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Mansfield LN, Choi K, Delgado JR, Macias M, Munoz-Plaza C, Lewin B, Bronstein D, Chang J, Bruxvoort K. Decision-Making about COVID-19 Vaccines among Health Care Workers and Their Adolescent Children. West J Nurs Res 2023:1939459231170981. [PMID: 37096318 DOI: 10.1177/01939459231170981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Health care workers promote COVID-19 vaccination for adolescent patients, and as parents, may influence their own children to get vaccinated. We conducted virtual, semi-structured qualitative interviews with vaccinated health care workers and their adolescent children to explore their decision-making process for COVID-19 vaccination. In total, 21 health care workers (physicians, nurses, and medical staff) and their adolescent children (N = 17) participated in interviews. The following three themes described parent-adolescent decision-making for COVID-19 vaccination: (1) family anticipation and hesitation about COVID-19 vaccine approval; (2) parents' or adolescents' choice: the decision maker for adolescent COVID-19 vaccination; and (3) leveraging one's vaccination status to encourage others to get vaccinated. Nurses encouraged adolescent autonomy in decisions for COVID-19 vaccination while physicians viewed vaccination as the parent's decision. Health care workers and their adolescent children used role-modeling to motivate unvaccinated peers and may model their decision-making process for adolescent COVID-19 vaccination with their own children to support their patients' and parents' vaccine decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Mansfield
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristen Choi
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne R Delgado
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mayra Macias
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Corrine Munoz-Plaza
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Lewin
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Bronstein
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John Chang
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Katia Bruxvoort
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Pourmand A, AlRemeithi R, Kartiko S, Bronstein D, Tran QK. Evaluation of phenobarbital based approach in treating patient with alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 69:65-75. [PMID: 37060631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) among patients with chronic and heavy alcohol consumption can range from mild to severe and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, treating AWS with benzodiazepines is the standard of care, but phenobarbital has also been hypothesized to be an effective first-line treatment due to its pharmacological properties and mechanism of action. We conducted a meta-analysis to review relevant literature and compare the clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with AWS in ED and ICU settings. METHODS We performed a literature search in in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from inception to June 30, 2022. Randomized trials and observational (prospective or retrospective) studies were eligible if they included adult patients who presented in the ED and were treated in the ED and/or the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of AWS. The primary outcome was the rate of intubation among patients who received phenobarbital, compared with benzodiazepines. Secondary outcomes such as rates of seizures, hospital, and ICU length of stay (LOS), also were included. The PROSPERO registration is CRD42022318862. RESULTS We included twelve studies (1934 patients) in our analysis. Of the 1934 patients in these studies, 765 (41.7%) were treated with phenobarbital and 1169 (58.3%) were treated with other modalities for alcohol withdrawal. Treating AWS patients with phenobarbital did not affect their risk for intubation, as the risk for intubation was similar between the phenobarbital and the control group (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.36-1.38, P = 0.31). In addition, patients who were treated with phenobarbital were found to have similar rates of seizures (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.29-1.89) and length of stay in the hospital (Standardized Mean Difference -0.02, 95% CI -0.26, 0.21) or the ICU (SMD -0.02, 95% CI -0.21, 0.25) when compared with patients receiving benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS Management of patients with AWS with phenobarbital is associated with similar rates of intubation, length of stay in the ICU, or length of stay in the hospital as treatment with benzodiazepines. However, due to the inclusion of mostly observational studies and a significant level of heterogeneity among the studies assessed in this review, additional trials with strong methodology are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pourmand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Rashed AlRemeithi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Susan Kartiko
- Department of Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - David Bronstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Quincy K Tran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Program in Trauma, The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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Delgado JR, Mansfield LN, Bruxvoort K, Macias M, Grotts J, Lewin B, Bronstein D, Munoz-Plaza C, Szilagyi P, Chang J, Choi K. Adolescent Self-Consent for COVID-19 Vaccination: Views of Healthcare Workers and Their Adolescent Children on Vaccination Autonomy. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:674-681. [PMID: 36775750 PMCID: PMC9916604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the perceptions of healthcare worker parents (physicians, nurses, and staff) and their adolescents (aged 12-17 years) on adolescent self-consent to COVID-19 vaccination by applying the concept of positive deviance of those already vaccinated against COVID-19. METHODS We used a qualitative descriptive design to conduct individual, semi-structured interviews with COVID-19-vaccinated healthcare workers in Southern California and their vaccinated adolescent children. Separate interviews were conducted with parents and adolescents from November to December 2021 using digital phone conferencing software. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Thematic and constant comparative analysis techniques were used to identify relevant themes and subthemes. RESULTS Twenty one healthcare workers (9 nurses, one nurse practitioner, one technologist, and 10 physicians) and their adolescents (N = 17) participated. Three overarching themes were identified to describe participants' perspectives about adolescent self-consent for COVID-19 vaccination: (1) Family values and practices around adolescent vaccination; (2) Differences in parent and adolescent support for vaccine self-consent laws; and (3) Parent and adolescent uncertainty on readiness for vaccine self-consent laws. Adolescents largely supported self-consent while parents supported the policy if they would be able to have a discussion with their adolescent prior to the decision. DISCUSSION Parents and adolescents supported adolescent self-consent for COVID-19 vaccination, with the reservation that adolescents should discuss the decision alongside their parents to exercise their medical autonomy with supportive guidance. Greater adolescent involvement in making decisions and providing self-consent for healthcare, including vaccines, could prepare adolescents to have a greater sense of autonomy over their health and contribute to population health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne R Delgado
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Lisa N Mansfield
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katia Bruxvoort
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mayra Macias
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Joseph Grotts
- UCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Lewin
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - David Bronstein
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Corrine Munoz-Plaza
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Peter Szilagyi
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Chang
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Kristen Choi
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California; UCLA School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Chao CR, Xu L, Cannizzaro N, Bronstein D, Choi Y, Riewerts R, Mittman B, Zimmerman RK, Gilkey M, Glenn B, Shen E, Hsu C, Hahn EE. Trends in HPV vaccine administration and HPV vaccine coverage in children by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic in an integrated health care system in California. Vaccine 2022; 40:6575-6580. [PMID: 36243591 PMCID: PMC9527222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to evaluate the trends of HPV vaccination between 03/2019-09/2021 and whether the impact of the COVID pandemic on HPV vaccination varied by race/ethnicity and neighborhood deprivation index (NDI). METHODS Electronic medical records at Kaiser Permanente Southern California were used to assess monthly volume of HPV vaccine doses administered among children aged 9-12.9yrs, and up-to-date coverage (% vaccinated) by age 13 between 03/2019-09/2021. Modified Poisson models were used to evaluate the interactions between race/ethnicity, NDI and the pandemic periods on HPV vaccine coverage. RESULTS HPV vaccine doses administered in 2020/2021 have returned to the 2019 level after the initial drop. The average up-to-date coverage in 05/2021-09/2021 (54.8%) remained lower than the pre-pandemic level (58.5%). The associations between race/ethnicity, NDI and HPV vaccine coverage did not vary due to the pandemic. CONCLUSION HPV vaccine promotion efforts are needed to address COVID-19 pandemic's lasting impact on HPV vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun R. Chao
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Robles Ave, 2nd floor, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Lanfang Xu
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Cannizzaro
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Bronstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente, Palmdale, CA 93552, USA
| | - Yunsun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
| | - Robert Riewerts
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente, Baldwin Park, CA 91706, USA
| | - Brian Mittman
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Richard K. Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Melissa Gilkey
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Beth Glenn
- Department Health Policy and Management, University of Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ernest Shen
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chunyi Hsu
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Erin E. Hahn
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Murali KP, Kang JA, Bronstein D, McDonald MV, King L, Chastain AM, Shang J. Measuring Palliative Care-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence in Home Health Care Clinicians, Patients, and Caregivers: A Systematic Review. J Palliat Med 2022; 25:1579-1598. [PMID: 35704053 PMCID: PMC9639230 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2021.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Integrating palliative care services in the home health care (HHC) setting is an important strategy to provide care for seriously ill adults and improve symptom burden, quality of life, and caregiver burden. Routine palliative care in HHC is only possible if clinicians who provide this care are prepared and patients and caregivers are well equipped with the knowledge to receive this care. A key first step in integrating palliative care services within HHC is to measure preparedness of clinicians and readiness of patients and caregivers to receive it. Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to review existing literature related to the measurement of palliative care-related knowledge, attitudes, and confidence among HHC clinicians, patients, and caregivers. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane for relevant articles between 2000 and 2021. Articles were included in the final analysis if they (1) reported specifically on palliative care knowledge, attitudes, or confidence, (2) presented measurement tools, instruments, scales, or questionnaires, (3) were conducted in the HHC setting, (4) and included HHC clinicians, patients, or caregivers. Results: Seventeen articles were included. While knowledge, attitudes, and confidence have been studied in HHC clinicians, patients, and caregivers, results varied significantly across countries and health care systems. No study captured knowledge, attitudes, and confidence of the full HHC workforce; notably, home health aides were not included in the studies. Conclusion: Existing instruments did not comprehensively contain elements of the eight domains of palliative care outlined by the National Consensus Project (NCP) for Quality Palliative Care. A comprehensive psychometrically tested instrument to measure palliative care-related knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in the HHC setting is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Patel Murali
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jung A. Kang
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Bronstein
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Margaret V. McDonald
- Center for Home Care Research and Policy, Visiting Nurse Service of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lori King
- Center for Home Care Research and Policy, Visiting Nurse Service of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley M. Chastain
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jingjing Shang
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA
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Quigley DD, Chastain AM, Kang JA, Bronstein D, Dick AW, Stone PW, Shang J. Systematic Review of Rural and Urban Differences in Care Provided by Home Health Agencies in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2022; 23:1653.e1-1653.e13. [PMID: 36108785 PMCID: PMC9880873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Home health care agencies (HHAs) are skilled care providers for Medicare home health beneficiaries in the United States. Rural HHAs face different challenges from their urban counterparts in delivering care (eg, longer distances to travel to patient homes leading to higher fuel/travel costs and fewer number of visits in a day, impacting the quality of home health care for rural beneficiaries). We review evidence on differences in care outcomes provided by urban and rural HHAs. DESIGN Systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quality appraisal. SETTING Care provided by urban and rural HHAs. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for English-language peer-reviewed articles after 2010 on differences in urban and rural care provided by U.S. HHAs. We screened 876 studies, conducted full-text abstraction and NOS quality review on 36 articles and excluded 2 for poor study quality. RESULTS Twelve studies were included; 7 focused on patient-level analyses and 5 were HHA-level. Nine studies were cross-sectional and 3 used cohorts. Urban and rural differences were measured primarily using a binary variable. All studies controlled for agency-level characteristics, and two-thirds also controlled for patient characteristics. Rural beneficiaries, compared with urban, had lower home health care utilization (4 of 5 studies) and fewer visits for physical therapy and/or rehabilitation (3 of 5 studies). Rural agencies had lower quality of HHA services (3 of 4 studies). Rural patients, compared with urban, visited the emergency room more often (2 of 2 studies) and were more likely to be hospitalized (2 of 2 studies), whereas urban patients with heart failure were more likely to have 30-day preventable hospitalizations (1 study). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This review highlights similar urban/rural disparities in home health care quality and utilization as identified in previous decades. Variables used to measure the access to and quality of care by HHAs varied, so consensus was limited. Articles that used more granular measures of rurality (rather than binary measures) revealed additional differences. These findings point to the need for consistent and refined measures of rurality in studies examining urban and rural differences in care from HHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise D. Quigley
- Health Unit, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407
| | - Ashley M. Chastain
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, 560 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jung A. Kang
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, 560 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - David Bronstein
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, 560 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Andrew W. Dick
- Health Unit, RAND Corporation, 20 Park Plaza, Suite 920, Boston, MA, 02116
| | - Patricia W. Stone
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, 560 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jingjing Shang
- Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, 560 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
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Choi K, Chang J, Luo YX, Lewin B, Munoz-Plaza C, Bronstein D, Rondinelli J, Bruxvoort K. "Still on the Fence": A Mixed Methods Investigation of COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence Among Health Care Providers. Workplace Health Saf 2022; 70:285-297. [PMID: 35311397 DOI: 10.1177/21650799211049811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of disparities in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care providers. The purpose of this study was to examine confidence receiving and recommending COVID-19 vaccines by health care provider type and race/ethnicity. METHODS This mixed methods study involved a cross-sectional survey and qualitative, semi-structured interviews from March to May 2021 among a sample of physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, and pharmacists. These workers were recruited through voluntary response sampling from an integrated health system in Southern California. The primary dependent variables were (a) confidence in vaccine safety, (b) confidence in vaccine effectiveness, and (c) intent to recommend the vaccine to others. The primary independent variables were health care provider type and race/ethnicity. FINDINGS A total of 2,948 providers completed the survey. Nurses relative to physicians were 15% less likely to perceive the COVID-19 vaccine to be safe (risk ratio [RR] = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-0.87); 27% less likely to perceive the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 (RR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.69-0.76); and 11% less likely to recommend the vaccine to others (RR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.87-0.91). Hispanic/Latinx providers were 10% less likely to perceive the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 (RR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.83-0.98) relative to White providers. Qualitative themes included: No need for vaccine; distrusting vaccine research and roll-out; caretaking barriers; uncertainty and potential to change one's mind; framing vaccine decisions around personal beliefs. CONCLUSIONS & APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Health care workplaces should consider interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccination among their workers, including education and mandatory vaccination policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi X Luo
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California
| | - Bruno Lewin
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group
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Choi K, Rondinelli J, Cuenca E, Lewin B, Chang J, Luo YX, Bronstein D, Bruxvoort K. Race/Ethnicity Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Nurses. J Transcult Nurs 2022; 33:134-140. [PMID: 34989259 DOI: 10.1177/10436596211065395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is evidence for relatively lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake among people of color in the United States. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among nurses. METHODS Nurses in Southern California (N = 1183) completed a one-time, web-based survey to assess COVID-19 vaccine perceptions and uptake. RESULTS In all, 82.8% of respondents (N = 979) received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose. Identifying as East Asian was associated with 14% higher odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake relative to identifying as White (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14/95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.06, 1.24]); identifying as Filipino was associated with 14% higher odds of uptake (OR = 1.14/95% CI = [1.08, 1.20]); and identifying as Hispanic/Latinx was associated with 6% higher odds of uptake (OR = 1.06/95% CI = [1.00, 1.12]). DISCUSSION Although nurses and people of color have been identified as groups with low levels of COVID-19 vaccine uptake, this study found that nurses of color received the vaccine at higher levels than their White counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Lewin
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, USA
| | - John Chang
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, USA
| | - Yi X Luo
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, USA
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Brauer E, Choi K, Chang J, Luo Y, Lewin B, Munoz-Plaza C, Bronstein D, Bruxvoort K. Health Care Providers' Trusted Sources for Information About COVID-19 Vaccines: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Infodemiology 2021; 1:e33330. [PMID: 34926995 PMCID: PMC8664154 DOI: 10.2196/33330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information and opinions shared by health care providers can affect patient vaccination decisions, but little is known about who health care providers themselves trust for information in the context of new COVID-19 vaccines. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate which sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines are trusted by health care providers and how they communicate this information to patients. METHODS This mixed methods study involved a one-time, web-based survey of health care providers and qualitative interviews with a subset of survey respondents. Health care providers (physicians, advanced practice providers, pharmacists, nurses) were recruited from an integrated health system in Southern California using voluntary response sampling, with follow-up interviews with providers who either accepted or declined a COVID-19 vaccine. The outcome was the type of information sources that respondents reported trusting for information about COVID-19 vaccines. Bivariate tests were used to compare trusted information sources by provider type; thematic analysis was used to explore perspectives about vaccine information and communicating with patients about vaccines. RESULTS The survey was completed by 2948 providers, of whom 91% (n=2683) responded that they had received ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. The most frequently trusted source of COVID-19 vaccine information was government agencies (n=2513, 84.2%); the least frequently trusted source was social media (n=691, 9.5%). More physicians trusted government agencies (n=1226, 93%) than nurses (n=927, 78%) or pharmacists (n=203, 78%; P<.001), and more physicians trusted their employer (n=1115, 84%) than advanced practice providers (n=95, 67%) and nurses (n=759, 64%; P=.002). Qualitative themes (n=32 participants) about trusted sources of COVID-19 vaccine information were identified: processing new COVID-19 information in a health care work context likened to a "war zone" during the pandemic and communicating information to patients. Some providers were hesitant to recommend vaccines to pregnant people and groups they perceived to be at low risk for COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Physicians have stronger trust in government sources and their employers for information about COVID-19 vaccines compared with nurses, pharmacists, and advanced practice providers. Strategies such as role modeling, tailored messaging, or talking points with standard language may help providers to communicate accurate COVID-19 vaccine information to patients, and these strategies may also be used with providers with lower levels of trust in reputable information sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Brauer
- School of Nursing University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
| | - Kristen Choi
- School of Nursing University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA United States
| | - John Chang
- Department of Research & Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Research & Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
| | - Bruno Lewin
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
| | - Corrine Munoz-Plaza
- Department of Research & Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
| | - David Bronstein
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
| | - Katia Bruxvoort
- Department of Research & Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA United States
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL United States
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Bronstein D, Sollod J, Kitchen C, Krogstad P, Jhaveri R. Outcome of infections with extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms in children. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bronstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Lancaster, CA, USA
| | - Janet Sollod
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Kitchen
- Department of Biostatistics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Jhaveri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
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Merchenthaler I, Maderdrut JL, Cianchetta P, Shughrue P, Bronstein D. In situ hybridization histochemical localization of prodynorphin messenger RNA in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1997; 384:211-32. [PMID: 9215719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of preprodynorphin messenger RNA-containing perikarya in the central nervous system of the rat was determined with in situ hybridization histochemistry using a 35S-labelled complementary RNA probe. All of the regions of the central nervous system reported by other investigators to contain perikarya that synthesize prodynorphin-derived peptides, except the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the accessory trigeminal nucleus, and the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, also contained perikarya that synthesize preprodynorphin messenger RNA. However, the olfactory bulb, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the islands of Calleja, the CA1-CA3 fields of the hippocampus, the septohippocampal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the basal and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the superior colliculus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the dentate nucleus, the raphes linearis and pontis, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, the inferior olive, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve also contained preprodynorphin messenger RNA-synthesizing perikarya. These observations suggest that prodynorphin-derived peptides have a much more pervasive role in central nervous system function than previously suspected. However, before the physiological significance of these observations can be judged, it will be necessary to determine whether all of the novel sites of preprodynorphin messenger RNA synthesis are sites of prohormone synthesis and conventional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Merchenthaler
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
We have previously shown that dextromethorphan (DM) antagonizes kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity. Accumulating evidence indicates that the induction of seizure activity causes profound alterations in the levels of hippocampal opioid peptide mRNA. The present study was performed to further explore the effect of DM on KA-induced seizures as measured by hippocampal opioid peptide mRNA levels. Both Northern blot and in situ hybridization methods were used to examine the proenkephalin (PENK) and prodynorphin (PDYN) mRNA levels in the rat hippocampus. The robust seizure activity induced by KA correlated with a significant increase in hippocampal opioid peptide mRNA levels. Pretreatment of rats with DM decreased hippocampal PENK and PDYN mRNA levels and seizure activity induced by KA. Hippocampal PDYN mRNA levels fell quickly but PENK mRNA levels fell rather slowly, indicating that the PENK and PDYN mRNAs are differentially regulated. Our results demonstrate that DM modulates opioid peptide gene expression induced by KA, and that DM protects against KA-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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Merchenthaler I, Lennard DE, Cianchetta P, Merchenthaler A, Bronstein D. Induction of proenkephalin in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons by hyperprolactinemia: the role of sex steroids. Endocrinology 1995; 136:2442-50. [PMID: 7750466 DOI: 10.1210/endo.136.6.7750466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The observation that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons of pregnant, pseudopregnant, lactating, and aged rats express enkephalins suggested that chronically elevated PRL levels, which are characteristic for these animals, are essential for the induction of proenkephalin gene expression in TIDA neurons. The present studies investigated further the role of PRL in this phenomenon. Elevated PRL levels were achieved either experimentally by implanting anterior pituitaries under the kidney capsule of intact or hypophysectomized female rats or by using lactating rats. For controls, the elevated PRL levels were reduced with bromocryptine, a dopamine receptor agonist. The role of sex steroids in PRL-induced enkephalin gene expression was also studied in cycling, sex hormone-treated, hypophysectomized or ovariectomized rats, pituitary-implanted/sex hormone-treated rats, and ovariectomized mothers. Enkephalin immunoreactivity was detected by immunocytochemistry and enkephalin messenger RNA with in situ hybridization histochemistry using 35S- or digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes. Enkephalin or its messenger RNA was present in TIDA neurons in all experimental animals with elevated PRL levels. Although estradiol had no or only a minor effect on PRL-induced enkephalin gene expression, progesterone supported the effect of PRL. The present observations suggest that the expression of enkephalin in TIDA neurons is PRL dependent and supported by sex steroids, primarily progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Merchenthaler
- Functional Morphology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that 30 min of swimming in room temperature water is a potent stimulus for the secretion of beta-endorphin (beta E) from the intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary in rodents. Repeated daily challenge with this paradigm over days to weeks leads to a progressive increase in proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived IL peptides and POMC mRNA levels as well as an increase in the stimulated secretion of beta E in response to rechallenge with swim. The current studies were undertaken to examine the possible role of dopamine systems in mediating swim stress-induced changes in IL beta E biosynthesis and release. Confirming previous results, a 30 min swim stress exposure caused plasma concentrations of beta E to increase several fold. Apomorphine (APO), a dopaminergic agonist, completely blocked this effect, suggesting that dopamine receptors may mediate the acute IL response to swim stress. Animals that swam once daily for 14 days displayed elevated beta E levels in both the IL and plasma 24 h after the last swim session. In these animals, repeated administration of APO did not reverse swim-stress-induced changes in beta E. Immediately following an acute-swim rechallenge, animals which had been previously swim-stressed for 14 days demonstrated significantly greater beta E release than naive animals. Again, an acute injection of APO inhibited the acute increase in IL secretion, suggesting that repeatedly swum animals are still responsive to the acute effects of APO even though repeated coadministration of APO with swim exposure had no effect on IL beta E peptide stores or plasma beta E concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Young
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Perelman B, Smith B, Bronstein D, Gur‐Lavie A, Kuttin ES. Use of azole compounds for the treatment of experimental aspergillosis in turkeys. Avian Pathol 1992; 21:591-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459208418880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Meador-Woodruff JH, Pellerito B, Bronstein D, Lin HL, Ling N, Akil H. Differential effects of haloperidol on the rat pituitary: decreased biosynthesis, processing and release of anterior lobe pro-opiomelanocortin. Neuroendocrinology 1990; 51:294-303. [PMID: 2109273 DOI: 10.1159/000125353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) synthesis, processing, and release in the anterior (AL) and intermediate (IL) lobes of the rat pituitary were studied. In the IL, 14 days of haloperidol administration promoted an increase in the level of POMC mRNA, and a corresponding elevation of levels of beta-endorphin (beta E), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and gamma 3 MSH. In the AL, a reduction of POMC mRNA as well as immunoreactive beta E, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and gamma 3 MSH was observed. Column chromatography revealed that this treatment promoted an apparent alteration of POMC processing in AL: the conversion of larger, precursor-sized peptides to smaller, more-processed forms was relatively inhibited. Circulating levels of both N-acetyl-beta E and corticosterone were elevated following haloperidol challenge in drug-naive animals. Resting plasma levels of both, however, were not changed following chronic haloperidol treatment. Pituitary culture studies demonstrated that chronic haloperidol treatment increased the releasability of IL-derived products, while simultaneously decreasing the releasability of those products from the AL. These results suggest that pituitary POMC biosynthesis, processing and release are under at least partial dopaminergic control in both the IL and the AL of the pituitary, but by different mechanisms; chronic haloperidol treatment upregulates the POMC system in IL, but downregulates it in AL, despite similarities of the responses of both lobes to acute haloperidol challenge.
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Crummett D, Bronstein D, Weaver Z. Accidental Veratrum viride poisoning in three "ramp" foragers. N C Med J 1985; 46:469-71. [PMID: 3864016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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