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Cozzi A, Orellana DI, Santambrogio P, Rubio A, Cancellieri C, Giannelli S, Ripamonti M, Taverna S, Di Lullo G, Rovida E, Ferrari M, Forni GL, Fiorillo C, Broccoli V, Levi S. Stem Cell Modeling of Neuroferritinopathy Reveals Iron as a Determinant of Senescence and Ferroptosis during Neuronal Aging. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:832-846. [PMID: 31587993 PMCID: PMC6893074 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroferritinopathy (NF) is a movement disorder caused by alterations in the L-ferritin gene that generate cytosolic free iron. NF is a unique pathophysiological model for determining the direct consequences of cell iron dysregulation. We established lines of induced pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts from two NF patients and one isogenic control obtained by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. NF fibroblasts, neural progenitors, and neurons exhibited the presence of increased cytosolic iron, which was also detectable as: ferritin aggregates, alterations in the iron parameters, oxidative damage, and the onset of a senescence phenotype, particularly severe in the neurons. In this spontaneous senescence model, NF cells had impaired survival and died by ferroptosis. Thus, non-ferritin-bound iron is sufficient per se to cause both cell senescence and ferroptotic cell death in human fibroblasts and neurons. These results provide strong evidence supporting the primary role of iron in neuronal aging and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cozzi
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel I Orellana
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Santambrogio
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alicia Rubio
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cancellieri
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Giannelli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Ripamonti
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Lullo
- Tumour Immunology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ermanna Rovida
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Forni
- Centre for Congenital Anaemias, Iron Dysmetabolism Galliera Hospital Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorillo
- Unit of Paediatric Neurology, Gaslini Institute, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Orellana DI, Santambrogio P, Rubio A, Yekhlef L, Cancellieri C, Dusi S, Giannelli SG, Venco P, Mazzara PG, Cozzi A, Ferrari M, Garavaglia B, Taverna S, Tiranti V, Broccoli V, Levi S. Coenzyme A corrects pathological defects in human neurons of PANK2-associated neurodegeneration. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1197-1211. [PMID: 27516453 PMCID: PMC5048368 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an early onset and severely disabling neurodegenerative disease for which no therapy is available. PKAN is caused by mutations in PANK2, which encodes for the mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase 2. Its function is to catalyze the first limiting step of Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from PKAN patients and showed that their derived neurons exhibited premature death, increased ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunctions—including impairment of mitochondrial iron‐dependent biosynthesis—and major membrane excitability defects. CoA supplementation prevented neuronal death and ROS formation by restoring mitochondrial and neuronal functionality. Our findings provide direct evidence that PANK2 malfunctioning is responsible for abnormal phenotypes in human neuronal cells and indicate CoA treatment as a possible therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Orellana
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Santambrogio
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alicia Rubio
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Latefa Yekhlef
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cancellieri
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dusi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Serena G Giannelli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Venco
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro G Mazzara
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Orellana DI, Quintanilla RA, Maccioni RB. Neuroprotective effect of TNFα against the β-amyloid neurotoxicity mediated by CDK5 kinase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2007; 1773:254-63. [PMID: 17150266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) plays a dual role in producing either neurodegeneration or neuroprotection in the central nervous system. Despite that TNFalpha was initially described as a cell death inductor, neuroprotective effects against cell death induced by several neurotoxic insults have been reported. Tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal death found in Alzheimer disease is mediated by deregulation of the cdk5/p35 complex induced by Abeta treatments. Since TNFalpha affects cdk5 activity, we investigated its possible protective role against the Abeta-induced neurodegeneration, as mediated by cdk5. TNFalpha pretreatments significantly reduced the hippocampal neuronal cell death induced by the effects of Abeta(42) peptide. In addition, this pretreatment reduced the increase in the activity of cdk5 induced by Abeta(42) in primary neurons. Next, we investigated the Alzheimer type phosphorylation of tau protein induced by Abeta(42). We observed that the pretreatment of neurons with TNFalpha reduces tau hyperphosphorylation. Taken together, these results define a novel neuroprotective effect of TNFalpha in preventing neuronal cell death and cdk5-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation. This phenomenon, taken together with other previous findings, suggests that the inflammatory response due to Abeta peptide plays a key role in the development of Alzheimer etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Orellana
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile; Las Encinas 3370, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Orellana DI, Quintanilla RA, Gonzalez-Billault C, Maccioni RB. Role of the JAKs/STATs pathway in the intracellular calcium changes induced by interleukin-6 in hippocampal neurons. Neurotox Res 2005; 8:295-304. [PMID: 16371324 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that inflammation has an active role in the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. It is known that in response to extracellular insults microglia and/or astrocytes produce inflammatory agents. These contribute to the neuropathological events in the aging process and neuronal degeneration. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here, we show that IL-6 treatment of rat hippocampal neurons increases the calcium influx via NMDA-receptor, an effect that is prevented by the specific NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine). We also show that this calcium influx is mediated by the JAKs/STATs pathway, since the inhibitor of JAKs/STATs pathway, JAK 3 inhibitor, blocks calcium influx even in the presence of IL-6. This increase in calcium signal was dependent on external sources, since this signal was not observed in the presence of EGTA. Additional studies indicate that the increase in cytosolic calcium induces tau protein hyperphosphorylation, as revealed by using specific antibodies against Alzheimer phosphoepitopes. This anomalous tau hyperphosphorylation was dependent on both the JAKs/STATs pathway and NMDA receptor. These results suggest that IL-6 would induce a cascade of molecular events that produce a calcium influx through NMDA receptors, mediated by the JAKs/STATs pathway, which subsequently modifies the tau hyperphosphorylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Orellana
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology (CBB), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Encinas 3370, Nunoa, Santiago, Chile
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Quintanilla RA, Orellana DI, González-Billault C, Maccioni RB. Interleukin-6 induces Alzheimer-type phosphorylation of tau protein by deregulating the cdk5/p35 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2004; 295:245-57. [PMID: 15051507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a process that has been actively related with the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the precise implications of inflammatory response for neurodegeneration have not been elucidated. A current hypothesis considers that extracellular insults to neurons could trigger the production of inflammatory cytokines by astrocytes and microglia. These cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL)-1beta, TNFalpha, and IL-6, could affect the normal behavior of neuronal cells. In the present study, we describe the effect of the administration at physiologic doses of one of these cytokines, IL-6, to hippocampal neurons, on the protein kinase pathways as well as on the tau phosphorylation patterns. IL-6-treated neurons exhibited an increase in the amount of anomalously hyperphosphorylated tau protein in epitopes dependent on proline-directed protein kinases (PDPKs). On the basis of our data, the observed increase of tau epitopes of Alzheimer type is explained by an increase of intraneuronal levels of p35 activator and in the activity of the protein kinase cdk5 in response to this cytokine. Further confirmation of cdk5 involvement in this process was based on the findings that inhibition of the kinase activity with butyrolactone-I prevents the appearance of tau of Alzheimer type in IL-6-treated neurons. Additional studies suggest that an increase of cdk5 activity could be mediated by a known signaling cascade described for IL-6 function, namely, the MAPK-p38 signaling pathway. Stimulation of the IL-6 pathway appears to increase the tau epitopes of Alzheimer type, as demonstrated in studies with specific inhibitors. These results support the findings of a pathologic role for IL-6 in the neuroinflammatory response as related with the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology (CBB), Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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