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Martins KA, Ayebare RR, Bhadelia N, Kiweewa F, Waitt P, Mimbe D, Okello S, Naluyima P, Brett-Major DM, Lawler JV, Millard M, Walwema R, Cardile AP, Ritchie C, Kwiecien A, Badu H, Espinosa BJ, Beckett C, Bavari S, Zaman S, Christopher G, Clark DV, Lamorde M, Kibuuka H. Pre-positioned Outbreak Research: The Joint Medical Emerging Diseases Intervention Clinical Capability Experience in Uganda. Health Secur 2020; 18:114-124. [PMID: 32324070 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak of 2014-2016 demonstrated that responses to viral hemorrhagic fever epidemics must go beyond emergency stopgap measures and should incorporate high-quality medical care and clinical research. Optimal patient management is essential to improving outcomes, and it must be implemented regardless of geographical location or patient socioeconomic status. Coupling clinical research with improved care has a significant added benefit: Improved data quality and management can guide the development of more effective supportive care algorithms and can support regulatory approvals of investigational medical countermeasures (MCMs), which can alter the cycle of emergency response to reemerging pathogens. However, executing clinical research during outbreaks of high-consequence pathogens is complicated and comes with ethical and research regulatory challenges. Aggressive care and excellent quality control must be balanced by the requirements of an appropriate infection prevention and control posture for healthcare workers and by overcoming the resource limitations inherent in many outbreak settings. The Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability was established in 2015 to develop a high-quality clinical trial capability in Uganda to support rigorous evaluation of MCMs targeting high-consequence pathogens like Ebola virus. This capability assembles clinicians, laboratorians, clinical researchers, logisticians, and regulatory professionals trained in infection prevention and control and in good clinical and good clinical laboratory practices. The resulting team is prepared to provide high-quality medical care and clinical research during high-consequence outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Martins
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Rodgers R Ayebare
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Nahid Bhadelia
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Francis Kiweewa
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Peter Waitt
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Derrick Mimbe
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Stephen Okello
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Prossy Naluyima
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - David M Brett-Major
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - James V Lawler
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Monica Millard
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Richard Walwema
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Chi Ritchie
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Antonia Kwiecien
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Helen Badu
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Benjamin J Espinosa
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Charmagne Beckett
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Sina Bavari
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Saima Zaman
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - George Christopher
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Danielle V Clark
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Mohammed Lamorde
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Karen A. Martins, PhD, is Research Health Science Program Manager, Medical Division; Chi Ritchie, MT, M(ASCP), is a Microbiologist; and Sina Bavari, PhD, is Science Director; all at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD. Rodgers R. Ayebare, MB ChB, CIC, is Site Coordinator; and Peter Waitt, MD, is Clinical Lead, Joint Mobile Emerging Disease Intervention Clinical Capability (JMEDICC), Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Nahid Bhadelia, MD, MA, is Associate Professor and Medical Director, Special Pathogens Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Francis Kiweewa, MD, is Head of Research and Scientific Affairs, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Research Administration (SICRA), Kampala, Uganda. Derrick Mimbe, MSC, and Stephen Okello, MD, are Program Managers, JMEDICC; Prossy Naluyima, PhD, is Laboratory Director; and Hannah Kibuuka, MD, is Executive Director, all in the Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda. David M. Brett-Major, MD, MPH, is a Professor, College of Public Health, and James V. Lawler, MD, MPH, is Executive Director, International Programs and Innovation, Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases; both at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Monica Millard, MPH, is Country Program Director, US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Uganda (MRD-A/U), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Kampala, Uganda. Richard Walwema is a Laboratorian, and Mohammed Lamorde, PhD, is Head of Global Health Security, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Anthony P. Cardile, DO, is at the Richard Barquist US Army Health Clinic, Ft. Detrick, MD. Antonia Kwiecien and Helen Badu are International Program Managers-Uganda, and Danielle V. Clark, PhD, is Director; all at Austere environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Benjamin J. Espinosa, PhD, is Deputy Director, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD. Charmagne Beckett, MD MPH, is with the Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Saima Zaman, MPH, is International Project Manager, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA. George Christopher, MD, is Joint Project Manager, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical, Joint Program Executive Office for CBRN Defense, US Department of Defense, Fort Detrick, MD
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Kuchuloria T, Imnadze P, Mamuchishvili N, Chokheli M, Tsertsvadze T, Endeladze M, Mshvidobadze K, Gatserelia L, Makhviladze M, Kanashvili M, Mikautadze T, Nanuashvili A, Kiknavelidze K, Kokaia N, Makharadze M, Clark DV, Bautista CT, Farrell M, Fadeel MA, Maksoud MA, Pimentel G, House B, Hepburn MJ, Rivard RG. Hospital-Based Surveillance for Infectious Etiologies Among Patients with Acute Febrile Illness in Georgia, 2008-2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:236-42. [PMID: 26438032 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the infectious causes of undifferentiated acute febrile illness (AFI) in Georgia is essential for effective treatment and prevention. In May 2008, a hospital-based AFI surveillance was initiated at six hospitals in Georgia. Patients aged ≥ 4 years with fever ≥ 38°C for ≥ 48 hours were eligible for surveillance. Blood culture and serologic testing were conducted for Leptospira spp., Brucella spp., West Nile virus (WNV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Coxiella burnetii, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), hantavirus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), and Rickettsia typhi. Of 537 subjects enrolled, 70% were outpatients, 54% were males, and the mean age was 37 years. Patients reported having fatigue (89%), rigors (87%), sweating (83%), pain in joints (49%), and sleep disturbances (42%). Thirty-nine (7%) patients were seropositive for R. typhi, 37 (7%) for Brucella spp., 36 (7%) for TBEV, 12 (2%) for Leptospira spp., 10 (2%) for C. burnetii, and three (0.6%) for S. Typhi. None of the febrile patients tested positive for WNV antibodies. Of the patients, 73% were negative for all pathogens. Our results indicate that most of the targeted pathogens are present in Georgia, and highlight the importance of enhancing laboratory capacity for these infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinatin Kuchuloria
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Paata Imnadze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Nana Mamuchishvili
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Maiko Chokheli
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Marina Endeladze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ketevan Mshvidobadze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Lana Gatserelia
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Manana Makhviladze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Marine Kanashvili
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Teona Mikautadze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Alexander Nanuashvili
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Khatuni Kiknavelidze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Nora Kokaia
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Manana Makharadze
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Danielle V Clark
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christian T Bautista
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Margaret Farrell
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Moustafa Abdel Fadeel
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Mohamed Abdel Maksoud
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Guillermo Pimentel
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Brent House
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Matthew J Hepburn
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Robert G Rivard
- Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; United States Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia; S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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