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York D, Falciglia GH, Managlia E, Yan X, Yoon H, Hamvas A, Kirchenbuechler D, Arvanitis C, De Plaen IG. Nailfold Capillaroscopy: A Promising, Noninvasive Approach to Predict Retinopathy of Prematurity. J Pediatr 2023; 259:113478. [PMID: 37182664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that nailfold capillaroscopy can noninvasively detect dysregulated retinal angiogenesis and predict retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants born premature before its development. METHODS In a cohort of 32 infants born <33 weeks of gestation, 1386 nailfold capillary network images of the 3 middle fingers of each hand were taken during the first month of life. From these, 25 infants had paired data taken 2 weeks apart during the first month of life. Images were analyzed for metrics of peripheral microvascular density using a machine learning-based segmentation approach and a previously validated microvascular quantification platform (REAVER vascular analysis). Results were correlated with subsequent development of ROP based on a published consensus ROP severity scale. RESULTS In total, 18 of 32 (56%) (entire cohort) and 13 of 25 (52%) (2-time point subgroup) developed ROP. Peripheral vascular density decreased significantly during the first month of life. In the paired time point analysis, vessel length density, a key metric of peripheral vascular density, was significantly greater at both time points among infants who later developed ROP (15 563 and 11 996 μm/mm2, respectively) compared with infants who did not (12 252 and 8845 μm/mm2, respectively) (P < .001, both time points). A vessel length density cutoff of >15 100 at T1 or at T2 correctly detected 3 of 3 infants requiring ROP therapy. In a mixed-effects linear regression model, peripheral vascular density metrics were significantly correlated with ROP severity. CONCLUSIONS Nailfold microvascular density assessed during the first month of life is a promising, noninvasive biomarker to identify premature infants at highest risk for ROP before detection on eye exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel York
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Gustave H Falciglia
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Elizabeth Managlia
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiaocai Yan
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Hawke Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
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Nelson G, Boehm U, Bagley S, Bajcsy P, Bischof J, Brown CM, Dauphin A, Dobbie IM, Eriksson JE, Faklaris O, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Ferrand A, Gelman L, Gheisari A, Hartmann H, Kukat C, Laude A, Mitkovski M, Munck S, North AJ, Rasse TM, Resch-Genger U, Schuetz LC, Seitz A, Strambio-De-Castillia C, Swedlow JR, Alexopoulos I, Aumayr K, Avilov S, Bakker GJ, Bammann RR, Bassi A, Beckert H, Beer S, Belyaev Y, Bierwagen J, Birngruber KA, Bosch M, Breitlow J, Cameron LA, Chalfoun J, Chambers JJ, Chen CL, Conde-Sousa E, Corbett AD, Cordelieres FP, Nery ED, Dietzel R, Eismann F, Fazeli E, Felscher A, Fried H, Gaudreault N, Goh WI, Guilbert T, Hadleigh R, Hemmerich P, Holst GA, Itano MS, Jaffe CB, Jambor HK, Jarvis SC, Keppler A, Kirchenbuechler D, Kirchner M, Kobayashi N, Krens G, Kunis S, Lacoste J, Marcello M, Martins GG, Metcalf DJ, Mitchell CA, Moore J, Mueller T, Nelson MS, Ogg S, Onami S, Palmer AL, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Pimentel JA, Plantard L, Podder S, Rexhepaj E, Royon A, Saari MA, Schapman D, Schoonderwoert V, Schroth-Diez B, Schwartz S, Shaw M, Spitaler M, Stoeckl MT, Sudar D, Teillon J, Terjung S, Thuenauer R, Wilms CD, Wright GD, Nitschke R. QUAREP-LiMi: A community-driven initiative to establish guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility for instruments and images in light microscopy. J Microsc 2021; 284:56-73. [PMID: 34214188 PMCID: PMC10388377 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A modern day light microscope has evolved from a tool devoted to making primarily empirical observations to what is now a sophisticated , quantitative device that is an integral part of both physical and life science research. Nowadays, microscopes are found in nearly every experimental laboratory. However, despite their prevalent use in capturing and quantifying scientific phenomena, neither a thorough understanding of the principles underlying quantitative imaging techniques nor appropriate knowledge of how to calibrate, operate and maintain microscopes can be taken for granted. This is clearly demonstrated by the well-documented and widespread difficulties that are routinely encountered in evaluating acquired data and reproducing scientific experiments. Indeed, studies have shown that more than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to repeat another scientist's experiments, while more than half have even failed to reproduce their own experiments. One factor behind the reproducibility crisis of experiments published in scientific journals is the frequent underreporting of imaging methods caused by a lack of awareness and/or a lack of knowledge of the applied technique. Whereas quality control procedures for some methods used in biomedical research, such as genomics (e.g. DNA sequencing, RNA-seq) or cytometry, have been introduced (e.g. ENCODE), this issue has not been tackled for optical microscopy instrumentation and images. Although many calibration standards and protocols have been published, there is a lack of awareness and agreement on common standards and guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility. In April 2020, the QUality Assessment and REProducibility for instruments and images in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi) initiative was formed. This initiative comprises imaging scientists from academia and industry who share a common interest in achieving a better understanding of the performance and limitations of microscopes and improved quality control (QC) in light microscopy. The ultimate goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to establish a set of common QC standards, guidelines, metadata models and tools, including detailed protocols, with the ultimate aim of improving reproducible advances in scientific research. This White Paper (1) summarizes the major obstacles identified in the field that motivated the launch of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative; (2) identifies the urgent need to address these obstacles in a grassroots manner, through a community of stakeholders including, researchers, imaging scientists, bioimage analysts, bioimage informatics developers, corporate partners, funding agencies, standards organizations, scientific publishers and observers of such; (3) outlines the current actions of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative and (4) proposes future steps that can be taken to improve the dissemination and acceptance of the proposed guidelines to manage QC. To summarize, the principal goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to improve the overall quality and reproducibility of light microscope image data by introducing broadly accepted standard practices and accurately captured image data metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Nelson
- Bioimaging Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ulrike Boehm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Steve Bagley
- Visualisation, Irradiation & Analysis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Peter Bajcsy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Claire M Brown
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélien Dauphin
- Unité Génétique et Biologie du Développement U934, PICT-IBiSA, Institut Curie/Inserm/CNRS/PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ian M Dobbie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxon, UK
| | - John E Eriksson
- Turku Bioscience Centre, Euro-Bioimaging ERIC, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Alexia Ferrand
- Imaging Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gelman
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ali Gheisari
- Light Microscopy Facility, CMCB Technology Platform, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hella Hartmann
- Light Microscopy Facility, CMCB Technology Platform, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alex Laude
- Bioimaging Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Munck
- VIB BioImaging Core & VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research & KU Leuven Department for Neuroscience, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Tobias M Rasse
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas C Schuetz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Seitz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | | | - Jason R Swedlow
- Divisions of Computational Biology and Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- General Instrumentation - Light Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Aumayr
- BioOptics Facility, IMP - Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergiy Avilov
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert-Jan Bakker
- Department of Cell Biology (route 283), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Bassi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hannes Beckert
- Microscopy Core Facility, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Yury Belyaev
- Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Manel Bosch
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lisa A Cameron
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joe Chalfoun
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Chambers
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Conde-Sousa
- i3S - Instituto de InvestigaÇão e InovaÇão em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Elaine Del Nery
- BioPhenics High-Content Screening Laboratory (PICT-IBiSA), Translational Research Department, Institut Curie - PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Dietzel
- Omicron-Laserage Laserprodukte GmbH, Rodgau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hans Fried
- Light Microscope Facility, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Wah Ing Goh
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Institut Cochin, INSERM (U1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Université de Paris (UMR-S1016), Paris, France
| | | | - Peter Hemmerich
- Core Facility Imaging, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Michelle S Itano
- Neuroscience Microscopy Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Helena K Jambor
- Mildred-Scheel Nachwuchszentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart C Jarvis
- Prior Scientific Instruments Limited, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Antje Keppler
- EMBL Heidelberg, Global BioImaging, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Kirchner
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gabriel Krens
- Bioimaging Facility, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Kunis
- University Osnabrueck, Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Marco Marcello
- Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Gabriel G Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia & Faculdade de Ciencias, University of Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Claire A Mitchell
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, UK
| | - Joshua Moore
- Divisions of Computational Biology and Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tobias Mueller
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephen Ogg
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shuichi Onami
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jaime A Pimentel
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Laure Plantard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Santosh Podder
- Microscopy Facility, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Markku A Saari
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Damien Schapman
- UNIROUEN, INSERM, PRIMACEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | | | - Britta Schroth-Diez
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Michael Shaw
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Martin Spitaler
- Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Damir Sudar
- Quantitative Imaging Systems, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremie Teillon
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Gironde, France
| | - Stefan Terjung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Technology Platform Microscopy and Image Analysis, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Graham D Wright
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roland Nitschke
- Life Imaging Center and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Rajagopalan A, Venkatesh I, Aslam R, Kirchenbuechler D, Khanna S, Cimbaluk D, Kordower JH, Gupta V. SeqStain is an efficient method for multiplexed, spatialomic profiling of human and murine tissues. Cell Rep Methods 2021; 1:100006. [PMID: 34766102 PMCID: PMC8579778 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial organization of molecules and cells in complex tissue microenvironments provides essential organizational cues in health and disease. A significant need exists for improved visualization of these spatial relationships. Here, we describe a multiplex immunofluorescence imaging method, termed SeqStain, that uses fluorescent-DNA-labeled antibodies for immunofluorescent staining and nuclease treatment for de-staining that allows selective enzymatic removal of the fluorescent signal. SeqStain can be used with primary antibodies, secondary antibodies, and antibody fragments to efficiently analyze complex cells and tissues. Additionally, incorporation of specific endonuclease restriction sites in antibody labels allows for selective removal of fluorescent signals while retaining other signals that can serve as marks for subsequent analyses. The application of SeqStain on human kidney tissue provided a spatialomic profile of the organization of >25 markers in the kidney, highlighting it as a versatile, easy-to-use, and gentle new technique for spatialomic analyses of complex microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugraha Rajagopalan
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ishwarya Venkatesh
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rabail Aslam
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David Kirchenbuechler
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shreyaa Khanna
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - David Cimbaluk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Joshi N, Watanabe S, Verma R, Jablonski RP, Chen CI, Cheresh P, Markov NS, Reyfman PA, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Sichizya L, Lu Z, Piseaux-Aillon R, Kirchenbuechler D, Flozak AS, Gottardi CJ, Cuda CM, Perlman H, Jain M, Kamp DW, Budinger GRS, Misharin AV. A spatially restricted fibrotic niche in pulmonary fibrosis is sustained by M-CSF/M-CSFR signalling in monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1900646. [PMID: 31601718 PMCID: PMC6962769 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00646-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ontologically distinct populations of macrophages differentially contribute to organ fibrosis through unknown mechanisms.We applied lineage tracing, single-cell RNA sequencing and single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridisation to a spatially restricted model of asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis.We demonstrate that tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, tissue-resident peribronchial and perivascular interstitial macrophages, and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are present in the fibrotic niche. Deletion of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages but not tissue-resident alveolar macrophages ameliorated asbestos-induced lung fibrosis. Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages were specifically localised to fibrotic regions in the proximity of fibroblasts where they expressed molecules known to drive fibroblast proliferation, including platelet-derived growth factor subunit A. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics in both humans and mice, we identified macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) signalling as one of the novel druggable targets controlling self-maintenance and persistence of these pathogenic monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages. Pharmacological blockade of M-CSFR signalling led to the disappearance of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages and ameliorated fibrosis.Our findings suggest that inhibition of M-CSFR signalling during fibrosis disrupts an essential fibrotic niche that includes monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts during asbestos-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Joshi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rohan Verma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Renea P Jablonski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Dept of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ching-I Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Cheresh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikolay S Markov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul A Reyfman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexandra C McQuattie-Pimentel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lango Sichizya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ziyan Lu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raul Piseaux-Aillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Kirchenbuechler
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Annette S Flozak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manu Jain
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W Kamp
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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