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Glenn B, Tieppo Francio V, Westerhaus BD, Goree J, Strand NH, Sparks D, Petersen E. Accessibility and Ease of Use in Neuromodulation Devices. Neuromodulation 2024; 27:584-588. [PMID: 37045647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of neuromodulation therapy continues to grow as therapeutic indications expand. These conditions often present with comorbid physical, visual, and auditory impairments. Patients with disabilities in these categories may have difficulty operating their devices. Thus, reviewing the accessibility and inclusive design of neuromodulation devices is imperative to ensure equal access for patients of all ability levels. To date, the literature provides little insight into this topic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Manufacturers of Food and Drug Administration-approved neuromodulation devices in the United States completed our electronic survey to assess neuromodulation device features, universal/inclusive design guidelines, and methods used to make the device accessible to patients with disabilities. RESULTS We assessed 11 devices from seven manufacturers. Of those, there were six spinal cord, two peripheral nerve, and three deep brain stimulators. Of all respondents, 91% used universal inclusive design guidelines. Of the studied devices, 91% have an interface that uses visual feedback, and 82% have an interface that uses auditory feedback. All surveyed devices were reported to have an interface that requires physical handling. DISCUSSION Our study found that most devices incorporate auditory signals, buttons with raised indentations, speech commands, or other useful features to assist those with visual disabilities. Visual interfaces may be sufficient for a patient with hearing impairment to use all the surveyed devices. However, dual sensory impairment presents a significant limitation in all devices surveyed. Furthermore, the biggest barrier to using neuromodulation devices was physical impairment because all surveyed devices require physical handling. CONCLUSIONS Manufacturers have awareness of universal inclusive design principles. However, our study was unable to find a device that is accessible to all users regardless of ability. As such, it is critical to involve universal design principles to ensure that inclusive devices are available to improve patient adherence, treatment efficacy, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Glenn
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Vinicius Tieppo Francio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin D Westerhaus
- Cantor Spine Center at The Paley Orthopedics & Spine Institute, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Johnathan Goree
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | - Erika Petersen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Shamaa H, Sun W, Peters V, Martignetti L, Valant E, Sparks D. Improve service coordination and delivery in community hubs serving homeless and at-risk populations. Eur J Public Health 2022. [PMCID: PMC9594622 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac130.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two community hubs are currently located in Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, to provide a single point of access to a wide range of support services for individuals experiencing homelessness and other at-risk populations. The community hub in Oshawa is formally known as the Back Door Mission for the Relief of Poverty and the community hub in Ajax is formally known as the Ajax Hygiene Hub. It is unclear if these two community hubs are effective in addressing the needs of individuals experiencing homelessness and how the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact these services amongst this population. This study was conducted to identify gaps and barriers within the community hub models as well as provide recommendations to improve the coordination and delivery of services serving individuals experiencing homelessness and other at-risk populations. Methods A mixed methods approach was utilized in this study, which included surveys for individuals experiencing homelessness, through open-ended and close-ended questions to assess their experiences at either one of the two community hubs. A total of 75 surveys were completed by the study participants (40 surveys in Oshawa and 35 in Ajax). Thematic analysis was performed for all the open-ended survey responses. A literature review was also conducted to evaluate the community hub models as well as best practices for the implementation locally, nationally, and internationally. Results Data analysis for the open-ended survey responses revealed the need for housing support, increased resources for medical services, and the expansion of programs provided by the community hubs. Conclusions Homelessness is a major public health issue however community hubs play a pivotal role in addressing this concern in Durham Region. The equitable access to a diverse range of services that are co-located in a community hub is imperative for individuals experiencing homelessness, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key messages
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shamaa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University , Oshawa, Canada
| | - W Sun
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University , Oshawa, Canada
| | - V Peters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University , Oshawa, Canada
| | - L Martignetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University , Oshawa, Canada
| | - E Valant
- Social Services, Regional Municipality of Durham , Oshawa, Canada
| | - D Sparks
- Office of the Regional Chair and CAO, Regional Municipality of Durham , Whitby, Canada
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Petersen EA, Francio V, Glenn B, Goree J, Strand N, Sparks D. 127 Accessibility and Ease of Use in Neuromodulation Devices. Neurosurgery 2022. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001880_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Deer TR, Naidu R, Strand N, Sparks D, Abd-Elsayed A, Kalia H, Hah JM, Mehta P, Sayed D, Gulati A. A review of the bioelectronic implications of stimulation of the peripheral nervous system for chronic pain conditions. Bioelectron Med 2020; 6:9. [PMID: 32346553 PMCID: PMC7181529 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-020-00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral Nerve Stimulation has been used to treat human disease including pain for several decades. Innovation has made it a more viable option for treatment of common chronic pain processes, and interest in the therapy is increasing. Main body While clinical data is forthcoming, understanding factors that influence successful outcomes in the use of PNS still needs to be delineated. This article reviews the evolution and bioelectronic principles of peripheral nerve stimulation including patient selection, nerve targets, techniques and guidance of target delivery. We collate the current evidence for outcomes and provide recommendations for salient topics in PNS. Conclusion Peripheral nerve stimulation has evolved from a surgically invasive procedure to a minimally invasive technique that can be used early in the treatment of peripheral nerve pain. This review identifies and addresses many of the variables which influence the success of PNS in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Deer
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Ramana Naidu
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Natalie Strand
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Dawn Sparks
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Hemant Kalia
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Jennifer M Hah
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Dawood Sayed
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
| | - Amitabh Gulati
- Spine and Nerve Center for the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Suite 100, Charleston, West Virginia 25301 USA
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Hicks K, Glaser K, Scott C, Sparks D, McHenry C. Discussion on: Enumerating the causes and burden of first case operating room delays. Am J Surg 2020; 219:490-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ono FB, Penido ES, Tappero R, Sparks D, Guilherme LRG. Bioaccessibility of Cd and Pb in tailings from a zinc smelting in Brazil: implications for human health. Environ Geochem Health 2016; 38:1083-1096. [PMID: 26493831 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soils and wastes enriched with heavy metals may present ecological and human health risks. A considerable number of mining areas exist in Brazil, where high levels of metals have been found. However, studies of bioaccessibility of metals in soils/tailings from these areas are scarce, despite their potential informational contribution concerning exposure risks of residents near these areas. This study evaluated tailings collected from four sites of a zinc smelting area located in Brazil with aims to: (1) evaluate the presence of metals of potential concern; (2) investigate Cd and Pb bioaccessibility; and (3) determine the desorption kinetics of Cd and Pb. High concentrations of total Cd and Pb (up to 1743 mg Cd kg(-1) and 8675 mg Pb kg(-1)) and great variability were found in the tailings, indicating the importance of adequate planning for their final disposal, in order to avoid contamination in the surrounding environment. Cadmium and Pb bioaccessibility percentages in the intestinal phase were less than 47 and 4 %, respectively, which represents significant fractions not available for absorption in the intestinal tract. However, this material has to be monitored since its bioaccessibility may increase with eventual physicochemical changes, releasing Cd and Pb. Desorption kinetics experiments revealed that Pb in the samples remained in less labile fractions, whereas Cd was found in more labile fractions, which is in accordance with the bioaccessibility results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Ono
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - E S Penido
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - R Tappero
- Photon Sciences, Beamline X27A, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D Sparks
- Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Lab, Suite 250a, Delaware Environmental Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - L R G Guilherme
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
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Ono FB, Tappero R, Sparks D, Guilherme LRG. Investigation of arsenic species in tailings and windblown dust from a gold mining area. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:638-647. [PMID: 26330325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown the presence of high levels of arsenic (up to 2666 mg As kg(-1)) in tailings from a gold mining area of Brazil. This is an important point of attention, generating concerns about impacts on human health. Yet, a recent study showed that As bioaccessibility in the same area was very low (<4.4%). Thus, determination of the direct solid-phase speciation of As in the mine tailings and windblown dust is needed to explain this low bioaccessibility. Mine samples were collected from four subareas and windblown dust from eight sites. Synchrotron-based bulk-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (bulk-XANES) spectroscopy, micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μ-XANES), and μ-X-ray fluorescence (μ-SXRF) spectroscopy were applied to determine As speciation. Bulk-XANES spectra indicated that As occurs as the As(V) oxidation state. Micro-XANES and μ-SXRF analyses revealed that As was also present as arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and its weathering products, but mostly it was As(V) as poorly crystalline ferric arsenate. This supports the findings of low bioaccessible As and highlights the importance of Fe oxides in immobilizing As in the terrestrial environment. All air particulate samples exhibited As-rich particles (up to 313 mg As kg(-1)). The air particulates exhibited solid-phase As species very similar to those found in the mine samples, which indicates that As in the windblown dust is not easily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Ono
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - R Tappero
- Photon Sciences, Beamline X27A, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D Sparks
- University of Delaware, Delaware Environmental Institute, Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Lab, Suite 250a, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - L R G Guilherme
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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Williams CL, Willard S, Kouba A, Sparks D, Holmes W, Falcone J, Williams CH, Brown A. Dietary shifts affect the gastrointestinal microflora of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:577-85. [PMID: 22524500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giant pandas exhibit seasonal changes in bamboo plant part preference. The influences on the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) microbial populations were evaluated during a 14-month period for a pair of adult male and female giant pandas housed at the Memphis Zoo using traditional culturing methods to enumerate eight bacterial groups (total anaerobes, total aerobes (TAR), streptococci (STR), total enterics, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp., lactobacilli and Clostridium spp.). Both the male and female pandas altered bamboo consumption behaviours, with a sharp decrease in leaf preference in April 2010 and returning to high levels of leaf preference from June to October, corresponding to significant shifts in the densities of TAR, STR, and lactobacilli and Bacteroides spp. These findings indicate seasonal changes in food preference affect the assemblages of microbial populations within the GIT of the giant panda and contribute to a better understanding of the importance of bamboo in this species' foraging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Goren L, Aharonov E, Sparks D, Toussaint R. Pore pressure evolution in deforming granular material: A general formulation and the infinitely stiff approximation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Dufreche S, Hernandez R, French T, Sparks D, Zappi M, Alley E. Extraction of Lipids from Municipal Wastewater Plant Microorganisms for Production of Biodiesel. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-006-1022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Feleppa E, Porter C, Ketterling J, Dasgupta S, Ramachandran S, Sparks D. Recent Advances in Ultrasonic Tissue-Type Imaging of the Prostate. Acoustical Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5721-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yates IE, Widstrom NW, Bacon CW, Glenn A, Hinton DM, Sparks D, Jaworski AJ. Field performance of maize grown from Fusarium verticillioides-inoculated seed. Mycopathologia 2005; 159:65-73. [PMID: 15750733 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-004-8402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is an important fungus occupying dual roles in the maize plant. The fungus functions as an endophyte, a fungal/host interaction beneficial to the growth of some plants. At other times, the fungus may function as a mycotoxin producing pathogen. The advantages and/or disadvantages of the endophytic relationship must be established in order to target appropriate sites for controlling diseases and mycotoxins in maize. One possibility could be to ensure seed maize is fungal free prior to planting. Reciprocal inoculations were made with two fungal isolates on seed of two maize genotypes. Yield was measured at harvest by ear and seed characters and vegetative growth at one-month intervals for plant survival, height, weight and stem diameter. Yield and vegetative growth differed among mature plants only once based on seed inoculation status. In 1998, plant weight was reduced and seed weight per ear was increased for the dent maize, GT-MAS: gk, grown from F. verticillioides RRC 374-inoculated seed compared to other seed treatments. Most vegetative characters were reduced at the first collection for Silver Queen plants grown from F. verticillioides-inoculated seed in 1997 and 1999, but not in 1998. However, no significant differences occurred among mature Silver Queen plants during any of the three growing seasons. In conclusion, yield and vegetative growth of mature maize plants grown from F. verticillioides-inoculated seed were equal to or greater than plants grown from non-inoculated seed under south Georgia field conditions during 1997, 1998, and 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Yates
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Sparks D, Smith R, Straayer M, Cripe J, Schneider R, Chimbayo A, Anasari S, Najafi N. Measurement of density and chemical concentration using a microfluidic chip. Lab Chip 2003; 3:19-21. [PMID: 15100800 DOI: 10.1039/b211429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new microfluidic product for measuring fluid density, specific gravity and chemical concentration has been developed. At the core of this lab-on-a-chip sensor is a vacuum-sealed resonating silicon microtube. Measurements can be made with under a microliter of sample fluid, which is over 1000x less than is conventionally required. Since the product is MEMS-based the overall system size is a fraction of conventional density meters and it weighs much less than the traditional desk-top, temperature controlled, density meters. The syringe or pipette loaded system includes a dynamic temperature control system that operates between 0 degree C and 90 degree C with an accuracy of less than 0.01 degree C. Density measurement accuracies of 4 to 5 digits have been observed with aqueous solutions. Measurement examples and applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sparks
- Integrated Sensing Systems Inc, 391 Airport Industrial Dr, Ypsilanti, MI 48198, USA.
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Abstract
Neural mechanisms underlying the initiation of saccadic eye movements were studied by recording the activity of neurons in the superior colliculus of rhesus monkeys that had extensive experience on the gap task using targets restricted to one visual field. The superposition of visual activation upon the increased excitability occurring on gap trials facilitates the occurrence of a motor burst with extremely short latency; the motor burst is tightly coupled to saccade onset for the full range of saccadic reactions times, both regular and express. We found no evidence that express saccades are a special class of saccades triggered directly by visual responses. The low frequency activity, necessary for the occurrence of express saccades, neither initiates express saccades nor serves as an accurate predictor of the direction or latency of saccades. Based upon these findings, the hypothesis that the motor burst of collicular neurons serves as a signal for triggering saccade onset can now be extended to express saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sparks
- Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 77030, Houston, TX, USA.
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Frost AR, Sparks D, Grizzle WE. Methods of antigen recovery vary in their usefulness in unmasking specific antigens in immunohistochemistry. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2000; 8:236-43. [PMID: 10981877 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200009000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microwave heating of histologic sections in citrate buffer (MAR) is a widely used method of antigen recovery but often results in loss of tissue sections. Low-temperature antigen retrieval (LTAR), incubation at 80 degrees C in citrate buffer for 2 hours with trypsin pretreatment is an alternative method reported to result in better antigen recovery for specific antigens as well as decreased loss of tissue sections. To optimize our immunohistochemical evaluation of breast carcinomas, we compared the efficacy of these methods of antigen recovery for several important antigens. Ten breast carcinomas were immunostained for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), Ki-67/ MIB 1, p27/Kip-1, and Bcl-2 after MAR, LTAR with enzymatic pretreatment, or no antigen recovery. The immunohistochemical staining was scored and compared for each antibody and antigen recovery combination. The proportion of tissue lost from each slide after staining also was assessed. More and stronger positive staining was achieved with antibodies to Ki67/MIB 1 and ER when LTAR was used compared with the other two methods; in contrast, optimal staining with antibodies to Bcl-2 was achieved when MAR was used. Staining with anti-p27/Kip- was nearly equal with either LTAR or MAR. Staining with anti-PR was slightly better with MAR than with LTAR. Tissue loss was greatest for MAR compared with LTAR or with no antigen recovery. For selected cases, LTAR caused focal tissue damage, and either the immunostaining with LTAR had to be repeated or only a portion of some tissue sections would be used for examination. LTAR was the most effective for ER and Ki-67/MIB 1. MAR provided the most intense staining for Bcl-2 and PR, but this enhanced staining must be weighed against the greater tissue section loss from MAR. This study demonstrated that AR methods are not equally applicable to all antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Frost
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA.
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Abstract
TOPIC Fecal impaction, a review of the literature. PURPOSE To review the definition, diagnosis, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of fecal impaction. SOURCES Published literature. CONCLUSIONS While a great deal has been published on fecal impaction, there is limited research. Clarification of when constipation changes to impaction is ambiguous. Causes of fecal impaction are multiple, and people can be affected at all ages. Signs and symptoms of and problems associated with fecal impaction are varied. Research-based treatment of fecal impaction is very limited, and nonresearch based treatment varies. There is a need for additional research to clarify terminology, diagnosis, and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Creason
- Clinch River Health Services, Dungannon, VA, USA.
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Aharonov E, Sparks D. Rigidity phase transition in granular packings. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 60:6890-6. [PMID: 11970627 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We numerically model two-dimensional systems of granular aggregates confined between two rough walls and demonstrate that at a critical grain volume fraction nu(c) an abrupt rigidity transition occurs. The transition has first-order characteristics, although the elastic constants undergo a second-order transition. Densely packed grains, with a volume fraction nu>nu(c), display an elastic-plastic rheology. Loose packings, with nu<nu(c), display gas-like characteristics. It is shown that when the volume fraction is allowed to change freely (applying a constant normal stress to the walls), it evolves spontaneously to nu(c) under a wide range of boundary stress values, demonstrating that the phase boundary is an attractive critical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aharonov
- Lamont-Doherty Earth-Observatory, Columbia University, Route 9W, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
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Sparks D. Lawyers: the pain is just beginning. Med Econ 1995; 72:146-8, 151, 155-6. [PMID: 10152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Frohlich J, Westerlund J, Sparks D, Pritchard PH. Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemias. CLIN INVEST MED 1990; 13:202-10. [PMID: 2119926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The familial hypoalphalipoproteinemias are a heterogeneous group of rare lipoprotein disorders characterized by extremely low levels of plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) and, in most cases, autosomal recessive inheritance. Most of these conditions present distinctive and diagnostic clinical and laboratory abnormalities. In spite of the marked reductions in HDL, however, many of these conditions are not associated with premature atherosclerosis. This is true of Tangier disease, Fish Eye disease, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, and of some variants of apo Al. Another condition, defined as a primary and familial decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels in the absence of other lipoprotein abnormalities. that is associated with premature atherosclerosis was originally called Familial Hypoalphalipoproteinemia but is better referred as to Familial Isolated Hypoalphalipoproteinemia. At present, the prevalence, inheritance, and the underlying defect(s) in this disorder are unknown. Decreased or absent synthesis of apo A-I due to a gene defect is the cause of apo A-I/C-III and apo A-I/C-III/A-IV deficiency. However, the etiology of the low levels of HDL is unclear for most of the remaining familial hypoalphalipoproteinemias. Increased catabolism, decreased synthesis and altered equilibration of HDL between intra- and extravascular spaces have all been suggested as underlying causes of low plasma HDL. Whatever their causes, these disorders are associated with altered HDL composition and altered equilibration of cholesterol amongst the various lipoprotein classes. The absence of consistent correlation with premature atherosclerosis in many of these conditions suggests that the protective effect of HDL may reside in a quantitatively small, but metabolically active subfraction of HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frohlich
- University Hospital Lipid Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Sparks D. A firm decision to save time. Health Serv J 1988; 98:278. [PMID: 10286411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Flowers RS, Eckner K, Gabis DA, Robison BJ, Mattingly JA, Silliker JH, Bailey J, Bednar A, Chen K, Cirigliano M, Coschigano M, Deibel K, DonLevy T, Eckner K, Elliott P, Erickson J, Feldsworth M, Fenlon M, Finn S, Fischer G, Gaugert A, Givich K, Graham C, Guarino P, Hall P, Humber J, Jogan M, Jones W, Jost K, Koenig E, Lenovich L, Loudermilk L, Lynn T, Magno E, Miklovic G, Nemeth B, Nolan D, Posey D, Rasilewicz C, Risty N, Roberts B, Rogers J, Romick T, Clair VS, Sakai H, Schwenger K, Smittle D, Smoeger D, Sparks D, Sveum W, Tong M, Tremont D, Trailer J, Arman TV, Way JV, Wagner C, Wagner D, Walsh K, Worley N, Zari C. Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Salmonella in Foods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1986. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/69.5.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was performed in 25 laboratories to validate an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure utilizing 2 specific monoclonal antibodies for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods. The EIA was compared with the standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in 6 food types: ground black pepper, soy isolate, dried whole eggs, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey, Uninoculated and inoculated samples were included in each food group analyzed, with the exception of poultry which was naturally contaminated. There was no significant difference in the productivity of the EIA and culture procedures at the 5% level for any of the 6 foods. The enzyme immunoassay screening method has been adopted official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Eckner
- Silliker Laboratories, 1304 Hoisted St, Chicago Heights, IL 60411
| | - Damien A Gabis
- Silliker Laboratories, 1304 Hoisted St, Chicago Heights, IL 60411
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Abstract
We have compared the specific gravity (S.G.) determined by the N-Multistix method with that obtained from the Total Solids (TS) meter. Overall, 88.7% of the specific gravity results obtained with the reagent strip method were within 0.005 of those obtained with the TS meter. There was a good correlation between the methods and there was no bias for the group means obtained by either method. A good correlation was also found between the S.G. on the strip and osmolality (correlation coefficient of 0.955). The results obtained with the reagent strip for urinary specific gravity therefore appear acceptable for routine laboratory purposes.
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Kadlubar FF, Unruh LE, Flammang TJ, Sparks D, Mitchum RK, Mulder GJ. Alteration of urinary levels of the carcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine, and its N-glucuronide in the rat by control of urinary pH, inhibition of metabolic sulfation, and changes in biliary excretion. Chem Biol Interact 1981; 33:129-47. [PMID: 6257402 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(81)90036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic metabolism of arylamine bladder carcinogens to N-hydroxy arylamine N-glucuronides, their excretion in the urine, and their subsequent acidic hydrolysis to highly carcinogenic and reactive N-hydroxy arylamines have been proposed as essential steps in arylamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis. In this study, alteration of urinary pH, inhibition of metabolic sulfation, and blockage of biliary disposition were shown to profoundly affect the urinary excretion of the probable ultimate bladder carcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine (N-HO-2-NA) and its N-glucuronide conjugate. The normal pH of rat urine (6.7) was altered to 5.7 or 7.7 by administration of NH4Cl or NaHCO3 in the drinking water. Subsequent treatment with either 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) or 2-nitronaphthalene (2-NN) resulted in increased urinary levels of free N-HO-2-NA (relative to its N-glucuronide) in acidic urines and decreased relative amounts of free N-HO-2-NA in alkaline urines. In addition, 2-NN yielded 5--10-fold greater levels of urinary N-HO-2-NA and its N-glucuronide than rats given 2-NA; and 2-NA was not detected as a urinary metabolite of 2-NN. Some 12 additional metabolites of 2-NA and 2-NN were also found. Of these, 2-amino-1-naphthol and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates were quantitated. From these data, 2-NA and 2-NN appear to share common metabolic pathways which yield free N-HO-2-NA as a putative ultimate urinary bladder carcinogen. Pentachlorophenol, a known inhibitor of hepatic sulfotransferases, was shown to cause a 2--3-fold increase in the urinary levels of N-HO-2-NA N-glucuronide and N-HO-2-NA from 2-NA-treated rats. Similarly, inhibition of the biliary excretion of 2-NA by bile duct ligation resulted in a 6-fold increase in total urinary N-HO-2-NfA. Furthermore, analyses of bile revealed that substantial amounts of N-HO-2-NA N-glucuronide, but not free N-HO-2-NA, were present. The role of urinary versus biliary excretion of N-hydroxy arylamines in relation to bladder and colon carcinogenesis is discussed.
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Sparks D. ["No, no, no, I won't eat"]. Infirm Can 1968; 10:42-4. [PMID: 5184609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sparks D. "I won't eat, I won't". Can Nurse 1968; 64:46-8. [PMID: 5634839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sparks D. Rapid sequence photography of the ocular fundus. J Biol Photogr Assoc 1967; 35:166-8+. [PMID: 5587233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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