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Anderson RH, Lamers WH, Hikspoors JPJM, Mohun TJ, Bamforth SD, Chaudhry B, Eley L, Kerwin J, Crosier M, Henderson DJ. Development of the arterial roots and ventricular outflow tracts. J Anat 2024; 244:497-513. [PMID: 37957890 PMCID: PMC10862166 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The separation of the outflow tract of the developing heart into the systemic and pulmonary arterial channels remains controversial and poorly understood. The definitive outflow tracts have three components. The developing outflow tract, in contrast, has usually been described in two parts. When the tract has exclusively myocardial walls, such bipartite description is justified, with an obvious dogleg bend separating proximal and distal components. With the addition of non-myocardial walls distally, it becomes possible to recognise three parts. The middle part, which initially still has myocardial walls, contains within its lumen a pair of intercalated valvar swellings. The swellings interdigitate with the distal ends of major outflow cushions, formed by the remodelling of cardiac jelly, to form the primordiums of the arterial roots. The proximal parts of the major cushions, occupying the proximal part of the outflow tract, which also has myocardial walls, themselves fuse and muscularise. The myocardial shelf thus formed remodels to become the free-standing subpulmonary infundibulum. Details of all these processes are currently lacking. In this account, we describe the anatomical changes seen during the overall remodelling. Our interpretations are based on the interrogation of serially sectioned histological and high-resolution episcopic microscopy datasets prepared from developing human and mouse embryos, with some of the datasets processed and reconstructed to reveal the specific nature of the tissues contributing to the separation of the outflow channels. Our findings confirm that the tripartite postnatal arrangement can be correlated with the changes occurring during development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Janet Kerwin
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Moira Crosier
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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2
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Anderson RH, Mohun TJ, Henderson DJ. What are the conotruncal malformations? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024:S0022-5223(24)00101-6. [PMID: 38331213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Anderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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3
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Derrick CJ, Szenker-Ravi E, Santos-Ledo A, Alqahtani A, Yusof A, Eley L, Coleman AHL, Tohari S, Ng AYJ, Venkatesh B, Alharby E, Mansard L, Bonnet-Dupeyron MN, Roux AF, Vaché C, Roume J, Bouvagnet P, Almontashiri NAM, Henderson DJ, Reversade B, Chaudhry B. Functional analysis of germline VANGL2 variants using rescue assays of vangl2 knockout zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:150-169. [PMID: 37815931 PMCID: PMC10772043 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies have shown that the evolutionarily conserved Wnt Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway is essential for the development of a diverse range of tissues and organs including the brain, spinal cord, heart and sensory organs, as well as establishment of the left-right body axis. Germline mutations in the highly conserved PCP gene VANGL2 in humans have only been associated with central nervous system malformations, and functional testing to understand variant impact has not been performed. Here we report three new families with missense variants in VANGL2 associated with heterotaxy and congenital heart disease p.(Arg169His), non-syndromic hearing loss p.(Glu465Ala) and congenital heart disease with brain defects p.(Arg135Trp). To test the in vivo impact of these and previously described variants, we have established clinically-relevant assays using mRNA rescue of the vangl2 mutant zebrafish. We show that all variants disrupt Vangl2 function, although to different extents and depending on the developmental process. We also begin to identify that different VANGL2 missense variants may be haploinsufficient and discuss evidence in support of pathogenicity. Together, this study demonstrates that zebrafish present a suitable pipeline to investigate variants of unknown significance and suggests new avenues for investigation of the different developmental contexts of VANGL2 function that are clinically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Derrick
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahlam Alqahtani
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Amirah Yusof
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, 60 Biopolis St, 138672, Singapore
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair H L Coleman
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumanty Tohari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Alvin Yu-Jin Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
- MGI Tech Singapore Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Rd, 138567, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Essa Alharby
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, 7534 Abdul Muhsin Ibn Abdul Aziz, Al Ihn, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42318, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, Tayba, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke Mansard
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, 80 Av. Augustin Fliche, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anne-Francoise Roux
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, 80 Av. Augustin Fliche, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Vaché
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, Inserm, 80 Av. Augustin Fliche, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Département de Génétique, CHI Poissy, St Germain-en-Laye, 10 Rue du Champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Patrice Bouvagnet
- CPDPN, Hôpital MFME, CHU de Martinique, Fort de France, Fort-de-France 97261, Martinique, France
| | - Naif A M Almontashiri
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, 7534 Abdul Muhsin Ibn Abdul Aziz, Al Ihn, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42318, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, Tayba, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR, 60 Biopolis St, 138672, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Dr, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
- Smart-Health Initiative, BESE, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç Hospital Davutpaşa Caddesi 34010 Topkapı Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Eley L, Richardson RV, Alqahtani A, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. eNOS plays essential roles in the developing heart and aorta linked to disruption of Notch signalling. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050265. [PMID: 38111957 PMCID: PMC10846539 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS (NOS3) is the enzyme that generates nitric oxide, a signalling molecule and regulator of vascular tone. Loss of eNOS function is associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis, hypertension, thrombosis and stroke. Aortopathy and cardiac hypertrophy have also been found in eNOS null mice, but their aetiology is unclear. We evaluated eNOS nulls before and around birth for cardiac defects, revealing severe abnormalities in the ventricular myocardium and pharyngeal arch arteries. Moreover, in the aortic arch, there were fewer baroreceptors, which sense changes in blood pressure. Adult eNOS null survivors showed evidence of cardiac hypertrophy, aortopathy and cartilaginous metaplasia in the periductal region of the aortic arch. Notch1 and neuregulin were dysregulated in the forming pharyngeal arch arteries and ventricles, suggesting that these pathways may be relevant to the defects observed. Dysregulation of eNOS leads to embryonic and perinatal death, suggesting mutations in eNOS are candidates for causing congenital heart defects in humans. Surviving eNOS mutants have a deficiency of baroreceptors that likely contributes to high blood pressure and may have relevance to human patients who suffer from hypertension associated with aortic arch abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Eley
- Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rachel V. Richardson
- Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ahlam Alqahtani
- Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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5
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Queen R, Crosier M, Eley L, Kerwin J, Turner JE, Yu J, Alqahtani A, Dhanaseelan T, Overman L, Soetjoadi H, Baldock R, Coxhead J, Boczonadi V, Laude A, Cockell SJ, Kane MA, Lisgo S, Henderson DJ. Spatial transcriptomics reveals novel genes during the remodelling of the embryonic human arterial valves. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010777. [PMID: 38011284 PMCID: PMC10703419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of the arterial valves, including bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) are amongst the most common congenital defects and are a significant cause of morbidity as well as predisposition to disease in later life. Despite this, and compounded by their small size and relative inaccessibility, there is still much to understand about how the arterial valves form and remodel during embryogenesis, both at the morphological and genetic level. Here we set out to address this in human embryos, using Spatial Transcriptomics (ST). We show that ST can be used to investigate the transcriptome of the developing arterial valves, circumventing the problems of accurately dissecting out these tiny structures from the developing embryo. We show that the transcriptome of CS16 and CS19 arterial valves overlap considerably, despite being several days apart in terms of human gestation, and that expression data confirm that the great majority of the most differentially expressed genes are valve-specific. Moreover, we show that the transcriptome of the human arterial valves overlaps with that of mouse atrioventricular valves from a range of gestations, validating our dataset but also highlighting novel genes, including four that are not found in the mouse genome and have not previously been linked to valve development. Importantly, our data suggests that valve transcriptomes are under-represented when using commonly used databases to filter for genes important in cardiac development; this means that causative variants in valve-related genes may be excluded during filtering for genomic data analyses for, for example, BAV. Finally, we highlight "novel" pathways that likely play important roles in arterial valve development, showing that mouse knockouts of RBP1 have arterial valve defects. Thus, this study has confirmed the utility of ST for studies of the developing heart valves and broadens our knowledge of the genes and signalling pathways important in human valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Queen
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Moira Crosier
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Kerwin
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin E. Turner
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ahlam Alqahtani
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Tamilvendhan Dhanaseelan
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Overman
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Soetjoadi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baldock
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh University, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- Genomics Core Facility, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika Boczonadi
- Bioimaging Unit, Faculty of medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Laude
- Bioimaging Unit, Faculty of medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Cockell
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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6
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Goh I, Botting RA, Rose A, Webb S, Engelbert J, Gitton Y, Stephenson E, Londoño MQ, Mather M, Mende N, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Yang L, Horsfall D, Basurto-Lozada D, Chipampe NJ, Rook V, Lee JTH, Ton ML, Keitley D, Mazin P, Vijayabaskar M, Hannah R, Gambardella L, Green K, Ballereau S, Inoue M, Tuck E, Lorenzi V, Kwakwa K, Alsinet C, Olabi B, Miah M, Admane C, Popescu DM, Acres M, Dixon D, Ness T, Coulthard R, Lisgo S, Henderson DJ, Dann E, Suo C, Kinston SJ, Park JE, Polanski K, Marioni J, van Dongen S, Meyer KB, de Bruijn M, Palis J, Behjati S, Laurenti E, Wilson NK, Vento-Tormo R, Chédotal A, Bayraktar O, Roberts I, Jardine L, Göttgens B, Teichmann SA, Haniffa M. Yolk sac cell atlas reveals multiorgan functions during human early development. Science 2023; 381:eadd7564. [PMID: 37590359 PMCID: PMC7614978 DOI: 10.1126/science.add7564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The extraembryonic yolk sac (YS) ensures delivery of nutritional support and oxygen to the developing embryo but remains ill-defined in humans. We therefore assembled a comprehensive multiomic reference of the human YS from 3 to 8 postconception weeks by integrating single-cell protein and gene expression data. Beyond its recognized role as a site of hematopoiesis, we highlight roles in metabolism, coagulation, vascular development, and hematopoietic regulation. We reconstructed the emergence and decline of YS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from hemogenic endothelium and revealed a YS-specific accelerated route to macrophage production that seeds developing organs. The multiorgan functions of the YS are superseded as intraembryonic organs develop, effecting a multifaceted relay of vital functions as pregnancy proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac Goh
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rachel A. Botting
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Antony Rose
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Simone Webb
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Yorick Gitton
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision,
Paris, France
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Michael Mather
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicole Mende
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ivan Imaz-Rosshandler
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus,
CD2 0QH, UK
| | - Lu Yang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dave Horsfall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniela Basurto-Lozada
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nana-Jane Chipampe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Victoria Rook
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jimmy Tsz Hang Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mai-Linh Ton
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Daniel Keitley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Pavel Mazin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M.S. Vijayabaskar
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Laure Gambardella
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kile Green
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University,
NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Stephane Ballereau
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Megumi Inoue
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision,
Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kwasi Kwakwa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Clara Alsinet
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Centre Nacional d’Analisi Genomica-Centre de Regulacio
Genomica (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST),
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bayanne Olabi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mohi Miah
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Chloe Admane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Meghan Acres
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Dixon
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Thomas Ness
- NovoPath, Department of Pathology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rowen Coulthard
- NovoPath, Department of Pathology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Chenqu Suo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah J. Kinston
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Jong-eun Park
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South
Korea
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Stijn van Dongen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerstin B. Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marella de Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of
Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS,
UK
| | - James Palis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center,
Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Elisa Laurenti
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Nicola K. Wilson
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision,
Paris, France
| | - Omer Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Laura Jardine
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department
of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research
Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP,
UK
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7
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Ybot-Gonzalez P, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Henderson DJ, Massa V. Editorial: Maternal-foetal crosstalk impacts on offspring development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1133159. [PMID: 36733460 PMCID: PMC9887523 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1133159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Ybot-Gonzalez
- Neurodevelopment and Neuropaediatric Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, Seville, Spain
| | - N D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - A J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - D J Henderson
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - V Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,"Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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8
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Armstrong T, Henderson DJ, Entwistle I, Iball G, Rowbotham E. Combination CT and MRI shoulder arthrography: a novel technique and improved patient journey. Clin Radiol 2022; 77:738-742. [PMID: 35981923 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Armstrong
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Radiology Department & The Leeds Upper Limb Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK.
| | - D J Henderson
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Radiology Department & The Leeds Upper Limb Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - I Entwistle
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Radiology Department & The Leeds Upper Limb Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - G Iball
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Radiology Department & The Leeds Upper Limb Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - E Rowbotham
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Radiology Department & The Leeds Upper Limb Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
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9
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Anderson RH, Turner JE, Henderson DJ. The morphogenesis of abnormal coronary arteries in the congenitally malformed heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164:344-349. [PMID: 34666912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Anderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Jasmin E Turner
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Derrick CJ, Santos-Ledo A, Eley L, Paramita IA, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Sequential action of JNK genes establishes the embryonic left-right axis. Development 2022; 149:274898. [PMID: 35352808 PMCID: PMC9148569 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the left-right axis is crucial for the placement, morphogenesis and function of internal organs. Left-right specification is proposed to be dependent on cilia-driven fluid flow in the embryonic node. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling is crucial for patterning of nodal cilia, yet downstream effectors driving this process remain elusive. We have examined the role of the JNK gene family, a proposed downstream component of PCP signalling, in the development and function of the zebrafish node. We show jnk1 and jnk2 specify length of nodal cilia, generate flow in the node and restrict southpaw to the left lateral plate mesoderm. Moreover, loss of asymmetric southpaw expression does not result in disturbances to asymmetric organ placement, supporting a model in which nodal flow may be dispensable for organ laterality. Later, jnk3 is required to restrict pitx2c expression to the left side and permit correct endodermal organ placement. This work uncovers multiple roles for the JNK gene family acting at different points during left-right axis establishment. It highlights extensive redundancy and indicates JNK activity is distinct from the PCP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Derrick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Isabela Andhika Paramita
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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11
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Henderson DJ, Eley L, Turner JE, Chaudhry B. Development of the Human Arterial Valves: Understanding Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:802930. [PMID: 35155611 PMCID: PMC8829322 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.802930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the arterial valves are some of the commonest congenital malformations, with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) occurring in as many as 2% of the population. Despite this, most of what we understand about the development of the arterial (semilunar; aortic and pulmonary) valves is extrapolated from investigations of the atrioventricular valves in animal models, with surprisingly little specifically known about how the arterial valves develop in mouse, and even less in human. In this review, we summarise what is known about the development of the human arterial valve leaflets, comparing this to the mouse where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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12
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Henderson DJ. Editor’s introduction. Curric Perspect 2021. [PMCID: PMC8422054 DOI: 10.1007/s41297-021-00150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Murphy LB, Santos-Ledo A, Dhanaseelan T, Eley L, Burns D, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Exercise, programmed cell death and exhaustion of cardiomyocyte proliferation in aging zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049013. [PMID: 34296752 PMCID: PMC8319546 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may ameliorate the eventual heart failure inherent in human aging. In this study, we use zebrafish to understand how aging and exercise affect cardiomyocyte turnover and myocardial remodelling. We show that cardiomyocyte proliferation remains constant throughout life but that onset of fibrosis is associated with a late increase in apoptosis. These findings correlate with decreases in voluntary swimming activity, critical swimming speed (Ucrit), and increases in biomarkers of cardiac insufficiency. The ability to respond to severe physiological stress is also impaired with age. Although young adult fish respond with robust cardiomyocyte proliferation in response to enforced swimming, this is dramatically impaired in older fish and served by a smaller proliferation-competent cardiomyocyte population. Finally, we show that these aging responses can be improved through increased activity throughout adulthood. However, despite improvement in Ucrit and the proliferative response to stress, the size of the proliferating cardiomyocyte population remained unchanged. The zebrafish heart models human aging and reveals the important trade-off between preserving cardiovascular fitness through exercise at the expense of accelerated fibrotic change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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14
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Robert BJA, Moreau MM, Dos Santos Carvalho S, Barthet G, Racca C, Bhouri M, Quiedeville A, Garret M, Atchama B, Al Abed AS, Guette C, Henderson DJ, Desmedt A, Mulle C, Marighetto A, Montcouquiol M, Sans N. Vangl2 in the Dentate Network Modulates Pattern Separation and Pattern Completion. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107743. [PMID: 32521268 PMCID: PMC7296350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of spatial information, including pattern completion and pattern separation processes, relies on the hippocampal circuits, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these two processes are elusive. Here, we find that loss of Vangl2, a core PCP gene, results in opposite effects on pattern completion and pattern separation processes. Mechanistically, we show that Vangl2 loss maintains young postmitotic granule cells in an immature state, providing increased cellular input for pattern separation. The genetic ablation of Vangl2 disrupts granule cell morpho-functional maturation and further prevents CaMKII and GluA1 phosphorylation, disrupting the stabilization of AMPA receptors. As a functional consequence, LTP at lateral perforant path-GC synapses is impaired, leading to defects in pattern completion behavior. In conclusion, we show that Vangl2 exerts a bimodal regulation on young and mature GCs, and its disruption leads to an imbalance in hippocampus-dependent pattern completion and separation processes. Vangl2-dependent PCP signaling controls granule cell maturation and network integration Vangl2 stabilizes GluA1-containing receptors at the surface of dendritic spines Granule cells require Vangl2-dependent signaling to elicit LTP Vangl2 loss has opposite functional effects on pattern completion/separation processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J A Robert
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maïté M Moreau
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Steve Dos Santos Carvalho
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gael Barthet
- CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, IINS, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudia Racca
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mehdi Bhouri
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Quiedeville
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maurice Garret
- CNRS, INCIA, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, INCIA, 30000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Atchama
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Shaam Al Abed
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Guette
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4EP, UK
| | - Aline Desmedt
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Mulle
- CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, IINS, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aline Marighetto
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Henderson
- School of Teacher Education and Leadership, Faculty of Creative Industries, Education and Social Justice, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD Australia
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16
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Brown NA, Henderson DJ. The Editors' Personal Biography of Professor Robert Anderson. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8010006. [PMID: 33477801 PMCID: PMC7832335 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A. Brown
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Bioscience Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK;
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17
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Bailey KE, MacGowan GA, Tual-Chalot S, Phillips L, Mohun TJ, Henderson DJ, Arthur HM, Bamforth SD, Phillips HM. Disruption of embryonic ROCK signaling reproduces the sarcomeric phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:146654. [PMID: 33328387 PMCID: PMC7819739 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Johnson AL, Schneider JE, Mohun TJ, Williams T, Bhattacharya S, Henderson DJ, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. Early Embryonic Expression of AP-2α Is Critical for Cardiovascular Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030027. [PMID: 32717817 PMCID: PMC7570199 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformation is a common birth defect incorporating abnormalities of the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries, and mice deficient in the transcription factor AP-2α (Tcfap2a) present with complex defects affecting these structures. AP-2α is expressed in the pharyngeal surface ectoderm and neural crest at mid-embryogenesis in the mouse, but the precise tissue compartment in which AP-2α is required for cardiovascular development has not been identified. In this study we describe the fully penetrant AP-2α deficient cardiovascular phenotype on a C57Bl/6J genetic background and show that this is associated with increased apoptosis in the pharyngeal ectoderm. Neural crest cell migration into the pharyngeal arches was not affected. Cre-expressing transgenic mice were used in conjunction with an AP-2α conditional allele to examine the effect of deleting AP-2α from the pharyngeal surface ectoderm and the neural crest, either individually or in combination, as well as the second heart field. This, surprisingly, was unable to fully recapitulate the global AP-2α deficient cardiovascular phenotype. The outflow tract and arch artery phenotype was, however, recapitulated through early embryonic Cre-mediated recombination. These findings indicate that AP-2α has a complex influence on cardiovascular development either being required very early in embryogenesis and/or having a redundant function in many tissue layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy-Leigh Johnson
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | | | | | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Shoumo Bhattacharya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Helen M. Phillips
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (A.-L.J.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-241-8764
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19
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Stothard CA, Mazzotta S, Vyas A, Schneider JE, Mohun TJ, Henderson DJ, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. Pax9 and Gbx2 Interact in the Pharyngeal Endoderm to Control Cardiovascular Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7020020. [PMID: 32466118 PMCID: PMC7344924 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct formation of the aortic arch arteries depends on a coordinated and regulated gene expression profile within the tissues of the pharyngeal arches. Perturbation of the gene regulatory networks in these tissues results in congenital heart defects affecting the arch arteries and the outflow tract of the heart. Aberrant development of these structures leads to interruption of the aortic arch and double outlet right ventricle, abnormalities that are a leading cause of morbidity in 22q11 Deletion Syndrome (DS) patients. We have recently shown that Pax9 functionally interacts with the 22q11DS gene Tbx1 in the pharyngeal endoderm for 4th pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis, with double heterozygous mice dying at birth with interrupted aortic arch. Mice lacking Pax9 die perinatally with complex cardiovascular defects and in this study we sought to validate further potential genetic interacting partners of Pax9, focussing on Gbx2 which is down-regulated in the pharyngeal endoderm of Pax9-null embryos. Here, we describe the Gbx2-null cardiovascular phenotype and demonstrate a genetic interaction between Gbx2 and Pax9 in the pharyngeal endoderm during cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Stothard
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (C.A.S.); (S.M.); (A.V.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Silvia Mazzotta
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (C.A.S.); (S.M.); (A.V.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Arjun Vyas
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (C.A.S.); (S.M.); (A.V.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | | | | | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (C.A.S.); (S.M.); (A.V.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Helen M. Phillips
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (C.A.S.); (S.M.); (A.V.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; (C.A.S.); (S.M.); (A.V.); (D.J.H.); (H.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-241-8764
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20
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Alqahtani A, Skelton A, Eley L, Annavarapu S, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Isolation and next generation sequencing of archival formalin-fixed DNA. J Anat 2020; 237:587-600. [PMID: 32426881 PMCID: PMC7476199 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA from archived organs is presumed unsuitable for genomic studies because of excessive formalin‐fixation. As next generation sequencing (NGS) requires short DNA fragments, and Uracil‐N‐glycosylase (UNG) can be used to overcome deamination, there has been renewed interest in the possibility of genomic studies using these collections. We describe a novel method of DNA extraction capable of providing PCR amplicons of at least 400 bp length from such excessively formalin‐fixed human tissues. When compared with a leading commercial formalin‐fixed DNA extraction kit, our method produced greater yields of DNA and reduced sequence variations. Analysis of PCR products using bacterial sub‐cloning and Sanger sequencing from UNG‐treated DNA unexpectedly revealed increased sequence variations, compared with untreated samples. Finally, whole exome NGS was performed on a myocardial sample fixed in formalin for 2 years and compared with lymphocyte‐derived DNA (as a gold standard) from the same patient. Despite the reduction in the number and quality of reads in the formalin‐fixed DNA, we were able to show that bioinformatic processing by joint calling and variant quality score recalibration (VQSR) increased the sensitivity four‐fold to 56% and doubled specificity to 68% when compared with a standard hard‐filtering approach. Thus, high‐quality DNA can be extracted from excessively formalin‐fixed tissues and bioinformatic processing can optimise sensitivity and specificity of results. Sequencing of several sub‐cloned amplicons is an important methodological step in assessing DNA quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alqahtani
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Skelton
- Bioinformatic Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Srinivas Annavarapu
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Santos-Ledo A, Washer S, Dhanaseelan T, Eley L, Alqatani A, Chrystal PW, Papoutsi T, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Alternative splicing of jnk1a in zebrafish determines first heart field ventricular cardiomyocyte numbers through modulation of hand2 expression. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008782. [PMID: 32421721 PMCID: PMC7259801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity pathway is required for heart development and whilst the functions of most pathway members are known, the roles of the jnk genes in cardiac morphogenesis remain unknown as mouse mutants exhibit functional redundancy, with early embryonic lethality of compound mutants. In this study zebrafish were used to overcome early embryonic lethality in mouse models and establish the requirement for Jnk in heart development. Whole mount in-situ hybridisation and RT-PCR demonstrated that evolutionarily conserved alternative spliced jnk1a and jnk1b transcripts were expressed in the early developing heart. Maternal zygotic null mutant zebrafish lines for jnk1a and jnk1b, generated using CRISPR-Cas9, revealed a requirement for jnk1a in formation of the proximal, first heart field (FHF)-derived portion of the cardiac ventricular chamber. Rescue of the jnk1a mutant cardiac phenotype was only possible by injection of the jnk1a EX7 Lg alternatively spliced transcript. Analysis of mutants indicated that there was a reduction in the size of the hand2 expression field in jnk1a mutants which led to a specific reduction in FHF ventricular cardiomyocytes within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. Moreover, the jnk1a mutant ventricular defect could be rescued by injection of hand2 mRNA. This study reveals a novel and critical requirement for Jnk1 in heart development and highlights the importance of alternative splicing in vertebrate cardiac morphogenesis. Genetic pathways functioning through jnk1 may be important in human heart malformations with left ventricular hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Washer
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Tamil Dhanaseelan
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Ahlam Alqatani
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Chrystal
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Papoutsi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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22
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Jarjour AA, Velichkova AN, Boyd A, Lord KM, Torsney C, Henderson DJ, Ffrench-Constant C. The formation of paranodal spirals at the ends of CNS myelin sheaths requires the planar polarity protein Vangl2. Glia 2020; 68:1840-1858. [PMID: 32125730 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During axonal ensheathment, noncompact myelin channels formed at lateral edges of the myelinating process become arranged into tight paranodal spirals that resemble loops when cut in cross section. These adhere to the axon, concentrating voltage-dependent sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier and patterning the surrounding axon into distinct molecular domains. The signals responsible for forming and maintaining the complex structure of paranodal myelin are poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that the planar cell polarity determinant Vangl2 organizes paranodal myelin. We show that Vangl2 is concentrated at paranodes and that, following conditional knockout of Vangl2 in oligodendrocytes, the paranodal spiral loosens, accompanied by disruption to the microtubule cytoskeleton and mislocalization of autotypic adhesion molecules between loops within the spiral. Adhesion of the spiral to the axon is unaffected. This results in disruptions to axonal patterning at nodes of Ranvier, paranodal axon diameter and conduction velocity. When taken together with our previous work showing that loss of the apico-basal polarity protein Scribble has the opposite phenotype-loss of axonal adhesion but no effect on loop-loop autotypic adhesion-our results identify a novel mechanism by which polarity proteins control the shape of nodes of Ranvier and regulate conduction in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Jarjour
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Atanaska N Velichkova
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Boyd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathryn M Lord
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carole Torsney
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charles Ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Wilson DH, Jarman EJ, Mellin RP, Wilson ML, Waddell SH, Tsokkou P, Younger NT, Raven A, Bhalla SR, Noll ATR, Olde Damink SW, Schaap FG, Chen P, Bates DO, Banales JM, Dean CH, Henderson DJ, Sansom OJ, Kendall TJ, Boulter L. Non-canonical Wnt signalling regulates scarring in biliary disease via the planar cell polarity receptors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:445. [PMID: 31974352 PMCID: PMC6978415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients diagnosed with chronic bile duct disease is increasing and in most cases these diseases result in chronic ductular scarring, necessitating liver transplantation. The formation of ductular scaring affects liver function; however, scar-generating portal fibroblasts also provide important instructive signals to promote the proliferation and differentiation of biliary epithelial cells. Therefore, understanding whether we can reduce scar formation while maintaining a pro-regenerative microenvironment will be essential in developing treatments for biliary disease. Here, we describe how regenerating biliary epithelial cells express Wnt-Planar Cell Polarity signalling components following bile duct injury and promote the formation of ductular scars by upregulating pro-fibrogenic cytokines and positively regulating collagen-deposition. Inhibiting the production of Wnt-ligands reduces the amount of scar formed around the bile duct, without reducing the development of the pro-regenerative microenvironment required for ductular regeneration, demonstrating that scarring and regeneration can be uncoupled in adult biliary disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E J Jarman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R P Mellin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M L Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S H Waddell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Tsokkou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N T Younger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Raven
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - S R Bhalla
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Centre for Cancer Science, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - A T R Noll
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S W Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - F G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - D O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Centre for Cancer Science, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
- COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, Birmingham, UK
| | - J M Banales
- Biodonostia HRI, CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - C H Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - T J Kendall
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetic and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.
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24
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Dos-Santos Carvalho S, Moreau MM, Hien YE, Garcia M, Aubailly N, Henderson DJ, Studer V, Sans N, Thoumine O, Montcouquiol M. Vangl2 acts at the interface between actin and N-cadherin to modulate mammalian neuronal outgrowth. eLife 2020; 9:51822. [PMID: 31909712 PMCID: PMC6946565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical interactions between adhesion complexes and the cytoskeleton are essential for axon outgrowth and guidance. Whether planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, which regulate cytoskeleton dynamics and appear necessary for some axon guidance, also mediate interactions with membrane adhesion is still unclear. Here we show that Vangl2 controls growth cone velocity by regulating the internal retrograde actin flow in an N-cadherin-dependent fashion. Single molecule tracking experiments show that the loss of Vangl2 decreased fast-diffusing N-cadherin membrane molecules and increased confined N-cadherin trajectories. Using optically manipulated N-cadherin-coated microspheres, we correlated this behavior to a stronger mechanical coupling of N-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we show that the spatial distribution of Vangl2 within the growth cone is selectively affected by an N-cadherin-coated substrate. Altogether, our data show that Vangl2 acts as a negative regulator of axonal outgrowth by regulating the strength of the molecular clutch between N-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Dos-Santos Carvalho
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maite M Moreau
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yeri Esther Hien
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mikael Garcia
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Aubailly
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Studer
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
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25
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Abstract
Motile cilia provide propulsion, and immotile ones are enriched with receptors. Both are required to establish left-right identity in the developing embryo and are also implicated in a wide range of human diseases. Abnormalities in cilial function underlie heterotaxy congenital heart disease (CHD) occurring in individuals with laterality disturbance. Mitochondrial function and cellular energetics, through mTOR and autophagy, are now linked with cilial function, revealing new mechanisms and candidate genes for syndromic human disease. In the current issue of the JCI, Burkhalter et al. ask the question: Can mitochondrial disturbances produce ciliopathy and does this explain some cases of heterotaxy?
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26
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Bailey KE, MacGowan GA, Tual-Chalot S, Phillips L, Mohun TJ, Henderson DJ, Arthur HM, Bamforth SD, Phillips HM. Disruption of embryonic ROCK signaling reproduces the sarcomeric phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125172. [PMID: 30835717 PMCID: PMC6538384 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeric disarray is a hallmark of gene mutations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, it is unknown when detrimental sarcomeric changes first occur and whether they originate in the developing embryonic heart. Furthermore, Rho kinase (ROCK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is critical for regulating the function of several sarcomeric proteins, and therefore, our aim was to determine whether disruption of ROCK signaling during the earliest stages of heart development would disrupt the integrity of sarcomeres, altering heart development and function. Using a mouse model in which the function of ROCK is specifically disrupted in embryonic cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate a progressive cardiomyopathy that first appeared as sarcomeric disarray during cardiogenesis. This led to abnormalities in the structure of the embryonic ventricular wall and compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy during fetal development. This sarcomeric disruption and hypertrophy persisted throughout adult life, triggering left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with systolic dysfunction, and reactivation of fetal gene expression and cardiac fibrosis, all typical features of HCM. Taken together, our findings establish a mechanism for the developmental origin of the sarcomeric phenotype of HCM and suggest that variants in the ROCK genes or disruption of ROCK signaling could, in part, contribute to its pathogenesis. Disruption of ROCK activity in embryonic cardiomyocytes revealed a developmental origin for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Bailey
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A MacGowan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D Bamforth
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway controls a variety of morphological events across many species. During embryonic development, the PCP pathway regulates coordinated behaviour of groups of cells to direct morphogenetic processes such as convergent extension and collective cell migration. In this review we discuss the increasingly prominent role of the PCP pathway in organogenesis, focusing on the lungs, kidneys and heart. We also highlight emerging evidence that PCP gene mutations are associated with adult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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28
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Papakrivopoulou E, Vasilopoulou E, Lindenmeyer MT, Pacheco S, Brzóska HŁ, Price KL, Kolatsi‐Joannou M, White KE, Henderson DJ, Dean CH, Cohen CD, Salama AD, Woolf AS, Long DA. Vangl2, a planar cell polarity molecule, is implicated in irreversible and reversible kidney glomerular injury. J Pathol 2018; 246:485-496. [PMID: 30125361 PMCID: PMC6282744 DOI: 10.1002/path.5158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways control the orientation and alignment of epithelial cells within tissues. Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) is a key PCP protein that is required for the normal differentiation of kidney glomeruli and tubules. Vangl2 has also been implicated in modifying the course of acquired glomerular disease, and here, we further explored how Vangl2 impacts on glomerular pathobiology in this context. Targeted genetic deletion of Vangl2 in mouse glomerular epithelial podocytes enhanced the severity of not only irreversible accelerated nephrotoxic nephritis but also lipopolysaccharide-induced reversible glomerular damage. In each proteinuric model, genetic deletion of Vangl2 in podocytes was associated with an increased ratio of active-MMP9 to inactive MMP9, an enzyme involved in tissue remodelling. In addition, by interrogating microarray data from two cohorts of renal patients, we report increased VANGL2 transcript levels in the glomeruli of individuals with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, suggesting that the molecule may also be involved in certain human glomerular diseases. These observations support the conclusion that Vangl2 modulates glomerular injury, at least in part by acting as a brake on MMP9, a potentially harmful endogenous enzyme. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Polarity
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/genetics
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/physiopathology
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/physiopathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Nephrosis, Lipoid/genetics
- Nephrosis, Lipoid/metabolism
- Nephrosis, Lipoid/pathology
- Nephrosis, Lipoid/physiopathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Podocytes/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Papakrivopoulou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Elisavet Vasilopoulou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
- Medway School of PharmacyUniversity of KentChatham MaritimeUK
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IVUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Sabrina Pacheco
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Hortensja Ł Brzóska
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Karen L Price
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Maria Kolatsi‐Joannou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Kathryn E White
- Electron Microscopy Research ServicesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research CentreInstitute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Inflammation Repair and Development SectionNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IVUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Alan D Salama
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free HospitalLondonUK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthSchool of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
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29
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Eley L, Alqahtani AM, MacGrogan D, Richardson RV, Murphy L, Salguero-Jimenez A, Sintes Rodriguez San Pedro M, Tiurma S, McCutcheon L, Gilmore A, de La Pompa JL, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. A novel source of arterial valve cells linked to bicuspid aortic valve without raphe in mice. eLife 2018; 7:34110. [PMID: 29956664 PMCID: PMC6025960 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of the arterial valve leaflets, predominantly bicuspid aortic valve, are the commonest congenital malformations. Although many studies have investigated the development of the arterial valves, it has been assumed that, as with the atrioventricular valves, endocardial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the predominant mechanism. We show that arterial is distinctly different from atrioventricular valve formation. Whilst the four septal valve leaflets are dominated by NCC and EndMT-derived cells, the intercalated leaflets differentiate directly from Tnnt2-Cre+/Isl1+ progenitors in the outflow wall, via a Notch-Jag dependent mechanism. Further, when this novel group of progenitors are disrupted, development of the intercalated leaflets is disrupted, resulting in leaflet dysplasia and bicuspid valves without raphe, most commonly affecting the aortic valve. This study thus overturns the dogma that heart valves are formed principally by EndMT, identifies a new source of valve interstitial cells, and provides a novel mechanism for causation of bicuspid aortic valves without raphe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorriane Eley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ahlam Ms Alqahtani
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Donal MacGrogan
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rachel V Richardson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Murphy
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Salguero-Jimenez
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Shindi Tiurma
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren McCutcheon
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Gilmore
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - José Luis de La Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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30
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Galea GL, Nychyk O, Mole MA, Moulding D, Savery D, Nikolopoulou E, Henderson DJ, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Vangl2 disruption alters the biomechanics of late spinal neurulation leading to spina bifida in mouse embryos. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.032219. [PMID: 29590636 PMCID: PMC5897727 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mutations in the planar cell polarity component VANGL2 are associated with the neural tube defect spina bifida. Homozygous Vangl2 mutation in mice prevents initiation of neural tube closure, precluding analysis of its subsequent roles in neurulation. Spinal neurulation involves rostral-to-caudal ‘zippering’ until completion of closure is imminent, when a caudal-to-rostral closure point, ‘Closure 5’, arises at the caudal-most extremity of the posterior neuropore (PNP). Here, we used Grhl3Cre to delete Vangl2 in the surface ectoderm (SE) throughout neurulation and in an increasing proportion of PNP neuroepithelial cells at late neurulation stages. This deletion impaired PNP closure after the ∼25-somite stage and resulted in caudal spina bifida in 67% of Grhl3Cre/+Vangl2Fl/Fl embryos. In the dorsal SE, Vangl2 deletion diminished rostrocaudal cell body orientation, but not directional polarisation of cell divisions. In the PNP, Vangl2 disruption diminished mediolateral polarisation of apical neuroepithelial F-actin profiles and resulted in eversion of the caudal PNP. This eversion prevented elevation of the caudal PNP neural folds, which in control embryos is associated with formation of Closure 5 around the 25-somite stage. Closure 5 formation in control embryos is associated with a reduction in mechanical stress withstood at the main zippering point, as inferred from the magnitude of neural fold separation following zippering point laser ablation. This stress accommodation did not happen in Vangl2-disrupted embryos. Thus, disruption of Vangl2-dependent planar-polarised processes in the PNP neuroepithelium and SE preclude zippering point biomechanical accommodation associated with Closure 5 formation at the completion of PNP closure. Summary: Disruption of Vangl2-dependent planar-polarised processes in the posterior neuropore (PNP) neuroepithelium and surface ectoderm preclude zippering point biomechanical accommodation associated with Closure 5 formation at the completion of PNP closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Oleksandr Nychyk
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Matteo A Mole
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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31
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Richardson R, Eley L, Donald-Wilson C, Davis J, Curley N, Alqahtani A, Murphy L, Anderson RH, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Development and maturation of the fibrous components of the arterial roots in the mouse heart. J Anat 2017; 232:554-567. [PMID: 29034473 PMCID: PMC5835783 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The arterial roots are important transitional regions of the heart, connecting the intrapericardial components of the aortic and pulmonary trunks with their ventricular outlets. They house the arterial (semilunar) valves and, in the case of the aorta, are the points of coronary arterial attachment. Moreover, because of the semilunar attachments of the valve leaflets, the arterial roots span the anatomic ventriculo-arterial junction. By virtue of this arrangement, the interleaflet triangles, despite being fibrous, are found on the ventricular aspect of the root and located within the left ventricular cavity. Malformations and diseases of the aortic root are common and serious. Despite the mouse being the animal model of choice for studying cardiac development, few studies have examined the structure of their arterial roots. As a consequence, our understanding of their formation and maturation is incomplete. We set out to clarify the anatomical and histological features of the mouse arterial roots, particularly focusing on their walls and the points of attachment of the valve leaflets. We then sought to determine the embryonic lineage relationships between these tissues, as a forerunner to understanding how they form and mature over time. Using histological stains and immunohistochemistry, we show that the walls of the mouse arterial roots show a gradual transition, with smooth muscle cells (SMC) forming the bulk of wall at the most distal points of attachments of the valve leaflets, while being entirely fibrous at their base. Although the interleaflet triangles lie within the ventricular chambers, we show that they are histologically indistinguishable from the arterial sinus walls until the end of gestation. Differences become apparent after birth, and are only completed by postnatal day 21. Using Cre-lox-based lineage tracing technology to label progenitor populations, we show that the SMC and fibrous tissue within the walls of the mature arterial roots share a common origin from the second heart field (SHF) and exclude trans-differentiation of myocardium as a source for the interleaflet triangle fibrous tissues. Moreover, we show that the attachment points of the leaflets to the walls, like the leaflets themselves, are derived from the outflow cushions, having contributions from both SHF-derived endothelial cells and neural crest cells. Our data thus show that the arterial roots in the mouse heart are similar to the features described in the human heart. They provide a framework for understanding complex lesions and diseases affecting the aortic root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Richardson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charlotte Donald-Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jonathon Davis
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Natasha Curley
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahlam Alqahtani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lindsay Murphy
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Crucean A, Alqahtani A, Barron DJ, Brawn WJ, Richardson RV, O'Sullivan J, Anderson RH, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Re-evaluation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome from a developmental and morphological perspective. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:138. [PMID: 28793912 PMCID: PMC5551014 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) covers a spectrum of rare congenital anomalies characterised by a non-apex forming left ventricle and stenosis/atresia of the mitral and aortic valves. Despite many studies, the causes of HLHS remain unclear and there are conflicting views regarding the role of flow, valvar or myocardial abnormalities in its pathogenesis, all of which were proposed prior to the description of the second heart field. Our aim was to re-evaluate the patterns of malformation in HLHS in relation to recognised cardiac progenitor populations, with a view to providing aetiologically useful sub-groupings for genomic studies. Results We examined 78 hearts previously classified as HLHS, with subtypes based on valve patency, and re-categorised them based on their objective ventricular phenotype. Three distinct subgroups could be identified: slit-like left ventricle (24%); miniaturised left ventricle (6%); and thickened left ventricle with endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE; 70%). Slit-like ventricles were always found in combination with aortic atresia and mitral atresia. Miniaturised left ventricles all had normally formed, though smaller aortic and mitral valves. The remaining group were found to have a range of aortic valve malformations associated with thickened left ventricular walls despite being described as either atresia or stenosis. The degree of myocardial thickening was not correlated to the degree of valvar stenosis. Lineage tracing in mice to investigate the progenitor populations that form the parts of the heart disrupted by HLHS showed that whereas Nkx2–5-Cre labelled myocardial and endothelial cells within the left and right ventricles, Mef2c-AHF-Cre, which labels second heart field-derived cells only, was largely restricted to the endocardium and myocardium of the right ventricle. However, like Nkx2–5-Cre, Mef2c-AHF-Cre lineage cells made a significant contribution to the aortic and mitral valves. In contrast, Wnt1-Cre made a major contribution only to the aortic valve. This suggests that discrete cardiac progenitors might be responsible for the patterns of defects observed in the distinct ventricular sub-groups. Conclusions Only the slit-like ventricle grouping was found to map to the current nomenclature: the combination of mitral atresia with aortic atresia. It appears that slit-like and miniature ventricles also form discrete sub-groups. Thus, reclassification of HLHS into subgroups based on ventricular phenotype, might be useful in genetic and developmental studies in investigating the aetiology of this severe malformation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crucean
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - A Alqahtani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D J Barron
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - W J Brawn
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - R V Richardson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.,Department of Congenital Cardiology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - R H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D J Henderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - B Chaudhry
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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Findlay AS, Panzica DA, Walczysko P, Holt AB, Henderson DJ, West JD, Rajnicek AM, Collinson JM. The core planar cell polarity gene, Vangl2, directs adult corneal epithelial cell alignment and migration. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160658. [PMID: 27853583 PMCID: PMC5099008 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that the core planar cell polarity (PCP) genes direct the aligned cell migration in the adult corneal epithelium, a stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface of the vertebrate eye. Expression of multiple core PCP genes was demonstrated in the adult corneal epithelium. PCP components were manipulated genetically and pharmacologically in human and mouse corneal epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of VANGL2 reduced the directional component of migration of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells without affecting speed. It was shown that signalling through PCP mediators, dishevelled, dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis and Rho-associated protein kinase directs the alignment of HCE cells by affecting cytoskeletal reorganization. Cells in which VANGL2 was disrupted tended to misalign on grooved surfaces and migrate across, rather than parallel to the grooves. Adult corneal epithelial cells in which Vangl2 had been conditionally deleted showed a reduced rate of wound-healing migration. Conditional deletion of Vangl2 in the mouse corneal epithelium ablated the normal highly stereotyped patterns of centripetal cell migration in vivo from the periphery (limbus) to the centre of the cornea. Corneal opacity owing to chronic wounding is a major cause of degenerative blindness across the world, and this study shows that Vangl2 activity is required for directional corneal epithelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Findlay
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - D. Alessio Panzica
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Petr Walczysko
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amy B. Holt
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John D. West
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Ann M. Rajnicek
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - J. Martin Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Author for correspondence: J. Martin Collinson e-mail:
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Abstract
Structural malformations of the heart are the commonest abnormalities found at the time of birth and the incidence is higher in fetuses that are lost during the first trimester. Although the form of the heart has been studied for centuries, it is in the past decades that the genetic pathways that control heart development have been unraveled. Recently, the concept of the second heart field, a population of multipotent cardiac cells that augment the initial simple heart tube, has clarified the development of the heart. Understanding how the second heart field is used in morphogenesis and how genes interact in a subtle and more complex way is moving us closer to understanding how the normal heart forms and why abnormalities occur. In this chapter, we present a description of the morphological processes that create the formed postnatal human heart and emphasize key genetic pathways and genes that control these aspects. Where possible, these are also linked to the common patterns of human cardiac malformation. Undoubtedly, the details will refine or change with further research but emphasis has been placed on areas of greatest certainty and the presentation designed to promote a general understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Ramsbottom SA, Sharma V, Rhee HJ, Eley L, Phillips HM, Rigby HF, Dean C, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. Vangl2-regulated polarisation of second heart field-derived cells is required for outflow tract lengthening during cardiac development. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004871. [PMID: 25521757 PMCID: PMC4270488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the mechanism by which cells orient themselves in the plane of an epithelium or during directed cell migration, and is regulated by a highly conserved signalling pathway. Mutations in the PCP gene Vangl2, as well as in other key components of the pathway, cause a spectrum of cardiac outflow tract defects. However, it is unclear why cells within the mesodermal heart tissue require PCP signalling. Using a new conditionally floxed allele we show that Vangl2 is required solely within the second heart field (SHF) to direct normal outflow tract lengthening, a process that is required for septation and normal alignment of the aorta and pulmonary trunk with the ventricular chambers. Analysis of a range of markers of polarised epithelial tissues showed that in the normal heart, undifferentiated SHF cells move from the dorsal pericardial wall into the distal outflow tract where they acquire an epithelial phenotype, before moving proximally where they differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Thus there is a transition zone in the distal outflow tract where SHF cells become more polarised, turn off progenitor markers and start to differentiate to cardiomyocytes. Membrane-bound Vangl2 marks the proximal extent of this transition zone and in the absence of Vangl2, the SHF-derived cells are abnormally polarised and disorganised. The consequent thickening, rather than lengthening, of the outflow wall leads to a shortened outflow tract. Premature down regulation of the SHF-progenitor marker Isl1 in the mutants, and accompanied premature differentiation to cardiomyocytes, suggests that the organisation of the cells within the transition zone is important for maintaining the undifferentiated phenotype. Thus, Vangl2-regulated polarisation and subsequent acquisition of an epithelial phenotype is essential to lengthen the tubular outflow vessel, a process that is essential for on-going cardiac morphogenesis. Congenital heart defects are common, affecting almost 1% of all live births. Many of these affect the outflow region, where the aorta and pulmonary trunk connect with the main ventricular chambers. Congenital heart defects arise from disruption of normal developmental processes and can be modelled in mice. Thus, studying normal development, together with mouse mutants that develop heart malformations, should shed light on why these common anomalies arise. We have studied cardiac development in a mouse mutant for the Vangl2 gene, a key component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. This pathway controls the orientations of cells in epithelia and during directional cell migration. Here, we show that PCP signalling is required by cells derived from the second heart field, which forms the outflow tract walls. We show that in the absence of Vangl2, the cells within the distal outflow tract walls are non-polarised and disorganised. As a consequence the outflow tract is shortened and does not align properly with the ventricles. Thus, we show why disruption of a key PCP gene leads to outflow tract malformations. This is important for understanding heart development, but also more generally for understanding how PCP signalling regulates growth of tubular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Vipul Sharma
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Jun Rhee
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah F. Rigby
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Dean
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Boczonadi V, Gillespie R, Keenan I, Ramsbottom SA, Donald-Wilson C, Al Nazer M, Humbert P, Schwarz RJ, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. Scrib:Rac1 interactions are required for the morphogenesis of the ventricular myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:103-15. [PMID: 25139745 PMCID: PMC4174891 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The organization and maturation of ventricular cardiomyocytes from the embryonic to the adult form is crucial for normal cardiac function. We have shown that a polarity protein, Scrib, may be involved in regulating the early stages of this process. Our goal was to establish whether Scrib plays a cell autonomous role in the ventricular myocardium, and whether this involves well-known polarity pathways. Methods and results Deletion of Scrib in cardiac precursors utilizing Scribflox mice together with the Nkx2.5-Cre driver resulted in disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the forming trabeculae and ventricular septal defects. Although the majority of mice lacking Scrib in the myocardium survived to adulthood, they developed marked cardiac fibrosis. Scrib did not physically interact with the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein, Vangl2, in early cardiomyocytes as it does in other tissues, suggesting that the anomalies did not result from disruption of PCP signalling. However, Scrib interacted with Rac1 physically in embryonic cardiomyocytes and genetically to result in ventricular abnormalities, suggesting that this interaction is crucial for the development of the early myocardium. Conclusions The Scrib–Rac1 interaction plays a crucial role in the organization of developing cardiomyocytes and formation of the ventricular myocardium. Thus, we have identified a novel signalling pathway in the early, functioning, heart muscle. These data also show that the foetus can recover from relatively severe abnormalities in prenatal ventricular development, although cardiac fibrosis can be a long-term consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Boczonadi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rachel Gillespie
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Iain Keenan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Simon A Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | | | - Mariana Al Nazer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patrick Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Henderson DJ, Ramsbottom SA, Sharma V, Chaudhry B. 557Vangl2-regulated polarisation of second heart field cells is required for outflow tract lengthening. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu097.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Palomino Doza J, Topf A, Bentham J, Bhattacharya S, Cosgrove C, Brook JD, Granados-Riveron J, Bu'Lock FA, O'Sullivan J, Stuart AG, Parsons J, Relton C, Goodship J, Henderson DJ, Keavney B. Low-frequency intermediate penetrance variants in the ROCK1 gene predispose to Tetralogy of Fallot. BMC Genet 2013; 14:57. [PMID: 23782575 PMCID: PMC3734041 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate a substantial excess familial recurrence of non-syndromic Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), implicating genetic factors that remain largely unknown. The Rho induced kinase 1 gene (ROCK1) is a key component of the planar cell polarity signalling pathway, which plays an important role in normal cardiac development. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of genetic variation in ROCK1 on the risk of TOF. RESULTS ROCK1 was sequenced in a discovery cohort of 93 non-syndromic TOF probands to identify rare variants. TagSNPs were selected to capture commoner variation in ROCK1. Novel variants and TagSNPs were genotyped in a discovery cohort of 458 TOF cases and 1331 healthy controls, and positive findings were replicated in a further 209 TOF cases and 1290 healthy controls. Association between genotypes and TOF was assessed using LAMP.A rare SNP (c.807C > T; rs56085230) discovered by sequencing was associated with TOF risk (p = 0.006) in the discovery cohort. The variant was also significantly associated with the risk of TOF in the replication cohort (p = 0.018). In the combined cohorts the odds ratio for TOF was 2.61 (95% CI 1.58-4.30); p < 0.0001. The minor allele frequency of rs56085230 in the cases was 0.02, and in the controls it was 0.007. The variant accounted for 1% of the population attributable risk (PAR) of TOF. We also found significant association with TOF for an uncommon TagSNP in ROCK1, rs288979 (OR 1.64 [95% CI 1.15-2.30]; p = 1.5x10⁻⁵). The minor allele frequency of rs288979 in the controls was 0.043, and the variant accounted for 11% of the PAR of TOF. These association signals were independent of each other, providing additional internal validation of our result. CONCLUSIONS Low frequency intermediate penetrance (LFIP) variants in the ROCK1 gene predispose to the risk of TOF.
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Phillips HM, Mahendran P, Singh E, Anderson RH, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. Neural crest cells are required for correct positioning of the developing outflow cushions and pattern the arterial valve leaflets. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:452-60. [PMID: 23723064 PMCID: PMC3718324 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Anomalies of the arterial valves, principally bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), are the most common congenital anomalies. The cellular mechanisms that underlie arterial valve development are poorly understood. While it is known that the valve leaflets derive from the outflow cushions, which are populated by cells derived from the endothelium and neural crest cells (NCCs), the mechanism by which these cushions are sculpted to form the leaflets of the arterial valves remains unresolved. We set out to investigate how NCCs participate in arterial valve formation, reasoning that disrupting NCC within the developing outflow cushions would result in arterial valve anomalies, in the process elucidating the normal mechanism of arterial valve leaflet formation. Methods and results By disrupting Rho kinase signalling specifically in NCC using transgenic mice and primary cultures, we show that NCC condensation within the cardiac jelly is required for correct positioning of the outflow cushions. Moreover, we show that this process is essential for normal patterning of the arterial valve leaflets with disruption leading to a spectrum of valve leaflet patterning anomalies, abnormal positioning of the orifices of the coronary arteries, and abnormalities of the arterial wall. Conclusion NCCs are required at earlier stages of arterial valve development than previously recognized, playing essential roles in positioning the cushions, and patterning the valve leaflets. Abnormalities in the process of NCC condensation at early stages of outflow cushion formation may provide a common mechanism underlying BAV, and also explain the link with arterial wall anomalies and outflow malalignment defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Hunt NC, Shelton RM, Henderson DJ, Grover LM. Calcium-alginate hydrogel-encapsulated fibroblasts provide sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:905-14. [PMID: 23082964 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization of engineered or damaged tissues is essential to maintain cell viability and proper tissue function. Revascularization of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart after myocardial infarction is particularly important, since hypoxia can give rise to chronic heart failure due to inappropriate remodeling of the LV after death of cardiomyocytes (CMs). Fibroblasts can express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a major role in angiogenesis and also acts as a chemoattractant and survival factor for CMs and cardiac progenitors. In this in vitro model study, mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts encapsulated in 2% w/v Ca-alginate were shown to remain viable for 150 days. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that over 21 days of encapsulation, fibroblasts continued to express VEGF, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that there was sustained release of VEGF from the Ca-alginate during this period. The scaffold degraded gradually over the 21 days, without reduction in volume. Cells released from the Ca-alginate at 7 and 21 days as a result of scaffold degradation were shown to retain viability, to adhere to fibronectin in a normal manner, and continue to express VEGF, demonstrating their potential to further contribute to maintenance of cardiac function after scaffold degradation. This model in vitro study therefore demonstrates that fibroblasts encapsulated in Ca-alginate provide sustained release of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Hunt
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Anderson RH, Chaudhry B, Mohun TJ, Bamforth SD, Hoyland D, Phillips HM, Webb S, Moorman AF, Brown NA, Henderson DJ. Normal and abnormal development of the intrapericardial arterial trunks in humans and mice. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:108-15. [PMID: 22499773 PMCID: PMC4228308 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The definitive cardiac outflow channels have three components: the intrapericardial arterial trunks; the arterial roots with valves; and the ventricular outflow tracts (OFTs). We studied the normal and abnormal development of the most distal of these, the arterial trunks, comparing findings in mice and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Using lineage tracing and three-dimensional visualization by episcopic reconstruction and scanning electron microscopy, we studied embryonic day 9.5-12.5 mouse hearts, clarifying the development of the OFTs distal to the primordia of the arterial valves. We characterize a transient aortopulmonary (AP) foramen, located between the leading edge of a protrusion from the dorsal wall of the aortic sac and the distal margins of the two outflow cushions. The foramen is closed by fusion of the protrusion, with its cap of neural crest cells (NCCs), with the NCC-filled cushions; the resulting structure then functioning transiently as an AP septum. Only subsequent to this closure is it possible to recognize, more proximally, the previously described AP septal complex. The adjacent walls of the intrapericardial trunks are derived from the protrusion and distal parts of the outflow cushions, whereas the lateral walls are formed from intrapericardial extensions of the pharyngeal mesenchyme derived from the second heart field. CONCLUSIONS We provide, for the first time, objective evidence of the mechanisms of closure of an AP foramen that exists distally between the lumens of the developing intrapericardial arterial trunks. Our findings provide insights into the formation of AP windows and the variants of common arterial trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Timothy J. Mohun
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Webb
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George’s, University of London, UK
| | - Antoon F.J. Moorman
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nigel A. Brown
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George’s, University of London, UK
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Bamforth SD, Chaudhry B, Bennett M, Wilson R, Mohun TJ, Van Mierop LHS, Henderson DJ, Anderson RH. Clarification of the identity of the mammalian fifth pharyngeal arch artery. Clin Anat 2012; 26:173-82. [PMID: 22623372 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries is a complex process that occurs across vertebrates, although the specific number of arteries varies across species, with six in fish, but only five in birds and mammals, although they are numbered one through four, and six. The existence of a fifth arch artery in mammals has been debated for more than a century. Although some have doubted, and continue to doubt, its existence, several cardiovascular malformations can be explained only on the basis of its presence. We have analyzed the developing pharyngeal arch arteries in mouse and human embryos, using high-resolution episcopic microscopy. We have then created three-dimensional models, allowing us to identify any structures that would satisfy the descriptions of fifth arch arteries. This detailed examination revealed collateral channels connecting the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch arteries in approximately half of the mouse embryos examined. Such collateral channels were seen in only one human embryo of eight examined by high-resolution episcopic microscopy, although we had previously identified such collateral channels using wax plate reconstruction. An extra vessel, occupying a discrete component of the pharyngeal mesenchyme, and therefore resembling a true fifth pharyngeal arch artery, was observed in one Carnegie Stage 14 human embryo. The pharyngeal mesenchyme in the human, therefore, can contain a fifth arch, with a contained artery, albeit transiently. Persistence of this structure, and the observed collateral channels, provides mechanisms to explain the congenital cardiovascular malformations described as persistent fifth aortic arch, and double-barreled aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Bamforth
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Phillips HM, Papoutsi T, Soenen H, Ybot-Gonzalez P, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Neural crest cell survival is dependent on Rho kinase and is required for development of the mid face in mouse embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37685. [PMID: 22629443 PMCID: PMC3357402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) give rise to much of the tissue that forms the vertebrate head and face, including cartilage and bone, cranial ganglia and teeth. In this study we show that conditional expression of a dominant-negative (DN) form of Rho kinase (Rock) in mouse NCC results in severe hypoplasia of the frontonasal processes and first pharyngeal arch, ultimately resulting in reduction of the maxilla and nasal bones and severe craniofacial clefting affecting the nose, palate and lip. These defects resemble frontonasal dysplasia in humans. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, which leads to abnormalities in cell-matrix attachment, is seen in the RockDN;Wnt1-cre mutant embryos. This leads to elevated cell death, resulting in NCC deficiency and hypoplastic NCC-derived craniofacial structures. Rock is thus essential for survival of NCC that form the craniofacial region. We propose that reduced NCC numbers in the frontonasal processes and first pharyngeal arch, resulting from exacerbated cell death, may be the common mechanism underlying frontonasal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Phillips
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Papoutsi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Soenen
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Deborah J. Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Keenan ID, Rhee HJ, Chaudhry B, Henderson DJ. Origin of non-cardiac endothelial cells from an Isl1+ lineage. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1790-4. [PMID: 22613570 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system consists of many cell types with distinct embryonic origins. Cells from an Islet1 (Isl1)-expressing progenitor population make a substantial contribution to the developing heart. We reasoned that cells derived from Isl1-expressing progenitors might contribute more widely to the cardiovascular system. We show that cells derived from an Isl1-expressing progenitor lineage make a wide contribution to the systemic vasculature and that embryos conditionally deficient for Rac1 within this cell population develop defects in the non-cardiac vasculature. These data define new roles for Isl1 in the developing embryo and demonstrate a contribution of Isl1-expressing progenitors to vascular endothelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Keenan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Taylor JM, Saunter CD, Love GD, Girkin JM, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Real-time optical gating for three-dimensional beating heart imaging. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16:116021. [PMID: 22112126 DOI: 10.1117/1.3652892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate real-time microscope image gating to an arbitrary position in the cycle of the beating heart of a zebrafish embryo. We show how this can be used for high-precision prospective gating of fluorescence image slices of the moving heart. We also present initial results demonstrating the application of this technique to 3-D structural imaging of the beating embryonic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Taylor
- Durham University, Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham, United Kingdom.
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Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Getting to the heart of planar cell polarity signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:460-7. [PMID: 21538810 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genes that underpin normal heart development, and which can be disrupted to result in congenital structural malformations, are rapidly being uncovered. However, the specific cellular processes that lie downstream of these genetic cascades, accurately shaping tissues and complex structures within the heart, remain relatively unclear. The noncanonical Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is known to have a role in embryonic morphogenesis and as such is an important candidate pathway to carry out these roles in heart development. The pathway regulates the polarization of cells in a variety of contexts, allowing cells to change shape and position and to "know" their orientation within a mass of tissue. PCP signaling has also been shown recently to regulate the cellular position of the primary cilium. This organelle is known to be crucial for the establishment of left-right patterning in the early embryo and may also act as a signaling antenna for other developmental and regulatory pathways. It is not surprising that recent studies have also linked PCP to left-right patterning. In this review, we will examine the current evidence suggesting that PCP signaling has a central role in cardiac development and malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Robson A, Allinson KR, Anderson RH, Henderson DJ, Arthur HM. The TGFβ type II receptor plays a critical role in the endothelial cells during cardiac development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2435-42. [PMID: 20652948 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signalling is required for normal cardiac development. To investigate which cell types are involved, we used mice carrying a floxed Type II TGFβ receptor (Tgfbr2fl) allele and Cre-lox genetics to deplete this receptor in different regions of the heart. The three target tissues and corresponding Cre transgenic lines were atrioventricular myocardium (using cGata6-Cre), ventricular myocardium (using Mlc2v-Cre), and vascular endothelium (using tamoxifen-activated Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2). Spatio-temporal Cre activity in each case was tracked via lacZ activation from the Rosa26R locus. Atrioventricular-myocardial-specific Tgfbr2 knockout (KO) embryos had short septal leaflets of the tricuspid valve, whereas ventricular myocardial-specific KO embryos mainly exhibited a normal cardiac phenotype. Inactivation of Tgfbr2 in endothelial cells from E11.5 resulted in deficient ventricular septation, accompanied by haemorrhage from cerebral blood vessels. We conclude that TGFβ signalling through the Tgfbr2 receptor, in endothelial cells, plays an important role in cardiac development, and is essential for cerebral vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Robson
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Paudyal A, Damrau C, Patterson VL, Ermakov A, Formstone C, Lalanne Z, Wells S, Lu X, Norris DP, Dean CH, Henderson DJ, Murdoch JN. The novel mouse mutant, chuzhoi, has disruption of Ptk7 protein and exhibits defects in neural tube, heart and lung development and abnormal planar cell polarity in the ear. BMC Dev Biol 2010; 10:87. [PMID: 20704721 PMCID: PMC2930600 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling pathway is fundamental to a number of key developmental events, including initiation of neural tube closure. Disruption of the PCP pathway causes the severe neural tube defect of craniorachischisis, in which almost the entire brain and spinal cord fails to close. Identification of mouse mutants with craniorachischisis has proven a powerful way of identifying molecules that are components or regulators of the PCP pathway. In addition, identification of an allelic series of mutants, including hypomorphs and neomorphs in addition to complete nulls, can provide novel genetic tools to help elucidate the function of the PCP proteins. Results We report the identification of a new N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutant with craniorachischisis, which we have named chuzhoi (chz). We demonstrate that chuzhoi mutant embryos fail to undergo initiation of neural tube closure, and have characteristics consistent with defective convergent extension. These characteristics include a broadened midline and reduced rate of increase of their length-to-width ratio. In addition, we demonstrate disruption in the orientation of outer hair cells in the inner ear, and defects in heart and lung development in chuzhoi mutants. We demonstrate a genetic interaction between chuzhoi mutants and both Vangl2Lp and Celsr1Crsh mutants, strengthening the hypothesis that chuzhoi is involved in regulating the PCP pathway. We demonstrate that chuzhoi maps to Chromosome 17 and carries a splice site mutation in Ptk7. This mutation results in the insertion of three amino acids into the Ptk7 protein and causes disruption of Ptk7 protein expression in chuzhoi mutants. Conclusions The chuzhoi mutant provides an additional genetic resource to help investigate the developmental basis of several congenital abnormalities including neural tube, heart and lung defects and their relationship to disruption of PCP. The chuzhoi mutation differentially affects the expression levels of the two Ptk7 protein isoforms and, while some Ptk7 protein can still be detected at the membrane, chuzhoi mutants demonstrate a significant reduction in membrane localization of Ptk7 protein. This mutant provides a useful tool to allow future studies aimed at understanding the molecular function of Ptk7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Paudyal
- MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0RD, UK
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Hildreth V, Webb S, Chaudhry B, Peat JD, Phillips HM, Brown N, Anderson RH, Henderson DJ. Left cardiac isomerism in the Sonic hedgehog null mouse. J Anat 2010; 214:894-904. [PMID: 19538633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted morphogen necessary for the production of sidedness in the developing embryo. In this study, we describe the morphology of the atrial chambers and atrioventricular junctions of the Shh null mouse heart. We demonstrate that the essential phenotypic feature is isomerism of the left atrial appendages, in combination with an atrioventricular septal defect and a common atrioventricular junction. These malformations are known to be frequent in humans with left isomerism. To confirm the presence of left isomerism, we show that Pitx2c, a recognized determinant of morphological leftness, is expressed in the Shh null mutants on both the right and left sides of the inflow region, and on both sides of the solitary arterial trunk exiting from the heart. It has been established that derivatives of the second heart field expressing Isl1 are asymmetrically distributed in the developing normal heart. We now show that this population is reduced in the hearts from the Shh null mutants, likely contributing to the defects. To distinguish the consequences of reduced contributions from the second heart field from those of left-right patterning disturbance, we disrupted the movement of second heart field cells into the heart by expressing dominant-negative Rho kinase in the population of cells expressing Isl1. This resulted in absence of the vestibular spine, and presence of atrioventricular septal defects closely resembling those seen in the hearts from the Shh null mutants. The primary atrial septum, however, was well formed, and there was no evidence of isomerism of the atrial appendages, suggesting that these features do not relate to disruption of the contributions made by the second heart field. We demonstrate, therefore, that the Shh null mouse is a model of isomerism of the left atrial appendages, and show that the recognized associated malformations found at the venous pole of the heart in the setting of left isomerism are likely to arise from the loss of the effects of Shh in the establishment of laterality, combined with a reduced contribution made by cells derived from the second heart field.
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