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Abstract
Cell death, or, more specifically, cell suicide, is a process of fundamental importance to human health. Throughout our lives, over a million cells are produced every second. When organismal growth has stopped, to balance cell division, a similar number of cells must be removed. This is achieved by activation of molecular mechanisms that have evolved so that cells can destroy themselves. The first clues regarding the nature of one of these mechanisms came from studying genes associated with cancer, in particular the gene for BCL-2. Subsequent studies revealed that mutations or other defects that inhibit cell death allow cells to accumulate, prevent removal of cells with damaged DNA, and increase the resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapy. Knowledge of this mechanism has allowed development of drugs that kill cancer cells by directly activating the cell death machinery and by synergizing with conventional chemotherapy as well as targeted agents to achieve improved outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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2
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Gray DHD, Vaux DL, Strasser A. The 2019 Lasker Award: T cells and B cells, whose life and death are essential for function of the immune system. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2513-2515. [PMID: 31624351 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H D Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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3
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Frank D, Vaux DL, Murphy JM, Vince JE, Lindqvist LM. Activated MLKL attenuates autophagy following its translocation to intracellular membranes. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.220996. [PMID: 30709919 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death mediated by the pseudokinase mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Upon phosphorylation by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), MLKL oligomerizes, and translocates to and disrupts the plasma membrane, thereby causing necroptotic cell lysis. Herein, we show that activation of necroptosis in mouse dermal fibroblasts (MDFs) and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells results in accumulation of the autophagic marker, lipidated LC3B (also known as MAP1LC3B), in an MLKL-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, the necroptosis-induced increase in lipidated LC3B was due to inhibition of autophagic flux, not the activation of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by MLKL correlated with a decrease in autophagosome and/or autolysosome function, and required the association of activated MLKL with intracellular membranes. Collectively, our findings uncover an additional role for the MLKL pseudokinase, namely to inhibit autophagy during necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Frank
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia .,Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa M Lindqvist
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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4
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Dong L, Reljic B, Cheung JG, Ng ES, Lindqvist LM, Elefanty AG, Vaux DL, Tran H. In the absence of apoptosis, myeloid cells arrest when deprived of growth factor, but remain viable by consuming extracellular glucose. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2074-2085. [PMID: 30770875 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawal of the growth factor interleukin-3 (IL-3) from IL-3-dependent myeloid cells causes them to undergo Bax/Bak1-dependent apoptosis, whereas factor-deprived Bax-/-Bak1-/- cells remain viable, but arrest and shrink. It was reported that withdrawal of IL-3 from Bax-/-Bak1-/- cells caused decreased expression of the glucose transporter Glut1, leading to reduced glucose uptake, so that arrested cells required Atg5-dependent autophagy for long-term survival. In other cell types, a decrease in Glut1 is mediated by the thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), which is induced in IL-3-dependent myeloid cells when growth factor is removed. We mutated Atg5 and Txnip by CRISPR/Cas9 and found that Atg5-dependent autophagy was not necessary for the long-term viability of cycling or arrested Bax-/-Bak1-/- cells, and that Txnip was not required for the decrease in Glut1 expression in response to IL-3 withdrawal. Surprisingly, Atg5-deficient Bax/Bak1 double mutant cells survived for several weeks in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), without high concentrations of added glucose or glutamine. When serum was withdrawn, the provision of an equivalent amount of glucose present in 10% FBS (~0.5 mM) was sufficient to support cell survival for more than a week, in the presence or absence of IL-3. Thus, Bax-/-Bak1-/- myeloid cells deprived of growth factor consume extracellular glucose to maintain long-term viability, without a requirement for Atg5-dependent autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Boris Reljic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jen G Cheung
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa M Lindqvist
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hoanh Tran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Lawlor KE, Feltham R, Yabal M, Conos SA, Chen KW, Ziehe S, Graß C, Zhan Y, Nguyen TA, Hall C, Vince AJ, Chatfield SM, D'Silva DB, Pang KC, Schroder K, Silke J, Vaux DL, Jost PJ, Vince JE. XIAP Loss Triggers RIPK3- and Caspase-8-Driven IL-1β Activation and Cell Death as a Consequence of TLR-MyD88-Induced cIAP1-TRAF2 Degradation. Cell Rep 2018; 20:668-682. [PMID: 28723569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency predisposes people to pathogen-associated hyperinflammation. Upon XIAP loss, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation triggers RIPK3-caspase-8-mediated IL-1β activation and death in myeloid cells. How XIAP suppresses these events remains unclear. Here, we show that TLR-MyD88 causes the proteasomal degradation of the related IAP, cIAP1, and its adaptor, TRAF2, by inducing TNF and TNF Receptor 2 (TNFR2) signaling. Genetically, we define that myeloid-specific cIAP1 loss promotes TLR-induced RIPK3-caspase-8 and IL-1β activity in the absence of XIAP. Importantly, deletion of TNFR2 in XIAP-deficient cells limited TLR-MyD88-induced cIAP1-TRAF2 degradation, cell death, and IL-1β activation. In contrast to TLR-MyD88, TLR-TRIF-induced interferon (IFN)β inhibited cIAP1 loss and consequent cell death. These data reveal how, upon XIAP deficiency, a TLR-TNF-TNFR2 axis drives cIAP1-TRAF2 degradation to allow TLR or TNFR1 activation of RIPK3-caspase-8 and IL-1β. This mechanism may explain why XIAP-deficient patients can exhibit symptoms reminiscent of patients with activating inflammasome mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Feltham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monica Yabal
- III. Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie A Conos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ziehe
- III. Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Graß
- III. Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tan A Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Angelina J Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Chatfield
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Damian B D'Silva
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kenneth C Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III. Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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6
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Brooks PM, Vaux DL, Williamson R. Australia needs an Ombudsman or Office for Research Integrity. Intern Med J 2017; 46:1233-1235. [PMID: 27734623 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Brooks
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Williamson
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Feltham RL, Moulin M, Vince JE, Mace PD, Wong WWL, Anderton H, Day CL, Vaux DL, Silke J. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, but not TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis)-triggered cIAP1 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1) degradation, requires cIAP1 RING dimerization and E2 binding. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14310. [PMID: 28842477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a109.087635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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8
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Etemadi N, Chopin M, Anderton H, Tanzer MC, Rickard JA, Abeysekera W, Hall C, Spall SK, Wang B, Xiong Y, Hla T, Pitson SM, Bonder CS, Wong WWL, Ernst M, Smyth GK, Vaux DL, Nutt SL, Nachbur U, Silke J. Correction: TRAF2 regulates TNF and NF-κB signalling to suppress apoptosis and skin inflammation independently of Sphingosine kinase 1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28654421 PMCID: PMC5487163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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9
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Lalaoui N, Hänggi K, Brumatti G, Chau D, Nguyen NYN, Vasilikos L, Spilgies LM, Heckmann DA, Ma C, Ghisi M, Salmon JM, Matthews GM, de Valle E, Moujalled DM, Menon MB, Spall SK, Glaser SP, Richmond J, Lock RB, Condon SM, Gugasyan R, Gaestel M, Guthridge M, Johnstone RW, Munoz L, Wei A, Ekert PG, Vaux DL, Wong WWL, Silke J. Targeting p38 or MK2 Enhances the Anti-Leukemic Activity of Smac-Mimetics. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:499-500. [PMID: 27622337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Conos SA, Lawlor KE, Vaux DL, Vince JE, Lindqvist LM. Cell death is not essential for caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1β activation and secretion. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1827-1838. [PMID: 27419363 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 cleaves and activates the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), yet the mechanism of IL-1β release and its dependence on cell death remains controversial. To address this issue, we generated a novel inflammasome independent system in which we directly activate caspase-1 by dimerization. In this system, caspase-1 dimerization induced the cleavage and secretion of IL-1β, which did not require processing of caspase-1 into its p20 and p10 subunits. Moreover, direct caspase-1 dimerization allowed caspase-1 activation of IL-1β to be separated from cell death. Specifically, we demonstrate at the single cell level that IL-1β can be released from live, metabolically active, cells following caspase-1 activation. In addition, we show that dimerized or endogenous caspase-8 can also directly cleave IL-1β into its biologically active form, in the absence of canonical inflammasome components. Therefore, cell death is not obligatory for the robust secretion of bioactive IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Conos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - K E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - D L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - J E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - L M Lindqvist
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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11
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Gentle IE, Wong WWL, Evans JM, Bankovacki A, Cook WD, Khan NR, Nachbur U, Rickard J, Anderton H, Moulin M, Lluis JM, Moujalled DM, Silke J, Vaux DL. In TNF-stimulated cells, RIPK1 promotes cell survival by stabilizing TRAF2 and cIAP1, which limits induction of non-canonical NF-κB and activation of caspase-8. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:2547. [PMID: 26826208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a110.216226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Brumatti G, Ma C, Lalaoui N, Nguyen NY, Navarro M, Tanzer MC, Richmond J, Ghisi M, Salmon JM, Silke N, Pomilio G, Glaser SP, de Valle E, Gugasyan R, Gurthridge MA, Condon SM, Johnstone RW, Lock R, Salvesen G, Wei A, Vaux DL, Ekert PG, Silke J. The caspase-8 inhibitor emricasan combines with the SMAC mimetic birinapant to induce necroptosis and treat acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:339ra69. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Reljic B, Conos S, Lee EF, Garnier JM, Dong L, Lessene G, Fairlie WD, Vaux DL, Lindqvist LM. BAX-BAK1-independent LC3B lipidation by BH3 mimetics is unrelated to BH3 mimetic activity and has only minimal effects on autophagic flux. Autophagy 2016; 12:1083-93. [PMID: 27172402 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1179406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of prosurvival BCL2 family members can induce autophagy, but the mechanism is controversial. We have provided genetic evidence that BCL2 family members block autophagy by inhibiting BAX and BAK1, but others have proposed they instead inhibit BECN1. Here we confirm that small molecule BH3 mimetics can induce BAX- and BAK1-independent MAP1LC3B/LC3B lipidation, but this only occurred at concentrations far greater than required to induce apoptosis and dissociate canonical BH3 domain-containing proteins that bind more tightly than BECN1. Because high concentrations of a less-active enantiomer of ABT-263 also induced BAX- and BAK1-independent LC3B lipidation, induction of this marker of autophagy appears to be an off-target effect. Indeed, robust autophagic flux was not induced by BH3 mimetic compounds in the absence of BAX and BAK1. Therefore at concentrations that are on target and achievable in vivo, BH3 mimetics only induce autophagy in a BAX- and BAK1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Reljic
- a Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria, Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Stephanie Conos
- a Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria, Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,c Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,d Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia.,e School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,f Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jean-Marc Garnier
- b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,g Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Li Dong
- a Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria, Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,g Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,h Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,c Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,d Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia.,e School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,f Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- a Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria, Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lisa M Lindqvist
- a Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Victoria, Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
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14
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Tanzer MC, Matti I, Hildebrand JM, Young SN, Wardak A, Tripaydonis A, Petrie EJ, Mildenhall AL, Vaux DL, Vince JE, Czabotar PE, Silke J, Murphy JM. Evolutionary divergence of the necroptosis effector MLKL. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1185-97. [PMID: 26868910 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudokinase, MLKL (mixed-lineage kinase domain-like), is the most terminal obligatory component of the necroptosis cell death pathway known. Phosphorylation of the MLKL pseudokinase domain by the protein kinase, receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), is known to be the key step in MLKL activation. This phosphorylation event is believed to trigger a molecular switch, leading to exposure of the N-terminal four-helix bundle (4HB) domain of MLKL, its oligomerization, membrane translocation and ultimately cell death. To examine how well this process is evolutionarily conserved, we analysed the function of MLKL orthologues. Surprisingly, and unlike their mouse, horse and frog counterparts, human, chicken and stickleback 4HB domains were unable to induce cell death when expressed in murine fibroblasts. Forced dimerization of the human MLKL 4HB domain overcame this defect and triggered cell death in human and mouse cell lines. Furthermore, recombinant proteins from mouse, frog, human and chicken MLKL, all of which contained a 4HB domain, permeabilized liposomes, and were most effective on those designed to mimic plasma membrane composition. These studies demonstrate that the membrane-permeabilization function of the 4HB domain is evolutionarily conserved, but reveal that execution of necroptotic death by it relies on additional factors that are poorly conserved even among closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tanzer
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - I Matti
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - J M Hildebrand
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - S N Young
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - A Wardak
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - A Tripaydonis
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - E J Petrie
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - A L Mildenhall
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - D L Vaux
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - J E Vince
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - P E Czabotar
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - J Silke
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - J M Murphy
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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15
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Lalaoui N, Hänggi K, Brumatti G, Chau D, Nguyen NYN, Vasilikos L, Spilgies LM, Heckmann DA, Ma C, Ghisi M, Salmon JM, Matthews GM, de Valle E, Moujalled DM, Menon MB, Spall SK, Glaser SP, Richmond J, Lock RB, Condon SM, Gugasyan R, Gaestel M, Guthridge M, Johnstone RW, Munoz L, Wei A, Ekert PG, Vaux DL, Wong WWL, Silke J. Targeting p38 or MK2 Enhances the Anti-Leukemic Activity of Smac-Mimetics. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:145-58. [PMID: 26859455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birinapant is a smac-mimetic (SM) in clinical trials for treating cancer. SM antagonize inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins and simultaneously induce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion to render cancers sensitive to TNF-induced killing. To enhance SM efficacy, we screened kinase inhibitors for their ability to increase TNF production of SM-treated cells. We showed that p38 inhibitors increased TNF induced by SM. Unexpectedly, even though p38 is required for Toll-like receptors to induce TNF, loss of p38 or its downstream kinase MK2 increased induction of TNF by SM. Hence, we show that the p38/MK2 axis can inhibit or promote TNF production, depending on the stimulus. Importantly, clinical p38 inhibitors overcame resistance of primary acute myeloid leukemia to birinapant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Lalaoui
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Kay Hänggi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Brumatti
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Diep Chau
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Nhu-Y N Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lazaros Vasilikos
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lisanne M Spilgies
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Denise A Heckmann
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Margherita Ghisi
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jessica M Salmon
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Matthews
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Elisha de Valle
- Immunomonitoring Facility and Centre for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Donia M Moujalled
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Manoj B Menon
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur Spall
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stefan P Glaser
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jennifer Richmond
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Stephen M Condon
- TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 343 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Raffi Gugasyan
- Immunomonitoring Facility and Centre for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Guthridge
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Wei
- Department of Clinical Hematology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - W Wei-Lynn Wong
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - John Silke
- Cell Signaling & Cell Death and Cancer & Hematology Divisions, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
The 'hallmarks of cancer' are generally accepted as a set of genetic and epigenetic alterations that a normal cell must accrue to transform into a fully malignant cancer. It follows that therapies designed to counter these alterations might be effective as anti-cancer strategies. Over the past 30 years, research on the BCL-2-regulated apoptotic pathway has led to the development of small-molecule compounds, known as 'BH3-mimetics', that bind to pro-survival BCL-2 proteins to directly activate apoptosis of malignant cells. This Timeline article focuses on the discovery and study of BCL-2, the wider BCL-2 protein family and, specifically, its roles in cancer development and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R D Delbridge
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Grabow
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Wendy Wei-Lynn Wong
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wendy D Cook
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia
| | | | - James Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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18
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Etemadi N, Chopin M, Anderton H, Tanzer MC, Rickard JA, Abeysekera W, Hall C, Spall SK, Wang B, Xiong Y, Hla T, Pitson SM, Bonder CS, Wong WWL, Ernst M, Smyth GK, Vaux DL, Nutt SL, Nachbur U, Silke J. TRAF2 regulates TNF and NF-κB signalling to suppress apoptosis and skin inflammation independently of Sphingosine kinase 1. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26701909 PMCID: PMC4769158 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAF2 is a component of TNF superfamily signalling complexes and plays an essential role in the regulation and homeostasis of immune cells. TRAF2 deficient mice die around birth, therefore its role in adult tissues is not well-explored. Furthermore, the role of the TRAF2 RING is controversial. It has been claimed that the atypical TRAF2 RING cannot function as a ubiquitin E3 ligase but counterclaimed that TRAF2 RING requires a co-factor, sphingosine-1-phosphate, that is generated by the enzyme sphingosine kinase 1, to function as an E3 ligase. Keratinocyte-specific deletion of Traf2, but not Sphk1 deficiency, disrupted TNF mediated NF-κB and MAP kinase signalling and caused epidermal hyperplasia and psoriatic skin inflammation. This inflammation was driven by TNF, cell death, non-canonical NF-κB and the adaptive immune system, and might therefore represent a clinically relevant model of psoriasis. TRAF2 therefore has essential tissue specific functions that do not overlap with those of Sphk1. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10592.001 Psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder that causes red, flaky patches of skin. The disease affects around 2% of the world’s population, and is most common in people of northern European descent. TNF is one of the key proteins in the development of psoriasis and drugs that inhibit TNF have been very successful in the treatment of this disease. However, these drugs are expensive and for unknown reasons at least 10% of patients do not respond to them. Attempts to develop better drugs for psoriasis would be assisted by an improved understanding of this disease in terms of the genes and proteins involved. Etemadi et al. set out to obtain a more detailed molecular understanding of this disease by developing new mouse models of the condition. Mice were genetically engineered such that a key gene was deleted specifically from the skin cells that form the main barrier to the environment. These mice demonstrated that defects in skin cells called keratinocytes, rather than defects in the immune response, could lead to a psoriasis-like disease. Etemadi et al. also showed that the skin cells with this genetic defect die in the presence of TNF and this cell death in mice caused a rapidly-appearing form of psoriasis. However, in the absence of TNF the mice still developed psoriasis, albeit more slowly. In this case, the condition was due to an excessive activation of a protein called NF-κB, which is known to play a role in maintaining balance in the immune system and in psoriasis. These findings reveal how keratinocytes, cell death and inflammation can directly contribute to psoriasis-like conditions in mice. The next challenge will be to determine whether these findings can be used to help patients with this condition. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10592.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Etemadi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Michael Chopin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Maria C Tanzer
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James A Rickard
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sukhdeep K Spall
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bing Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Wendy Wei-Lynn Wong
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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19
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Silke J, Vaux DL. IAP gene deletion and conditional knockout models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Rickard JA, Anderton H, Etemadi N, Nachbur U, Darding M, Peltzer N, Lalaoui N, Lawlor KE, Vanyai H, Hall C, Bankovacki A, Gangoda L, Wong WWL, Corbin J, Huang C, Mocarski ES, Murphy JM, Alexander WS, Voss AK, Vaux DL, Kaiser WJ, Walczak H, Silke J. TNFR1-dependent cell death drives inflammation in Sharpin-deficient mice. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25443632 PMCID: PMC4270099 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN regulates immune signaling and contributes to full transcriptional activity and prevention of cell death in response to TNF in vitro. The inactivating mouse Sharpin cpdm mutation causes TNF-dependent multi-organ inflammation, characterized by dermatitis, liver inflammation, splenomegaly, and loss of Peyer's patches. TNF-dependent cell death has been proposed to cause the inflammatory phenotype and consistent with this we show Tnfr1, but not Tnfr2, deficiency suppresses the phenotype (and it does so more efficiently than Il1r1 loss). TNFR1-induced apoptosis can proceed through caspase-8 and BID, but reduction in or loss of these players generally did not suppress inflammation, although Casp8 heterozygosity significantly delayed dermatitis. Ripk3 or Mlkl deficiency partially ameliorated the multi-organ phenotype, and combined Ripk3 deletion and Casp8 heterozygosity almost completely suppressed it, even restoring Peyer's patches. Unexpectedly, Sharpin, Ripk3 and Casp8 triple deficiency caused perinatal lethality. These results provide unexpected insights into the developmental importance of SHARPIN. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03464.001 In response to an injury or infection, areas of the body can become inflamed as the immune system attempts to repair the damage and/or destroy any microbes or toxins that have entered the body. At the level of individual cells inflammation can involve cells being programmed to die in one of two ways: apoptosis and necroptosis. Apoptosis is a highly controlled process during which the contents of the cell are safely destroyed in order to prevent damage to surrounding cells. Necroptosis, on the other hand, is not controlled: the cell bursts and releases its contents into the surroundings. Inflammation is activated by a protein called TNFR1, which is controlled by a complex that includes a protein called SHARPIN. Mice that lack the SHARPIN protein develop inflammation on the skin and internal organs, even in the absence of injury or infection. However, it is not clear how SHARPIN controls TNFR1 to prevent inflammation. Rickard et al. and, independently Kumari et al. have now studied this process in detail. Rickard et al. cross bred mice that lack SHARPIN with mice lacking other proteins involved in inflammation and cell death. The experiments show that apoptosis is the main form of cell death in skin inflammation, but necroptosis has a bigger role in the inflammation of internal organs. Mice that lack both the apoptotic and necroptotic cell-death pathways can develop relatively normally, but they die shortly after birth if they also lack SHARPIN. Experiments on these mice could help us to understand how SHARPIN works. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03464.002
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Rickard
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nima Etemadi
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maurice Darding
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nieves Peltzer
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Najoua Lalaoui
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hannah Vanyai
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aleks Bankovacki
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Wendy Wei-Lynn Wong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Corbin
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chunzi Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - James M Murphy
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anne K Voss
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Silke
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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22
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Allam R, Lawlor KE, Yu ECW, Mildenhall AL, Moujalled DM, Lewis RS, Ke F, Mason KD, White MJ, Stacey KJ, Strasser A, O'Reilly LA, Alexander W, Kile BT, Vaux DL, Vince JE. Mitochondrial apoptosis is dispensable for NLRP3 inflammasome activation but non-apoptotic caspase-8 is required for inflammasome priming. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:982-90. [PMID: 24990442 PMCID: PMC4198042 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A current paradigm proposes that mitochondrial damage is a critical determinant of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here, we genetically assess whether mitochondrial signalling represents a unified mechanism to explain how NLRP3 is activated by divergent stimuli. Neither co-deletion of the essential executioners of mitochondrial apoptosis BAK and BAX, nor removal of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore component cyclophilin D, nor loss of the mitophagy regulator Parkin, nor deficiency in MAVS affects NLRP3 inflammasome function. In contrast, caspase-8, a caspase essential for death-receptor-mediated apoptosis, is required for efficient Toll-like-receptor-induced inflammasome priming and cytokine production. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mitochondrial apoptosis is not required for NLRP3 activation, and highlight an important non-apoptotic role for caspase-8 in regulating inflammasome activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Chi-Wang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alison L Mildenhall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donia M Moujalled
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena S Lewis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francine Ke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie D Mason
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J White
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Abstract
It is widely thought that prosurvival BCL2 family members not only inhibit apoptosis, but also block autophagy by directly binding to BECN1/Beclin 1. To distinguish whether BCL2, BCL2L1/BCL-XL, or MCL1 influence autophagy directly, or indirectly, through their effects on apoptosis, we compared normal cells to those lacking BAX and BAK1. In cells able to undergo mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, inhibiting the endogenous prosurvival BCL2 family members induces both autophagy and cell death, but when BAX and BAK1 are deleted, neither inhibiting nor overexpressing BCL2, BCL2L1, or MCL1 causes any detectable effect on LC3B lipidation, LC3B turnover, or autolysosome formation. These results show that prosurvival BCL2 family members influence autophagy only indirectly, by inhibiting activation of BAX and BAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Lindqvist
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne, Victoria Australia; Department of Medical Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne, Victoria Australia; Department of Medical Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville, Victoria Australia
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24
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Rickard JA, O'Donnell JA, Evans JM, Lalaoui N, Poh AR, Rogers T, Vince JE, Lawlor KE, Ninnis RL, Anderton H, Hall C, Spall SK, Phesse TJ, Abud HE, Cengia LH, Corbin J, Mifsud S, Di Rago L, Metcalf D, Ernst M, Dewson G, Roberts AW, Alexander WS, Murphy JM, Ekert PG, Masters SL, Vaux DL, Croker BA, Gerlic M, Silke J. RIPK1 regulates RIPK3-MLKL-driven systemic inflammation and emergency hematopoiesis. Cell 2014; 157:1175-88. [PMID: 24813849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, RIPK1 is recruited to tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) complexes promoting prosurvival and inflammatory signaling. RIPK1 also directly regulates caspase-8-mediated apoptosis or, if caspase-8 activity is blocked, RIPK3-MLKL-dependent necroptosis. We show that C57BL/6 Ripk1(-/-) mice die at birth of systemic inflammation that was not transferable by the hematopoietic compartment. However, Ripk1(-/-) progenitors failed to engraft lethally irradiated hosts properly. Blocking TNF reversed this defect in emergency hematopoiesis but, surprisingly, Tnfr1 deficiency did not prevent inflammation in Ripk1(-/-) neonates. Deletion of Ripk3 or Mlkl, but not Casp8, prevented extracellular release of the necroptotic DAMP, IL-33, and reduced Myd88-dependent inflammation. Reduced inflammation in the Ripk1(-/-)Ripk3(-/-), Ripk1(-/-)Mlkl(-/-), and Ripk1(-/-)Myd88(-/-) mice prevented neonatal lethality, but only Ripk1(-/-)Ripk3(-/-)Casp8(-/-) mice survived past weaning. These results reveal a key function for RIPK1 in inhibiting necroptosis and, thereby, a role in limiting, not only promoting, inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Rickard
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Joanne A O'Donnell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Joseph M Evans
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Najoua Lalaoui
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Poh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - TeWhiti Rogers
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Robert L Ninnis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Sukhdeep K Spall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Toby J Phesse
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Louise H Cengia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jason Corbin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra Mifsud
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ladina Di Rago
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Donald Metcalf
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew W Roberts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ben A Croker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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Abstract
Necroptosis is a mechanism by which cells can kill themselves that does not require caspase activity or the presence of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax or Bak. It has been reported that RIPK3 (receptor interacting protein kinase 3) activates MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like) to cause cell death that requires dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), because survival was increased in cells depleted of Drp1 or treated with the Drp1 inhibitor mdivi-1. To analyze necroptosis in a system that does not require addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), we used a construct that allows RIPK3 to be induced in cells, and then dimerized via an E. coli gyrase domain fused to its carboxyl-terminus, using the dimeric gyrase binding antibiotic coumermycin. We have previously shown elsewhere that RIPK3 dimerized in this manner not only induces necroptosis but also apoptosis, which can be inhibited by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh (QVD). In response to RIPK3 dimerization, wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) underwent cell death that was reduced but not completely blocked by QVD. In contrast, death upon dimerization of RIPK3 in Mlkl−/− MEFs was completely inhibited with QVD, confirming that MLKL is required for necroptosis. Similar to wild-type MEFs, most Drp1−/− MEFs died when RIPK3 was activated, even in the presence of QVD. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type MLKL or dominant active mutants of MLKL (Q343A or S345E/S347E) caused death of wild-type and Drp1−/− MEFs that was not inhibited with QVD. These results indicate that necroptosis caused by RIPK3 requires MLKL but not Drp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Moujalled
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - W D Cook
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - J M Murphy
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - D L Vaux
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Vaux
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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27
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Graf C, Vaux DL. Integrity atCancer Medicine: the research we publish, how we evaluate it, and what we ask of our authors. Cancer Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3544429 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Graf
- Wiley-Blackwell; Richmond; Victoria; Australia
| | - David L. Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute; Parkville; Victoria; Australia
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28
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Moujalled DM, Cook WD, Lluis JM, Khan NR, Ahmed AU, Callus BA, Vaux DL. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, neither caspase-8 nor cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) is necessary for TNF to activate NF-κB, but caspase-8 is required for TNF to cause cell death, and induction of FLIP by NF-κB is required to prevent it. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:808-15. [PMID: 22095280 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of TNF to TNF receptor-1 can give a pro-survival signal through activation of p65/RelA NF-κB, but also signals cell death. To determine the roles of FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) and caspase-8 in TNF-induced activation of NF-κB and apoptosis, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from FLIP and caspase-8 gene-deleted mice, and treated them with TNF and a smac-mimetic compound that causes degradation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs). In cells treated with smac mimetic, TNF and Fas Ligand caused wild-type and FLIP(-/-) MEFs to die, whereas caspase-8(-/-) MEFs survived, indicating that caspase-8 is necessary for death of MEFs triggered by these ligands when IAPs are degraded. By contrast, neither caspase-8 nor FLIP was required for TNF to activate p65/RelA NF-κB, because IκB was degraded, p65 translocated to the nucleus, and an NF-κB reporter gene activated normally in caspase-8(-/-) or FLIP(-/-) MEFs. Reconstitution of FLIP(-/-) MEFs with the FLIP isoforms FLIP-L, FLIP-R, or FLIP-p43 protected these cells from dying when treated with TNF or FasL, whether or not cIAPs were depleted. These results show that in MEFs, caspase-8 is necessary for TNF- and FasL-induced death, and FLIP is needed to prevent it, but neither caspase-8 nor FLIP is required for TNF to activate NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Moujalled
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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29
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Abstract
According to the somatic mutation theory (SMT), cancer begins with a genetic change in a single cell that passes it on to its progeny, thereby generating a clone of malignant cells. It is strongly supported by observations of leukemias that bear specific chromosome translocations, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, in which a translocation activates the c-myc gene, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), in which the Philadelphia chromosome causes production of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein. Although the SMT has been modified and extended to encompass tumor suppressor genes, epigenetic inheritance, and tumor progression through accumulation of further mutations, perhaps the strongest validation comes from the successful treatment of certain malignancies with drugs that directly target the product of the mutant gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Vaux
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, and LaTrobe Institute for Molecular Science,Melbourne, Australia.
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30
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Vaux DL. Response to "The tissue organization field theory of cancer: a testable replacement for the somatic mutation theory". DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100025. Bioessays 2011; 33:660-1. [PMID: 21735460 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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31
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Gentle IE, Wong WWL, Evans JM, Bankovacki A, Cook WD, Khan NR, Nachbur U, Rickard J, Anderton H, Moulin M, Lluis JM, Moujalled DM, Silke J, Vaux DL. In TNF-stimulated cells, RIPK1 promotes cell survival by stabilizing TRAF2 and cIAP1, which limits induction of non-canonical NF-kappaB and activation of caspase-8. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13282-91. [PMID: 21339290 PMCID: PMC3075675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RIPK1 is involved in signaling from TNF and TLR family receptors. After receptor ligation, RIPK1 not only modulates activation of both canonical and NIK-dependent NF-κB, but also regulates caspase-8 activation and cell death. Although overexpression of RIPK1 can cause caspase-8-dependent cell death, when RIPK1(-/-) cells are exposed to TNF and low doses of cycloheximide, they die more readily than wild-type cells, indicating RIPK1 has pro-survival as well as pro-apoptotic activities. To determine how RIPK1 promotes cell survival, we compared wild-type and RIPK1(-/-) cells treated with TNF. Although TRAF2 levels remained constant in TNF-treated wild-type cells, TNF stimulation of RIPK1(-/-) cells caused TRAF2 and cIAP1 to be rapidly degraded by the proteasome, which led to an increase in NIK levels. This resulted in processing of p100 NF-κB2 to p52, a decrease in levels of cFLIP(L), and activation of caspase-8, culminating in cell death. Therefore, the pro-survival effect of RIPK1 is mediated by stabilization of TRAF2 and cIAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E. Gentle
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - W. Wei-Lynn Wong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Joseph M. Evans
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Alexandra Bankovacki
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Wendy D. Cook
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Nufail R. Khan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ulrich Nachbur
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - James Rickard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Holly Anderton
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Maryline Moulin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Josep Maria Lluis
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Donia M. Moujalled
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John Silke
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David L. Vaux
- From the Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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32
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Feltham R, Bettjeman B, Budhidarmo R, Mace PD, Shirley S, Condon SM, Chunduru SK, McKinlay MA, Vaux DL, Silke J, Day CL. Smac mimetics activate the E3 ligase activity of cIAP1 protein by promoting RING domain dimerization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17015-28. [PMID: 21393245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.222919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are important ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate cell survival and oncogenesis. The cIAP1 and cIAP2 paralogs bear three N-terminal baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains and a C-terminal E3 ligase RING domain. IAP antagonist compounds, also known as Smac mimetics, bind the BIR domains of IAPs and trigger rapid RING-dependent autoubiquitylation, but the mechanism is unknown. We show that RING dimerization is essential for the E3 ligase activity of cIAP1 and cIAP2 because monomeric RING mutants could not interact with the ubiquitin-charged E2 enzyme and were resistant to Smac mimetic-induced autoubiquitylation. Unexpectedly, the BIR domains inhibited cIAP1 RING dimerization, and cIAP1 existed predominantly as an inactive monomer. However, addition of either mono- or bivalent Smac mimetics relieved this inhibition, thereby allowing dimer formation and promoting E3 ligase activation. In contrast, the cIAP2 dimer was more stable, had higher intrinsic E3 ligase activity, and was not highly activated by Smac mimetics. These results explain how Smac mimetics promote rapid destruction of cIAP1 and suggest mechanisms for activating cIAP1 in other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Feltham
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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33
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Lazarou M, Stojanovski D, Frazier AE, Kotevski A, Dewson G, Craigen WJ, Kluck RM, Vaux DL, Ryan MT. Inhibition of Bak activation by VDAC2 is dependent on the Bak transmembrane anchor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36876-83. [PMID: 20851889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bax and Bak are pro-apoptotic factors that are required for cell death by the mitochondrial or intrinsic pathway. Bax is found in an inactive state in the cytosol and upon activation is targeted to the mitochondrial outer membrane where it releases cytochrome c and other factors that cause caspase activation. Although Bak functions in the same way as Bax, it is constitutively localized to the mitochondrial outer membrane. In the membrane, Bak activation is inhibited by the voltage-dependent anion channel isoform 2 (VDAC2) by an unknown mechanism. Using blue native gel electrophoresis, we show that in healthy cells endogenous inactive Bak exists in a 400-kDa complex that is dependent on the presence of VDAC2. Activation of Bak is concomitant with its release from the 400-kDa complex and the formation of lower molecular weight species. Furthermore, substitution of the Bak transmembrane anchor with that of the mitochondrial outer membrane tail-anchored protein hFis1 prevents association of Bak with the VDAC2 complex and increases the sensitivity of cells to an apoptotic stimulus. Our results suggest that VDAC2 interacts with the hydrophobic tail of Bak to sequester it in an inactive state in the mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby raising the stimulation threshold necessary for permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lazarou
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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34
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Vaux DL. Apoptogenic factors released from mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1813:546-50. [PMID: 20713095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
When cells kill themselves, they usually do so by activating mechanisms that have evolved specifically for that purpose. These mechanisms, which are broadly conserved throughout the metazoa, involve two processes: activation in the cytosol of latent cysteine proteases (termed caspases), and disruption of mitochondrial functions. These processes are linked in a number of different ways. While active caspases can cleave proteins in the mitochondrial outer membrane, and cleave and thereby activate certain pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, proteins released from the mitochondria can trigger caspase activation and antagonise IAP family proteins. This review will focus on the pro-apoptotic molecules that are released from the mitochondria of cells endeavouring to kill themselves. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Vaux
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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35
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Mace PD, Smits C, Vaux DL, Silke J, Day CL. Asymmetric recruitment of cIAPs by TRAF2. J Mol Biol 2010; 400:8-15. [PMID: 20447407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP) 1 and cIAP2 set the balance between transcription factor and apoptosis signaling downstream of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily members by acting as ubiquitin E3 ligases for substrates that are part of the TNF receptor complex. To fulfill this role, cIAPs must be recruited to the receptor complex by TNF-receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 2. In this study, we reconstituted the complex between baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) 1 of cIAP1 and the coiled-coil region of TRAF2, solved the structure of BIR1 from cIAP1, and mapped key binding residues on each molecule using mutagenesis. Biophysical analysis indicates that a single BIR1 domain binds the trimeric TRAF2 coiled-coil domain. This suggests that only one IAP molecule binds to each TRAF trimer and makes it likely that the dimeric cIAPs crosslink two TRAF trimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mace
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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36
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Feltham R, Moulin M, Vince JE, Mace PD, Wong WWL, Anderton H, Day CL, Vaux DL, Silke J. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, but not TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis)-triggered cIAP1 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1) degradation, requires cIAP1 RING dimerization and E2 binding. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17525-36. [PMID: 20356846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.087635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins, cIAP1 and cIAP2, are important regulators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (SF) signaling and are amplified in a number of tumor types. They are targeted by IAP antagonist compounds that are undergoing clinical trials. IAP antagonist compounds trigger cIAP autoubiquitylation and degradation. The TNFSF member TWEAK induces lysosomal degradation of TRAF2 and cIAPs, leading to elevated NIK levels and activation of non-canonical NF-kappaB. To investigate the role of the ubiquitin ligase RING domain of cIAP1 in these pathways, we used cIAP-deleted cells reconstituted with cIAP1 point mutants designed to interfere with the ability of the RING to dimerize or to interact with E2 enzymes. We show that RING dimerization and E2 binding are required for IAP antagonists to induce cIAP1 degradation and protect cells from TNF-induced cell death. The RING functions of cIAP1 are required for full TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB, however, delayed activation of NF-kappaB still occurs in cIAP1 and -2 double knock-out cells. The RING functions of cIAP1 are also required to prevent constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappaB by targeting NIK for proteasomal degradation. However, in cIAP double knock-out cells TWEAK was still able to increase NIK levels demonstrating that NIK can be regulated by cIAP-independent pathways. Finally we show that, unlike IAP antagonists, TWEAK was able to induce degradation of cIAP1 RING mutants. These results emphasize the critical importance of the RING of cIAP1 in many signaling scenarios, but also demonstrate that in some pathways RING functions are not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Feltham
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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37
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Vince JE, Pantaki D, Feltham R, Mace PD, Cordier SM, Schmukle AC, Davidson AJ, Callus BA, Wong WWL, Gentle IE, Carter H, Lee EF, Walczak H, Day CL, Vaux DL, Silke J. TRAF2 must bind to cellular inhibitors of apoptosis for tumor necrosis factor (tnf) to efficiently activate nf-{kappa}b and to prevent tnf-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:35906-15. [PMID: 19815541 PMCID: PMC2791019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.072256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor-2 (TRAF2) binds to cIAP1 and cIAP2 (cIAP1/2) and recruits them to the cytoplasmic domain of several members of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, including the TNF-TNFR1 ligand-receptor complex. Here, we define a cIAP1/2-interacting motif (CIM) within the TRAF-N domain of TRAF2, and we use TRAF2 CIM mutants to determine the role of TRAF2 and cIAP1/2 individually, and the TRAF2-cIAP1/2 interaction, in TNFR1-dependent signaling. We show that both the TRAF2 RING domain and the TRAF2 CIM are required to regulate NF-kappaB-inducing kinase stability and suppress constitutive noncanonical NF-kappaB activation. Conversely, following TNFR1 stimulation, cells bearing a CIM-mutated TRAF2 showed reduced canonical NF-kappaB activation and TNF-induced RIPK1 ubiquitylation. Remarkably, the RING domain of TRAF2 was dispensable for these functions. However, like the TRAF2 CIM, the RING domain of TRAF2 was required for protection against TNF-induced apoptosis. These results show that TRAF2 has anti-apoptotic signaling roles in addition to promoting NF-kappaB signaling and that efficient activation of NF-kappaB by TNFR1 requires the recruitment of cIAP1/2 by TRAF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Vince
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Delara Pantaki
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rebecca Feltham
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Peter D. Mace
- the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M. Cordier
- the Department of Immunology, Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Anna C. Schmukle
- the Department of Immunology, Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Angelina J. Davidson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Bernard A. Callus
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Wendy Wei-Lynn Wong
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ian E. Gentle
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Holly Carter
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Henning Walczak
- the Department of Immunology, Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, and
| | - Catherine L. Day
- the Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - David L. Vaux
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John Silke
- From the Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Abstract
The most thoroughly characterized mammalian IAP is XIAP/BIRC4, which can inhibit caspases 9, 3 and 7, but may also regulate apoptosis through interactions with other proteins such as Smac/DIABLO, HtrA2/Omi, XAF1, TAK1, cIAP1, and cIAP2. High throughput sequencing of the mouse genome revealed the existence of a gene resembling Xiap/Birc4 on mouse chromosome 7. To confirm the existence of this gene, and to determine its functional significance, we performed Southern and Northern blot analysis. This showed the presence of the Xiap-like gene in both wild-type and Xiap gene knock-out mice, but the corresponding mRNA was not detected in any tissues examined by Northern blot. Analysis of the gene sequence in all three possible reading frames predicts that expression of this gene would not give rise to a full-length protein, but only non-functional truncated polypeptides. Because its nucleotide sequence is 92% identical to Xiap, but it has no introns corresponding to those of Xiap, we conclude that Xiap-ps1 is a pseudogene generated by retro-transposition of a spliced Xiap message to chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kotevski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wendy D. Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L. Vaux
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernard A. Callus
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Medical Research and School of Biomolecular, Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Wong WWL, Gentle IE, Nachbur U, Anderton H, Vaux DL, Silke J. RIPK1 is not essential for TNFR1-induced activation of NF-κB. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:482-7. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abstract
Three companies, Genentech, Aegera Therapeutics/Human Genome Sciences, and Novartis, have commenced phase 1 clinical trials of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonist ‘Smac mimetic’ compounds for the treatment of cancer. These trials represent the culmination of a line of research that commenced with analysis of how insect viruses stop host cells from killing themselves and led to the discovery of a family of proteins that regulate development in insects and signalling by tumour necrosis factor superfamily members in mammals, which prompted development of drugs that mimic natural IAP-binding proteins to promote cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Vaux
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University Plenty Road, Bundoora 3086 Victoria Australia.
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41
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Ahmed AU, Moulin M, Coumailleau F, Wong WWL, Miasari M, Carter H, Silke J, Cohen-Tannoudji M, Vince JE, Vaux DL. CARP2 deficiency does not alter induction of NF-κB by TNFα. Curr Biol 2009; 19:R15-7; author reply R17-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Jabbour AM, Heraud JE, Daunt CP, Kaufmann T, Sandow J, O'Reilly LA, Callus BA, Lopez A, Strasser A, Vaux DL, Ekert PG. Puma indirectly activates Bax to cause apoptosis in the absence of Bid or Bim. Cell Death Differ 2008; 16:555-63. [PMID: 19079139 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 family members regulate apoptosis in response to cytokine withdrawal and a broad range of cytotoxic stimuli. Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak are essential for apoptosis triggered by interleukin-3 (IL-3) withdrawal in myeloid cells. The BH3-only protein Puma is critical for initiation of IL-3 withdrawal-induced apoptosis, because IL-3-deprived Puma(-/-) cells show increased capacity to form colonies when IL-3 is restored. To investigate the mechanisms of Puma-induced apoptosis and the interactions between Puma and other Bcl-2 family members, we expressed Puma under an inducible promoter in cells lacking one or more Bcl-2 family members. Puma rapidly induced apoptosis in cells lacking the BH3-only proteins, Bid and Bim. Puma expression resulted in activation of Bax, but Puma killing was not dependent on Bax or Bak alone as Puma readily induced apoptosis in cells lacking either of these proteins, but could not kill cells deficient for both. Puma co-immunoprecipitated with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1 but not with Bax or Bak. These data indicate that Puma functions, in the context of induced overexpression or IL-3 deprivation, primarily by binding and inactivating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jabbour
- Children's Cancer Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Callus BA, Moujallad DM, Silke J, Gerl R, Jabbour AM, Ekert PG, Vaux DL. Triggering of apoptosis by Puma is determined by the threshold set by prosurvival Bcl-2 family proteins. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:313-23. [PMID: 18835564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Puma (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) belongs to the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only protein family of apoptotic regulators. Its expression is induced by various apoptotic stimuli, including irradiation and cytokine withdrawal. Using an inducible system to express Puma, we investigated the nature of Puma-induced apoptosis. In BaF(3) cells, expression of Puma caused rapid caspase-mediated cleavage of ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease) and Mcl-1 (myeloid cell leukemia 1), leading to complete loss of cell viability. Surprisingly, Puma protein levels peaked within 2 h of its induction and subsequently declined to basal levels. Maximal Puma abundance coincided with the onset of caspase activity. Subsequent loss of Puma was prevented by the inhibition of caspases, indicating that its degradation was caspase dependent. In cells expressing transfected Bcl-2, induced Puma reached significantly higher levels, but after a delay, caspases became active and cell death occurred. Puma co-immunoprecipitated endogenous Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 but not Bax and Bak, suggesting that Puma did not associate with either Bax or Bak in these cells to initiate cell death. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the amount of Puma peaked within 4 h of its induction. In contrast, in bax/bak double-knockout MEFs, Puma was stably expressed following its induction and was unable to trigger apoptosis even at very high levels. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in wild-type MEFs, like in BaF(3) cells, resulted in higher levels of Puma being reached but did not prevent cell death from occurring. These results demonstrate that the level of the Bcl-2 prosurvival family sets the threshold at which Puma is able to indirectly activate Bax or Bak, leading in turn to activation of caspases that not only cause cell death but also rapidly induce Puma degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Callus
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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44
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Mace PD, Linke K, Feltham R, Schumacher FR, Smith CA, Vaux DL, Silke J, Day CL. Structures of the cIAP2 RING domain reveal conformational changes associated with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) recruitment. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31633-40. [PMID: 18784070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804753200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are key negative regulators of cell death that are highly expressed in many cancers. Cell death caused by antagonists that bind to IAP proteins is associated with their ubiquitylation and degradation. The RING domain at the C terminus of IAP proteins is pivotal. Here we report the crystal structures of the cIAP2 RING domain homodimer alone, and bound to the ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme UbcH5b. These structures show that small changes in the RING domain accompany E2 binding. By mutating residues at the E2-binding surface, we show that autoubiquitylation is required for regulation of IAP abundance. Dimer formation is also critical, and mutation of a single C-terminal residue abrogated dimer formation and E3 ligase activity was diminished. We further demonstrate that disruption of E2 binding, or dimerization, stabilizes IAP proteins against IAP antagonists in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mace
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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45
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Knight RA, Vaux DL. A tumour suppressor function of caspase-8? Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1337-8. [PMID: 18711356 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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46
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Vince JE, Chau D, Callus B, Wong WWL, Hawkins CJ, Schneider P, McKinlay M, Benetatos CA, Condon SM, Chunduru SK, Yeoh G, Brink R, Vaux DL, Silke J. TWEAK-FN14 signaling induces lysosomal degradation of a cIAP1–TRAF2 complex to sensitize tumor cells to TNFα. J Exp Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1084/jem2058oia18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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47
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Vince JE, Chau D, Callus B, Wong WWL, Hawkins CJ, Schneider P, McKinlay M, Benetatos CA, Condon SM, Chunduru SK, Yeoh G, Brink R, Vaux DL, Silke J. TWEAK-FN14 signaling induces lysosomal degradation of a cIAP1-TRAF2 complex to sensitize tumor cells to TNFalpha. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:171-84. [PMID: 18606850 PMCID: PMC2447903 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200801010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists induce degradation of IAP proteins such as cellular IAP1 (cIAP1), activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, and sensitize cells to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). The physiological relevance of these discoveries to cIAP1 function remains undetermined. We show that upon ligand binding, the TNF superfamily receptor FN14 recruits a cIAP1–Tnf receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) complex. Unlike IAP antagonists that cause rapid proteasomal degradation of cIAP1, signaling by FN14 promotes the lysosomal degradation of cIAP1–TRAF2 in a cIAP1-dependent manner. TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)/FN14 signaling nevertheless promotes the same noncanonical NF-κB signaling elicited by IAP antagonists and, in sensitive cells, the same autocrine TNFα-induced death occurs. TWEAK-induced loss of the cIAP1–TRAF2 complex sensitizes immortalized and minimally passaged tumor cells to TNFα-induced death, whereas primary cells remain resistant. Conversely, cIAP1–TRAF2 complex overexpression limits FN14 signaling and protects tumor cells from TWEAK-induced TNFα sensitization. Lysosomal degradation of cIAP1–TRAF2 by TWEAK/FN14 therefore critically alters the balance of life/death signals emanating from TNF-R1 in immortalized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Vince
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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48
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Vince JE, Wong WWL, Khan N, Feltham R, Chau D, Ahmed AU, Benetatos CA, Chunduru SK, Condon SM, McKinlay M, Brink R, Leverkus M, Tergaonkar V, Schneider P, Callus BA, Koentgen F, Vaux DL, Silke J. IAP antagonists target cIAP1 to induce TNFalpha-dependent apoptosis. Cell 2008; 131:682-93. [PMID: 18022363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 986] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
XIAP prevents apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting caspases, and this inhibition can be relieved by IAP antagonists, such as Smac/DIABLO. IAP antagonist compounds (IACs) have therefore been designed to inhibit XIAP to kill tumor cells. Because XIAP inhibits postmitochondrial caspases, caspase 8 inhibitors should not block killing by IACs. Instead, we show that apoptosis caused by an IAC is blocked by the caspase 8 inhibitor crmA and that IAP antagonists activate NF-kappaB signaling via inhibtion of cIAP1. In sensitive tumor lines, IAP antagonist induced NF-kappaB-stimulated production of TNFalpha that killed cells in an autocrine fashion. Inhibition of NF-kappaB reduced TNFalpha production, and blocking NF-kappaB activation or TNFalpha allowed tumor cells to survive IAC-induced apoptosis. Cells treated with an IAC, or those in which cIAP1 was deleted, became sensitive to apoptosis induced by exogenous TNFalpha, suggesting novel uses of these compounds in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Vince
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Linke K, Mace PD, Smith CA, Vaux DL, Silke J, Day CL. Structure of the MDM2/MDMX RING domain heterodimer reveals dimerization is required for their ubiquitylation in trans. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:841-8. [PMID: 18219319 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MDM2, a ubiquitin E3-ligase of the RING family, has a key role in regulating p53 abundance. During normal non-stress conditions p53 is targeted for degradation by MDM2. MDM2 can also target itself and MDMX for degradation. MDMX is closely related to MDM2 but the RING domain of MDMX does not possess intrinsic E3-ligase activity. Instead, MDMX regulates p53 abundance by modulating the levels and activity of MDM2. Dimerization, mediated by the conserved C-terminal RING domains of both MDM2 and MDMX, is critical to this activity. Here we report the crystal structure of the MDM2/MDMX RING domain heterodimer and map residues required for functional interaction with the E2 (UbcH5b). In both MDM2 and MDMX residues C-terminal to the RING domain have a key role in dimer formation. In addition we show that these residues are part of an extended surface that is essential for ubiquitylation in trans. This study provides a molecular basis for understanding how heterodimer formation leads to stabilization of MDM2, yet degradation of p53, and suggests novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Linke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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50
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Callus BA, Ekert PG, Heraud JE, Jabbour AM, Kotevski A, Vince JE, Silke J, Vaux DL. Cytoplasmic p53 is not required for PUMA-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:213-5; author reply 215-6. [PMID: 17992194 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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