplexed PCR-based next generation sequencing with the Oncomine Comprehensive Panel (OCP) on the Ion Torrent Proton. Exome sequencing of research biopsies of metastatic tissue was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Previously reported patients (#2 and 24) sequenced with a beta version of the OCP were re-run, and updated results are provided.
Results: Six of seven patients were ER positive. Patients #2, 12, and 24 had CTC with mutations also found in the research biopsy (table). Novel alterations were found in comparison to research biopsy in five of the seven patients (table). In two patients (#19, 24), two potential actionable mutations (PTCH1 and NOTCH1) were found in CTC-DNA but not in tissue-DNA. No mutations were detected in any WBC.
Conclusions: We demonstrate the ability to purify CTC, and to isolate and amplify DNA of suitable quality for genetic analysis using a comprehensive targeted sequencing panel. Mutations found in tissue as well as novel mutations were found in CTC-DNA. Two potential actionable mutations were identified in CTC, but not in tissue, opening potentially new therapeutic opportunities. We conclude that mutational analysis of CTC-DNA and of tissue may be complementary. Prioritized mutations in CTCsPt #Gene (Mutation)# CTC Single (S) Pooled (P)# with mutation (variant fraction)# without mutation# not evaluable (insufficient coverage)# WBC (all pooled)# with mutationPresent in Biopsy?2CDH1 (p.Q641X)7 (S)5 (1.00)NA230YCDH1 (S70F)7 (S)5 (1.00)NA230YESR1 (p.Y537S)7 (S)4 (0.46)2130YESR1 (unreported mutation)7 (S)1 (0.56)5130N8NA3 (P)*NANA3 (P)40NA12PIK3CA (H1047R)1 (S)1 (0.85)NANA10YTP53 (p.R248Q)1 (S)1 (0.72)NANA10Y14HNF1A (p.W206C)3 (P)+ (0.17)NANA40N17BRCA2 (p.Q1931X)4 (P)+ (0.10)NANA40N19PTCH1 (p.E1242X)3 (P)+ (0.28)NANA30N24CDH1 (p.I584fs)5 (P)+ (0.79)NANA40Y4 (P)+ (0.68)4 (P)+ (0.77)CDH1 (p.E841X)5 (P)0NANA40N4 (P)+ (0.14)4 (P)0TP53 (p.152_156del)5 (P)+ (0.94)NANA40Y4 (P)+ (0.29)4 (P)+ (0.36)NOTCH1 (p.S2492X)5 (P)0 +NANA40N4 (P)(0.17)4 (P)0Legend: NA = not applicable; + = mutation present in pooled CTC; Y = Yes; N = No; *CTC-DNA from the pool of 3 CTC had low and high quality.
Citation Format: Costanza Paoletti, Andi K. Cani, Kimberly Aung, Elizabeth P. Darga, Emily M. Cannell, Daniel H. Hovelson, Maryam Yazdani, Allen R. Blevins, Nahomi Tokudome, Paul J. Baratta, Jose’ M. Larios, Dafydd G. Thomas, Martha E. Brown, Christina Gersch, Anne F. Schott, Daniel Robinson, Arul M. Chinnaiyan, Farideh Bischoff, Daniel F. Hayes, James M. Rae, Scott A. Tomlins. Genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Paoletti
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andi K. Cani
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kimberly Aung
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Elizabeth P. Darga
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Emily M. Cannell
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel H. Hovelson
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Nahomi Tokudome
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul J. Baratta
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jose’ M. Larios
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dafydd G. Thomas
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martha E. Brown
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christina Gersch
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anne F. Schott
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel Robinson
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Daniel F. Hayes
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James M. Rae
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- 1University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI
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McDaniel AS, Hovelson DH, Cani AK, Liu CJ, Zhai Y, Zhang Y, Weizer AZ, Mehra R, Feng FY, Alva AS, Morgan TM, Montgomery JS, Siddiqui J, Sadis S, Bandla S, Williams PD, Cho KR, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA. Genomic Profiling of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals New Opportunities for Targeted Therapy. Cancer Res 2016; 75:5219-27. [PMID: 26670561 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PeSCCA) is a rare malignancy for which there are limited treatment options due to a poor understanding of the molecular alterations underlying disease development and progression. Therefore, we performed comprehensive, targeted next-generation sequencing to identify relevant somatic genomic alterations in a retrospective cohort of 60 fixed tumor samples from 43 PeSCCA cases (including 14 matched primary/metastasis pairs). We identified a median of two relevant somatic mutations and one high-level copy-number alteration per sample (range, 0-5 and 0-6, respectively). Expression of HPV and p16 was detectable in 12% and 28% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, advanced clinical stage, lack of p16 expression, and MYC and CCND1 amplifications were significantly associated with shorter time to progression or PeSCCA-specific survival. Notably, four cases harbored EGFR amplifications and one demonstrated CDK4 amplification, genes for which approved and investigational targeted therapies are available. Importantly, although paired primary tumors and lymph node metastases were largely homogeneous for relevant somatic mutations, we identified heterogeneous EGFR amplification in primary tumor/lymph node metastases in 4 of 14 cases, despite uniform EGFR protein overexpression. Likewise, activating HRAS mutations occurred in 8 of 43 cases. Taken together, we provide the first comprehensive molecular PeSCCA analysis, which offers new insight into potential precision medicine approaches for this disease, including strategies targeting EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yali Zhai
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yajia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alon Z Weizer
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ajjai S Alva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Seth Sadis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Kathleen R Cho
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel R Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most prevalent and lethal form of ovarian cancer. HGSCs frequently arise in the distal fallopian tubes rather than the ovary, developing from small precursor lesions called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (TICs, or more specifically, STICs). While STICs have been reported to harbor TP53 mutations, detailed molecular characterizations of these lesions are lacking. OBSERVATIONS We performed targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 4 women, 2 with HGSC and 2 with uterine endometrioid carcinoma (UEC) who were diagnosed as having synchronous STICs. We detected concordant mutations in both HGSCs with synchronous STICs, including TP53 mutations as well as assumed germline BRCA1/2 alterations, confirming a clonal association between these lesions. Next-generation sequencing confirmed the presence of a STIC clonally unrelated to 1 case of UEC, and NGS of the other tubal lesion diagnosed as a STIC unexpectedly supported the lesion as a micrometastasis from the associated UEC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We demonstrate that targeted NGS can identify genetic alterations in minute lesions, such as TICs, and confirm TP53 mutations as early driving events for HGSC. Next-generation sequencing also demonstrated unexpected associations between presumed STICs and synchronous carcinomas, providing evidence that some TICs are actually metastases rather than HGSC precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S McDaniel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Andi K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor4Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor5Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Kathleen R Cho
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor5Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor6Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Harms PW, Collie AMB, Hovelson DH, Cani AK, Verhaegen ME, Patel RM, Fullen DR, Omata K, Dlugosz AA, Tomlins SA, Billings SD. Next generation sequencing of Cytokeratin 20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma reveals ultraviolet-signature mutations and recurrent TP53 and RB1 inactivation. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:240-8. [PMID: 26743471 PMCID: PMC4769666 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is expressed in ~95% of Merkel cell carcinomas and is useful for distinction from morphologically similar entities including metastatic small-cell lung carcinoma. Lack of CK20 expression may make diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma more challenging, and has unknown biological significance. Approximately 80% of CK20-positive Merkel cell carcinomas are associated with the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus. Merkel cell carcinomas lacking Merkel cell polyomavirus display distinct genetic changes from Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma, including RB1 inactivating mutations. Unlike CK20-positive Merkel cell carcinoma, the majority of CK20-negative Merkel cell carcinomas are Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative, suggesting CK20-negative Merkel cell carcinomas predominantly arise through virus-independent pathway(s) and may harbor additional genetic differences from conventional Merkel cell carcinoma. Hence, we analyzed 15 CK20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma tumors (10 Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative, four Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive, and one undetermined) using the Ion Ampliseq Comprehensive Cancer Panel, which assesses copy number alterations and mutations in 409 cancer-relevant genes. Twelve tumors displayed prioritized high-level chromosomal gains or losses (average 1.9 per tumor). Non-synonymous high-confidence somatic mutations were detected in 14 tumors (average 11.9 per tumor). Assessing all somatic coding mutations, an ultraviolet-signature mutational profile was present, and more prevalent in Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative tumors. Recurrent deleterious tumor suppressor mutations affected TP53 (9/15, 60%), RB1 (3/15, 20%), and BAP1 (2/15, 13%). Oncogenic activating mutations included PIK3CA (3/15, 20%), AKT1 (1/15, 7%) and EZH2 (1/15, 7%). In conclusion, CK20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma display overlapping genetic changes with CK20-positive Merkel cell carcinoma, including RB1 mutations restricted to Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative tumors. However, some CK20-negative Merkel cell carcinomas harbor mutations not previously described in Merkel cell carcinoma. Hence, CK20-negative Merkel cell carcinomas harbor diverse oncogenic drivers which may represent therapeutic targets in individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela M. B. Collie
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel H. Hovelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andi K. Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monique E. Verhaegen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rajiv M. Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas R. Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrzej A. Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven D. Billings
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Paoletti C, Cani AK, Aung K, Darga EP, Cannell EM, Hovelson DH, Yazdani M, Blevins AR, Tokudome N, Larios JM, Thomas DG, Brown ME, Gersch C, Schott AF, Robinson DR, Chinnaiyan AM, Bischoff F, Hayes DF, Rae JM, Tomlins SA. Abstract P2-02-19: Somatic genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p2-02-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Somatic mutations, including those in TP53, PIK3CA, and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), are key to the biology of cancer and response to therapy. Recently, somatic cancer-associated mutations have been identified in circulating cell free plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA). Less is known about the mutation profile of DNA extracted from CTC (CTC-DNA). Since CTC-DNA provides mutational information of single cells, we hypothesize CTC-DNA will complement ptDNA to give greater insight into tumor heterogeneity.
Methods: Patients with ER positive MBC who were enrolled in the Mi CTC-ONCOSEQ, a companion trial to Mi-ONCOSEQ (the Michigan Oncology Sequencing Program), and who had ≥5CTC/7.5 ml whole blood were included. CTC were enriched from white blood cells (WBC) with CellSearch© (CXC kit). CTC and WBC were then purified using DEPArrayTM. DNA from individual CTC and WBC was isolated and subjected to whole genomic amplification (Ampli 1TM WGA). Genetic analysis was performed on individual CTC, pooled CTC and pooled WBC DNA by multiplexed PCR based targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) using the Oncomine Comprehensive Panel (targeting ∼130 onco- and tumor suppressor genes) and the Ion Torrent Proton. All patients had exome sequencing performed on research biopsies of metastases using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform.
Results: This pilot study was conducted using high quality DNA from two patients assessed to date. Both patients had lobular carcinoma and as expected harbored somatic, deleterious CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutations (frameshift and non-sense) in both research biopsy and CTC-DNA. These data supported our approach. Patient #1 was TP53 wild type in her research biopsy, but multiple CTC harbored somatic TP53 frame-shift mutations (Table). Patient #2 harbored an ESR1 Y537S mutation in her research biopsy. However, only 4 of 7 CTC also harbored this somatic, heterozygous mutation.
Prioritized mutations in CTCPt#Cell Type (CTC vs WBC), numberGeneMutationVariant fraction (expected 1=homozygous; 0.5=heterozygous)Found in research biopsy?1CTC_A2CDH1p.I584fs1YES CTC_A4 1 CTC_A7 0.54 CTC_pool* 0.74 WBC_pool 0 CTC_A2TP53p.152_156del1NO CTC_A4 1 CTC_A7 0.51 CTC_pool* 0.88 WBC_pool 0 2CTC_A9ESR1p.Y537S0.52YES CTC_D1 0.34 CTC_D2 0.46 CTC_D6 0.65 CTC_pool* 0.35 WBC_pool 0 CTC_A12 0 CTC_D3 0 CTC_D7 0 CTC_A12CDH1p.Q641X1YES CTC_A9 1 CTC_D1 1 CTC_D3 1 CTC_D6 1 CTC_pool* 1 WBC_pool 0 * pool of all CTC
Conclusions: We demonstrate the ability to purify CTC, isolate, and amplify DNA of suitable quality for genetic analysis using a comprehensive targeted sequencing panel. Both known and novel alterations were identified in comparison to research biopsy specimens. This approach allows single cell analysis demonstrating heterogeneity of mutational status in different single cells. Studies of CTC-ESR1 and other genetic abnormalities in patients with known tissue mutations who participated in Mi CTC-ONCOSEQ are now underway.
Citation Format: Paoletti C, Cani AK, Aung K, Darga EP, Cannell EM, Hovelson DH, Yazdani M, Blevins AR, Tokudome N, Larios JM, Thomas DG, Brown ME, Gersch C, Schott AF, Robinson DR, Chinnaiyan AM, Bischoff F, Hayes DF, Rae JM, Tomlins SA. Somatic genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-02-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paoletti
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - AK Cani
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - K Aung
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - EP Darga
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - EM Cannell
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - DH Hovelson
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - M Yazdani
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - AR Blevins
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - N Tokudome
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - JM Larios
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - DG Thomas
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - ME Brown
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - C Gersch
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - AF Schott
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - DR Robinson
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - AM Chinnaiyan
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - F Bischoff
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - DF Hayes
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - JM Rae
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - SA Tomlins
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (UM CCC), Ann Arbor, MI; Silicon Biosystems, Inc., San Diego, CA
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Tillman BN, Yanik M, Birkeland AC, Liu CJ, Hovelson DH, Cani AK, Palanisamy N, Carskadon S, Carey TE, Bradford CR, Tomlins SA, McHugh JB, Spector ME, Brenner JC. Fibroblast growth factor family aberrations as a putative driver of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in an epidemiologically low-risk patient as defined by targeted sequencing. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E1646-52. [PMID: 26849095 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted sequencing of patients with epidemiologically low-risk (ELR) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) could help identify novel drivers or lost suppressors leading to precision medicine protocols and improved survival rates. METHODS A patient with ELR-HNSCC was selected for targeted sequencing. We then assessed next generation sequencing cohorts from the Oncomine Powertool Database, which contains pan-cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Targeted sequencing revealed fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) amplifications as a putative driver of the patient's tumor. Patients with HNSCC from TCGA data demonstrated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family mutations, rearrangements, or amplifications in over 35% of HNSCC cases, with a statistically significant higher frequency in African American populations. FGF alterations were unique from activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3CA) mutations. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that FGF signaling may be critical for a subset of patients with HNSCC independent of other known pathways and provides rationale for leveraging patients with ELR-HNSCC to define molecular subsets of high-risk HNSCC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1646-E1652, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittny N Tillman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan Yanik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew E Spector
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hovelson DH, McDaniel AS, Cani AK, Johnson B, Rhodes K, Williams PD, Bandla S, Bien G, Choppa P, Hyland F, Gottimukkala R, Liu G, Manivannan M, Schageman J, Ballesteros-Villagrana E, Grasso CS, Quist MJ, Yadati V, Amin A, Siddiqui J, Betz BL, Knudsen KE, Cooney KA, Feng FY, Roh MH, Nelson PS, Liu CJ, Beer DG, Wyngaard P, Chinnaiyan AM, Sadis S, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA. Development and validation of a scalable next-generation sequencing system for assessing relevant somatic variants in solid tumors. Neoplasia 2016; 17:385-99. [PMID: 25925381 PMCID: PMC4415141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled genome-wide personalized oncology efforts at centers and companies with the specialty expertise and infrastructure required to identify and prioritize actionable variants. Such approaches are not scalable, preventing widespread adoption. Likewise, most targeted NGS approaches fail to assess key relevant genomic alteration classes. To address these challenges, we predefined the catalog of relevant solid tumor somatic genome variants (gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations, high-level copy number alterations, and gene fusions) through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of >700,000 samples. To detect these variants, we developed the Oncomine Comprehensive Panel (OCP), an integrative NGS-based assay [compatible with < 20 ng of DNA/RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues], coupled with an informatics pipeline to specifically identify relevant predefined variants and created a knowledge base of related potential treatments, current practice guidelines, and open clinical trials. We validated OCP using molecular standards and more than 300 FFPE tumor samples, achieving >95% accuracy for KRAS, epidermal growth factor receptor, and BRAF mutation detection as well as for ALK and TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions. Associating positive variants with potential targeted treatments demonstrated that 6% to 42% of profiled samples (depending on cancer type) harbored alterations beyond routine molecular testing that were associated with approved or guideline-referenced therapies. As a translational research tool, OCP identified adaptive CTNNB1 amplifications/mutations in treated prostate cancers. Through predefining somatic variants in solid tumors and compiling associated potential treatment strategies, OCP represents a simplified, broadly applicable targeted NGS system with the potential to advance precision oncology efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew S McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kate Rhodes
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Choppa
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Guoying Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Catherine S Grasso
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael J Quist
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Venkata Yadati
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anmol Amin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bryan L Betz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael H Roh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Seth Sadis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Hardiman KM, Ulintz PJ, Kuick RD, Hovelson DH, Gates CM, Bhasi A, Rodrigues Grant A, Liu J, Cani AK, Greenson JK, Tomlins SA, Fearon ER. Intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity in rectal cancer. J Transl Med 2016; 96:4-15. [PMID: 26568296 PMCID: PMC4695247 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer arises in part from the cumulative effects of multiple gene lesions. Recent studies in selected cancer types have revealed significant intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity and highlighted its potential role in disease progression and resistance to therapy. We hypothesized the existence of significant intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity in rectal cancers involving variations in localized somatic mutations and copy number abnormalities. Two or three spatially disparate regions from each of six rectal tumors were dissected and subjected to the next-generation whole-exome DNA sequencing, Oncoscan SNP arrays, and targeted confirmatory sequencing and analysis. The resulting data were integrated to define subclones using SciClone. Mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH) scores, mutant allele frequency correlation, and mutation percent concordance were calculated, and copy number analysis including measurement of correlation between samples was performed. Somatic mutations profiles in individual cancers were similar to prior studies, with some variants found in previously reported significantly mutated genes and many patient-specific mutations in each tumor. Significant intra-tumor heterogeneity was identified in the spatially disparate regions of individual cancers. All tumors had some heterogeneity but the degree of heterogeneity was quite variable in the samples studied. We found that 67-97% of exonic somatic mutations were shared among all regions of an individual's tumor. The SciClone computational method identified 2-8 shared and unshared subclones in the spatially disparate areas in each tumor. MATH scores ranged from 7 to 41. Allele frequency correlation scores ranged from R(2)=0.69-0.96. Measurements of correlation between samples for copy number changes varied from R(2)=0.74-0.93. All tumors had some heterogeneity, but the degree was highly variable in the samples studied. The occurrence of significant intra-tumor heterogeneity may allow selected tumors to have a genetic reservoir to draw from in their evolutionary response to therapy and other challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Hardiman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J Ulintz
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rork D Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Ashwini Bhasi
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joel K Greenson
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric R Fearon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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48
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Hovelson DH, McDaniel AS, Johnson B, Cani AK, Rhodes K, Williams PD, Liu CJ, Bandla S, Grasso CS, Quist MJ, Sadis S, Rhodes DR, Tomlins SA. Abstract A1-43: Targeted amplicon-based next-generation sequencing of routine solid tumor specimens to detect clinically relevant somatic alterations. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.transcagen-a1-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Although precision medicine approaches have revolutionized oncology, widespread adoption requires robust, inexpensive approaches enabling the targeted assessment of all relevant alteration classes from routine tissue samples.
Methods: Here we interrogated >7,000 cancer exomes and transcriptomes, along with >30,000 array based cancer genomes to identify recurrent somatic alterations (mutations, copy number alterations [CNAs] and gene fusions) across solid tumors. From this analysis, we developed and validated an integrated multiplexed PCR based Ion Torrent next generation sequencing panel (Oncomine Cancer Research Panel [OCP]) targeting the actionable somatic cancer genome optimized for 20ng of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue isolated DNA/RNA.
Results: We validated the OCP using FFPE cell line mixtures, as well as a prospective cohort of 104 FFPE tumor specimens sent for concurrent clinical molecular testing, with >97% sensitivity and specificity for the presence/absence of KRAS, EGFR, BRAF and ALK point mutations, indels or gene fusions in this molecular testing cohort. We also applied the OCP to 100 lung cancers, identifying known and novel alterations, including ALK and ROS1 gene fusions. Lastly, applying the OCP to 116 prostate cancers, including 50 previously treated samples, we recapitulated known molecular subtypes, observed distinct profiles according to previous treatment and obtained 100% concordance for isoform specific TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion detection compared to qPCR. Additionally, OCP profiling supports a novel molecular subtype of prostate cancer defined by IDH1 R132 hotspot mutations and informed on resistance mechanisms in a pre- and post-treatment sample pair. Importantly, 44%, 35% and 9% of patients in the molecular testing, lung and prostate cancer cohorts, respectively, harbored additional alterations (beyond routine molecular testing) associated with FDA approved or NCCN guideline referenced therapies.
Conclusions: Through analysis of both DNA and RNA to assess the actionable somatic cancer genome, the validated OCP panel may have utility in both clinical and research settings.
Citation Format: Daniel H. Hovelson, Andrew S. McDaniel, Bryan Johnson, Andi K. Cani, Kate Rhodes, Paul D. Williams, Chia-Jen Liu, Santhoshi Bandla, Catherine S. Grasso, Michael J. Quist, Seth Sadis, Daniel R. Rhodes, Scott A. Tomlins. Targeted amplicon-based next-generation sequencing of routine solid tumor specimens to detect clinically relevant somatic alterations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr A1-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Hovelson
- 1Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
| | - Andrew S. McDaniel
- 2Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
| | | | - Andi K. Cani
- 2Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
| | | | | | - Chia-Jen Liu
- 2Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
| | | | | | - Michael J. Quist
- 4Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Seth Sadis
- 3ThermoFisher Scientific, Ann Arbor, MI,
| | | | - Scott A. Tomlins
- 2Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
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49
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Kadakia KC, Tomlins SA, Sanghvi SK, Cani AK, Omata K, Hovelson DH, Liu CJ, Cooney KA. Comprehensive serial molecular profiling of an "N of 1" exceptional non-responder with metastatic prostate cancer progressing to small cell carcinoma on treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:109. [PMID: 26444865 PMCID: PMC4596504 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Small cell carcinoma/neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NePC) is a lethal, poorly understood prostate cancer (PCa) subtype. Controversy exists about the origin of NePC in this setting. Objective To molecularly profile archived biopsy specimens from a case of early-onset PCa that rapidly progressed to NePC to identify drivers of the aggressive course and mechanisms of NePC origin and progression. Design, setting, and participants A 47-year-old patient presented with metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 9). After a 6-month response to androgen deprivation therapy, the patient developed jaundice and liver biopsy revealed exclusively NePC. Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE)-isolated DNA was performed from the diagnostic prostate biopsy and the liver biopsy at progression. Intervention Androgen deprivation therapy for adenocarcinoma followed by multiagent chemotherapy for NePC. Main outcomes and measures Identification of the mutational landscape in primary adenocarcinoma and NePC liver metastasis. Whether the NePC arose independently or was derived from the primary adenocarcinoma was considered based on mutational profiles. Results A deleterious somatic SMAD4 L535fs variant was present in both prostate and liver specimens; however, a TP53 R282W mutation was exclusively enriched in the liver specimen. Copy number analysis identified concordant, low-level alterations in both specimens, with focal MYCL amplification and homozygous PTEN, RB1, and MAP2K4 losses identified exclusively in the NePC specimen. Integration with published genomic profiles identified MYCL as a recurrently amplified in NePC. Conclusions and relevance NGS of routine biopsy samples from an exceptional non-responder identified SMAD4 as a driver of the aggressive course and supports derivation of NePC from primary adenocarcinoma (transdifferentiation). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0204-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal C Kadakia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 7216 Cancer Center, SPC 5948, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Saagar K Sanghvi
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, USA.
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 7216 Cancer Center, SPC 5948, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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50
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Grasso CS, Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Quist MJ, Douville NJ, Yadati V, Amin AM, Nelson PS, Betz BL, Liu CJ, Knudsen KE, Cooney KA, Feng FY, McDaniel AS, Tomlins SA. Integrative molecular profiling of routine clinical prostate cancer specimens. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1110-1118. [PMID: 25735316 PMCID: PMC4516047 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive molecular profiling led to the recognition of multiple prostate cancer (PCa) molecular subtypes and driving alterations, but translating these findings to clinical practice is challenging. PATIENTS AND METHODS We developed a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue compatible integrative assay for PCa molecular subtyping and interrogation of relevant genetic/transcriptomic alterations (MiPC). We applied MiPC, which combines capture-based next generation sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), to 53 FFPE PCa specimens representing cases not well represented in frozen tissue cohorts, including 8 paired primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Results were validated using multiplexed PCR based NGS and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We identified known and novel potential driving, somatic mutations and copy number alterations, including a novel BRAF T599_V600insHT mutation and CYP11B2 amplification in a patient treated with ketoconazole (a potent CYP11B2 inhibitor). qRT-PCR integration enabled comprehensive molecular subtyping and provided complementary information, such as androgen receptor (AR) target gene module assessment in advanced cases and SPINK1 over-expression. MiPC identified highly concordant profiles for all 8 tumor/lymph node metastasis pairs, consistent with limited heterogeneity amongst driving events. MiPC and exome sequencing were performed on separately isolated conventional acinar PCa and prostatic small cell carcinoma (SCC) components from the same FFPE resection specimen to enable direct comparison of histologically distinct components. While both components showed TMPRSS2:ERG fusions, the SCC component exclusively harbored complete TP53 inactivation (frameshift variant and copy loss) and two CREBBP mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the feasibility of integrative profiling of routine PCa specimens, which may have utility for understanding disease biology and enabling personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Grasso
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology; Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland
| | - A K Cani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - D H Hovelson
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics
| | - M J Quist
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology; Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland
| | | | - V Yadati
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - A M Amin
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - P S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle
| | - B L Betz
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - C-J Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - K E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology; Departments of Urology; Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - K A Cooney
- Internal Medicine; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - F Y Feng
- Radiation Oncology; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - A S McDaniel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology
| | - S A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology; Urology; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor.
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