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Rios Arce N, Murugesh D, Hum N, Sebastian A, Jbeily E, Christiansen B, Loots G. Diabetes Promotes Mild Osteoarthritis in The Streptozotocin‐ Induced Diabetic Mouse Model. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiomy Rios Arce
- Biosciences & Biotechnology DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Biosciences & Biotechnology DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA
| | - Nicholas Hum
- Biosciences & Biotechnology DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA
- UC Merced, School of Natural SciencesMercedCA
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Biosciences & Biotechnology DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA
| | - Elias Jbeily
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUC Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCA
| | | | - Gabriela Loots
- Biosciences & Biotechnology DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA
- School of Natural SciencesUC Merced, School of Natural SciencesMercedCA
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2
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Millan AJ, Elizaldi SR, Lee EM, Aceves JO, Murugesh D, Loots GG, Manilay JO. Sostdc1 Regulates NK Cell Maturation and Cytotoxicity. J Immunol 2019; 202:2296-2306. [PMID: 30814306 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate-like lymphocytes that eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells, but the mechanisms that control NK cell development and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We identified roles for sclerostin domain-containing-1 (Sostdc1) in NK cell development and function. Sostdc1-knockout (Sostdc1 -/-) mice display a progressive accumulation of transitional NK cells (tNKs) (CD27+CD11b+) with age, indicating a partial developmental block. The NK cell Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 -/- mice is also changed. Lower frequencies of Sostdc1 -/- splenic tNKs express inhibitory Ly49G2 receptors, but higher frequencies express activating Ly49H and Ly49D receptors. However, the frequencies of Ly49I+, G2+, H+, and D+ populations were universally decreased at the most mature (CD27-CD11b+) stage. We hypothesized that the Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1 -/- mice would correlate with NK killing ability and observed that Sostdc1-/- NK cells are hyporesponsive against MHC class I-deficient cell targets in vitro and in vivo, despite higher CD107a surface levels and similar IFN-γ expression to controls. Consistent with Sostdc1's known role in Wnt signaling regulation, Tcf7 and Lef1 levels were higher in Sostdc1 -/- NK cells. Expression of the NK development gene Id2 was decreased in Sostdc1-/- immature NK and tNK cells, but Eomes and Tbx21 expression was unaffected. Reciprocal bone marrow transplant experiments showed that Sostdc1 regulates NK cell maturation and expression of Ly49 receptors in a cell-extrinsic fashion from both nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic sources. Taken together, these data support a role for Sostdc1 in the regulation of NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity, and identify potential NK cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Millan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Sonny R Elizaldi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Eric M Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Jeffrey O Aceves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343; and
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3
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Millan AJ, Elizaldi S, Lee E, Murugesh D, Loots GG, Manilay JO. Sostdc1 regulates natural killer cell maturation and cytotoxicity. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.171.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes with innate ability to eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells, but the mechanisms that control NK cell development and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We identified novel roles for sclerostin domain containing-1 (Sostdc1) in NK cell development and function. Sostdc1-knockout (KO) mice display a progressive accumulation of transitional NK cells (CD27+CD11b+, tNK) with age, indicating a partial developmental block. The Ly49 repertoire on NK cells in KO mice is also changed. Lower frequencies (%) of KO splenic tNKs express inhibitory Ly49G2, but higher % of activating Ly49H+ and D+ cells. However, the % of Ly49I+, G2+, H+ and D+ populations were universally decreased at the most mature (CD27− CD11b+, mNK) stage. We hypothesized that the Ly49 repertoire in Sostdc1-KO mice would correlate with NK killing ability. We observed that KO NK cells are hyporesponsive against MHC-I-deficient cell targets in vitro and in vivo, despite higher CD107a surface levels and similar IFN-gamma expression to controls. Further investigation is required to determine Sostdc1’s role in NK cell cytotoxicity and self/non-self recognition. Sostdc1 is expressed in the bone periosteum, and we discovered Sostdc1 expression in NK cells. Consistent with this, reciprocal BM transplant experiments showed that Sostdc1 regulates NK cells through cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic manners. Transcriptomic profiling should identify if Sostdc1’s known roles in Wnt and BMP signaling are active, and reveal novel effects of Sostdc1 on NK cells. Taken together, these data support a role for Sostdc1 in the regulation of NK cell maturation, and NK cell cytotoxicity, and identify potential NK cell niches.
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Millan AJ, Elizaldi S, Lee E, Murugesh D, Loots G, Manilay JO. Natural killer cell development and maturation is regulated by Sostdc1. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.215.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes with innate ability to eliminate virally infected and cancerous cells. NK cells stochastically express Ly49 activating and inhibitory surface receptors, through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Ly49 expression during NK cell development is regulated by a combination of external and internal factors, such as major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) ligands and cytokines. Global deletion of sclerostin domain containing-1 (Sostdc1), a secreted protein, leads to altered bone homeostasis via dysregulation of Wnt and BMP signaling, which in turn, could result in altered immune cell development in the bone marrow (BM). Using Sostdc1-knockout (KO) mice, we have discovered a novel role for Sostdc1 in NK cell development. Flow cytometric analysis of the Ly49 repertoire in immature (CD27+CD11b-; iNK), transitional (CD27+CD11b+, tNK) and most mature (CD27-CD11b+, mNK) Sostdc1-KO NK cells demonstrated expression differences in Ly49G2, I, H, and D receptors. We also observed a progressive increase in tNK cell numbers and frequencies as the KOs aged from 12 weeks to 30 weeks, indicating a slowing or partial block in NK cell maturation with aging. Reciprocal BM chimera experiments showed that Sostdc1 regulates NK cells through cellintrinsic and cell-extrinsic manners. Consistent with this, Sostdc1 is expressed in the bone periosteum and we discovered Sostdc1 expression in CD45+ NK1.1-CD11b+ BM cells and iNK cells. Taken together, these data support a role for Sostdc1 in the regulation of NK cell differentiation and identify potential NK cell niches. Current studies are investigating whether Sostdc1-KO NK cells respond to stimulation and lyse MHC-I deficient target cells.
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Manilay J, Murugesh D, Yee C, Economides A, Loots G. Sclerostin expression in distinct osteolineage cell types differentially regulates hematopoietic stem cell and B lymphocyte development. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.134.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Investigation of the reciprocal effects of hematopoietic cell types and osteolineage cells on each other’s cell fates have clinical applications to improve bone fracture healing, prevent age-related bone loss and immune deficiencies. A significant knowledge gap exists as to the contribution of different osteolineage cells to the differentiation, proliferation, and long term survival of B cells in the BM. In global sclerostin knockout (SostKO) mice, we previously uncovered a cell-extrinsic requirement for sclerostin on B lymphocyte development. It is widely accepted that sclerostin is transcribed primarily in osteocytes (OCYs), but whether is it expressed and/or active in other bone progenitors has been controversial. In order to identify the Sost-expressing osteolineage cell type that is responsible for B cell support, we analyzed hematopoietic differentiation in mice lacking Sost in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [Prx1-Cre], osteoblasts (OBs) [Col1a-Cre] and OCYs [Dmp1-Cre] through the use of conditional Sost-KO (cKO) mice. Loss of Sost expression in MSCs resulted in reduced BM cellularity, whereas this was unaffected by Sost-deficiency in OB and OCYs. Furthermore, MSC-specific depletion of Sost caused an accumulation of early B cell progenitors. In contrast, loss of Sost in OBs and OCYs resulted in a reduction of mature “recirculating” B cells in the BM. Remarkably, the percentage of long-term CD150+ CD48− HSCs was significantly reduced in MSC-cKO mice, but was not affected in OB- and OCY-cKOs. The data described herein suggest that Sost deficiency in MSCs, OBs, and OCYs differentially regulates hematopoietic stem cell retention, survival, maintenance and B cell differentiation in the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristal Yee
- 1Univ. of California, Merced
- 2Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab
| | | | - Gabriela Loots
- 1Univ. of California, Merced
- 2Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab
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Robling AG, Kang KS, Bullock WA, Foster WH, Murugesh D, Loots GG, Genetos DC. Sost, independent of the non-coding enhancer ECR5, is required for bone mechanoadaptation. Bone 2016; 92:180-188. [PMID: 27601226 PMCID: PMC6673653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin (Sost) is a negative regulator of bone formation that acts upon the Wnt signaling pathway. Sost is mechanically regulated at both mRNA and protein level such that loading represses and unloading enhances Sost expression, in osteocytes and in circulation. The non-coding evolutionarily conserved enhancer ECR5 has been previously reported as a transcriptional regulatory element required for modulating Sost expression in osteocytes. Here we explored the mechanisms by which ECR5, or several other putative transcriptional enhancers regulate Sost expression, in response to mechanical stimulation. We found that in vivo ulna loading is equally osteoanabolic in wildtype and Sost-/- mice, although Sost is required for proper distribution of load-induced bone formation to regions of high strain. Using Luciferase reporters carrying the ECR5 non-coding enhancer and heterologous or homologous hSOST promoters, we found that ECR5 is mechanosensitive in vitro and that ECR5-driven Luciferase activity decreases in osteoblasts exposed to oscillatory fluid flow. Yet, ECR5-/- mice showed similar magnitude of load-induced bone formation and similar periosteal distribution of bone formation to high-strain regions compared to wildtype mice. Further, we found that in contrast to Sost-/- mice, which are resistant to disuse-induced bone loss, ECR5-/- mice lose bone upon unloading to a degree similar to wildtype control mice. ECR5 deletion did not abrogate positive effects of unloading on Sost, suggesting that additional transcriptional regulators and regulatory elements contribute to load-induced regulation of Sost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kyung Shin Kang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Whitney A Bullock
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - William H Foster
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Damian C Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Yee CS, Xie L, Hatsell S, Hum N, Murugesh D, Economides AN, Loots GG, Collette NM. Sclerostin antibody treatment improves fracture outcomes in a Type I diabetic mouse model. Bone 2016; 82:122-34. [PMID: 25952969 PMCID: PMC4635060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients have osteopenia and impaired fracture healing due to decreased osteoblast activity. Further, no adequate treatments are currently available that can restore impaired healing in T1DM; hence a significant need exists to investigate new therapeutics for treatment of orthopedic complications. Sclerostin (SOST), a WNT antagonist, negatively regulates bone formation, and SostAb is a potent bone anabolic agent. To determine whether SOST antibody (SostAb) treatment improves fracture healing in streptozotocin (STZ) induced T1DM mice, we administered SostAb twice weekly for up to 21days post-fracture, and examined bone quality and callus outcomes at 21days and 42days post-fracture (11 and 14weeks of age, respectively). Here we show that SostAb treatment improves bone parameters; these improvements persist after cessation of antibody treatment. Markers of osteoblast differentiation such as Runx2, collagen I, osteocalcin, and DMP1 were reduced, while an abundant number of SP7/osterix-positive early osteoblasts were observed on the bone surface of STZ calluses. These results suggest that STZ calluses have poor osteogenesis resulting from failure of osteoblasts to fully differentiate and produce mineralized matrix, which produces a less mineralized callus. SostAb treatment enhanced fracture healing in both normal and STZ groups, and in STZ+SostAb mice, also reversed the lower mineralization seen in STZ calluses. Micro-CT analysis of calluses revealed improved bone parameters with SostAb treatment, and the mineralized bone was comparable to Controls. Additionally, we found sclerostin levels to be elevated in STZ mice and β-catenin activity to be reduced. Consistent with its function as a WNT antagonist, SostAb treatment enhanced β-catenin activity, but also increased the levels of SOST in the callus and in circulation. Our results indicate that SostAb treatment rescues the impaired osteogenesis seen in the STZ induced T1DM fracture model by facilitating osteoblast differentiation and mineralization of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal S Yee
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - LiQin Xie
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Hum
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Nicole M Collette
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
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Toupadakis CA, Wong A, Genetos DC, Chung DJ, Murugesh D, Anderson MJ, Loots GG, Christiansen BA, Kapatkin AS, Yellowley CE. Long-term administration of AMD3100, an antagonist of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling, alters fracture repair. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1853-9. [PMID: 22592891 PMCID: PMC3704138 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing involves rapid stem and progenitor cell migration, homing, and differentiation. SDF-1 (CXCL12) is considered a master regulator of CXCR4-positive stem and progenitor cell trafficking to sites of ischemic (hypoxic) injury and regulates their subsequent differentiation into mature reparative cells. In this study, we investigated the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in fracture healing where vascular disruption results in hypoxia and SDF-1 expression. Mice were injected with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, or vehicle twice daily until euthanasia with the intent to impair stem cell homing to the fracture site and/or their differentiation. Fracture healing was evaluated using micro-computed tomography, histology, quantitative PCR, and mechanical testing. AMD3100 administration resulted in a significantly reduced hyaline cartilage volume (day 14), callus volume (day 42) and mineralized bone volume (day 42) and reduced expression of genes associated with endochondral ossification including collagen Type 1 alpha 1, collagen Type 2 alpha 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, Annexin A5, nitric oxide synthase 2, and mechanistic target of rapamycin. Our data suggest that the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling plays a central role in bone healing possibly by regulating the recruitment and/or differentiation of stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisoula A. Toupadakis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Alice Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dai-Jung Chung
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Matthew J. Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, California 94550,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - Blaine A. Christiansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Amy S. Kapatkin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Clare E. Yellowley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Loots GG, Keller H, Leupin O, Murugesh D, Collette NM, Genetos DC. TGF-β regulates sclerostin expression via the ECR5 enhancer. Bone 2012; 50:663-9. [PMID: 22155511 PMCID: PMC3278543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is critical for skeletal development and homeostasis. Sclerostin (Sost) has emerged as a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling and, thereby, bone formation. Thus, strategies to reduce sclerostin expression may be used to treat osteoporosis or non-union fractures. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) elicits various effects upon the skeleton both in vitro and in vivo depending on the duration and timing of administration. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that TGF-β increases osteoprogenitor differentiation but decreases matrix mineralization of committed osteoblasts. Because sclerostin decreases matrix mineralization, this study aimed to examine whether TGF-β achieves such inhibitory effects via transcriptional modulation of Sost. Using the UMR106.01 mature osteoblast cell line, we demonstrated that TGF-βTGF-β(1)-β(2)-β(3) and Activin A increase Sost transcript expression. Pharmacologic inhibition of Alk4/5/7 in vitro and in vivo decreased endogenous Sost expression, and siRNA against Alk4 and Alk5 demonstrated their requirement for endogenous Sost expression. TGF-β(1) targeted the Sost bone enhancer ECR5 and did not affect the transcriptional activity of the endogenous Sost promoter. These results indicate that TGF-β(1) controls Sost transcription in mature osteoblasts, suggesting that sclerostin may mediate the inhibitory effect of TGF-β upon osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela G. Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivier Leupin
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
| | - Nicole M. Collette
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
| | - Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Taher L, Collette NM, Murugesh D, Maxwell E, Ovcharenko I, Loots GG. Global gene expression analysis of murine limb development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28358. [PMID: 22174793 PMCID: PMC3235105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed information about stage-specific changes in gene expression is crucial for understanding the gene regulatory networks underlying development and the various signal transduction pathways contributing to morphogenesis. Here we describe the global gene expression dynamics during early murine limb development, when cartilage, tendons, muscle, joints, vasculature and nerves are specified and the musculoskeletal system of limbs is established. We used whole-genome microarrays to identify genes with differential expression at 5 stages of limb development (E9.5 to 13.5), during fore- and hind-limb patterning. We found that the onset of limb formation is characterized by an up-regulation of transcription factors, which is followed by a massive activation of genes during E10.5 and E11.5 which levels off at later time points. Among the 3520 genes identified as significantly up-regulated in the limb, we find ∼30% to be novel, dramatically expanding the repertoire of candidate genes likely to function in the limb. Hierarchical and stage-specific clustering identified expression profiles that are likely to correlate with functional programs during limb development and further characterization of these transcripts will provide new insights into specific tissue patterning processes. Here, we provide for the first time a comprehensive analysis of developmentally regulated genes during murine limb development, and provide some novel insights into the expression dynamics governing limb morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Taher
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Collette
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Evan Maxwell
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivan Ovcharenko
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Collette NM, Yee C, Murugesh D, Harland R, Loots G. Preaxial polydactyly caused by hyperactive WNT signaling in Sclerostin/Sostdc1 double knockouts. Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Collette NM, Genetos D, Murugesh D, Harland RM, Loots GG. Genetic evidence that SOST inhibits WNT signaling in the limb. Dev Biol 2010; 342:169-79. [PMID: 20359476 PMCID: PMC2896299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SOST is a negative regulator of bone formation, and mutations in human SOST are responsible for sclerosteosis. In addition to high bone mass, sclerosteosis patients occasionally display hand defects, suggesting that SOST may function embryonically. Here we report that overexpression of SOST leads to loss of posterior structures of the zeugopod and autopod by perturbing anterior-posterior and proximal-distal signaling centers in the developing limb. Mutant mice that overexpress SOST in combination with Grem1 and Lrp6 mutations display more severe limb defects than single mutants alone, while Sost(-/-) significantly rescues the Lrp6(-/-) skeletal phenotype, signifying that SOST gain-of-function impairs limb patterning by inhibiting the WNT signaling through LRP5/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Collette
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Damian Genetos
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Deepa Murugesh
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Richard M. Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
| | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
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Gong EL, Stoltfus LJ, Brion CM, Murugesh D, Rubin EM. Contrasting in vivo effects of murine and human apolipoprotein A-II. Role of monomer versus dimer. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:5984-7. [PMID: 8626380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.11.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) in high density lipoprotein (HDL) structure and metabolism has been studied previously in transgenic mice overexpressing either human or murine apoA-II. These studies have shown differences between these two groups of transgenic animals in the levels of very low density, low density, and high density lipoproteins, in the HDL particle size distribution, and in the relationship between apoA-II levels and lipoprotein levels. To determine whether these differences are due to the fact that human apoA-II is dimeric and murine apoA-II monomeric, we have examined the effects of monomeric human apoA-II (hA-IImon) in transgenic mice. Site-directed mutagenesis (Cys6 -> Ser) was used to generate 15 transgenic founder lines of hA-IImon mice, that contained plasma hA-IImon concentrations over a 10-fold range (11 mg/dl to 185 mg/dl). The hA-IImon floated in the d < or = 1.21 g/ml fraction and migrated as an apoA-II monomer by nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HDL levels were not correlated with hA-IImon levels (r = -0.26); HDL particle size and size distribution, as well as very low density and low density lipoprotein levels and sizes, were unchanged compared to nontransgenic control mice. These results suggest that differences between mice overexpressing human dimeric apoA-II and those overexpressing murine apoA-II are the result of sequence differences between these two apoA-II molecules and are not solely due to the fact that human apoA-II exists as a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Gong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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Philip R, Clary B, Brunette E, Kilinski L, Murugesh D, Sorich M, Yau J, Lebkowski J, Lyerly HK, Philip M. Gene modification of primary tumor cells for active immunotherapy of human breast and ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2:59-68. [PMID: 9816091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that cationic liposomes facilitate adeno-associated virus (AAV) plasmid transfections of primary and cultured cell types. To test the clinical feasibility of using genetically modified tumor vaccines for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers, we have constructed an expression plasmid pMP6IL2 and investigated the use of liposome-mediated gene delivery into primary, uncultured human breast and ovarian tumor cells to produce interleukin 2 (IL-2)-secreting tumor cells. We have demonstrated significant levels of IL-2 expression in tumor cell lines and primary breast and ovarian tumor cells using this AAV-based expression plasmid complexed to cationic liposomes. Transfections with the non-AAV plasmid containing the identical expression cassette as the AAV plasmid induced IL-2 expression in the tumor cell line but failed to produce IL-2 in primary tumor cells. Significant levels of IL-2 were induced with the AAV plasmid regardless of liposome compositions used for transfection. The transfected breast cell line and primary tumor cells were able to express the transgene product for up to 28 days after lethal radiation. The transfection efficiency was comparable for both the tumor cell line and primary tumor cells and ranged from 20 to 50% for both cell types as assessed by intracellular IL-2 staining. Although the primary tumor cell preparations consist of mixed population of cells, at least 40% of the tumor cells expressed the transgene as assessed by immunostaining for IL-2. The ability to efficiently express transgenes in freshly isolated, nondividing tumor cells may potentiate active immunotherapy strategies for gene-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Philip
- Applied Immune Sciences, Inc., Santa Clara, California 95054-1114, USA
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Philip R, Brunette E, Clary B, Kilinski L, Murugesh D, Sorich M, Yau J, Lebkowski J, Kim Lyerly H, Philip M. Gene modification of primary tumor cells for active immunotherapy of human breast and ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)99937-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Philip R, Brunette E, Kilinski L, Murugesh D, McNally MA, Ucar K, Rosenblatt J, Okarma TB, Lebkowski JS. Efficient and sustained gene expression in primary T lymphocytes and primary and cultured tumor cells mediated by adeno-associated virus plasmid DNA complexed to cationic liposomes. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:2411-8. [PMID: 8139545 PMCID: PMC358608 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.4.2411-2418.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used cationic liposomes to facilitate adeno-associated virus (AAV) plasmid transfections of primary and cultured cell types. AAV plasmid DNA complexed with liposomes showed levels of expression several fold higher than those of complexes with standard plasmids. In addition, long-term expression (> 30 days) of the gene, unlike the transient expression demonstrated by typical liposome-mediated transfection with standard plasmids, was observed. Southern analysis of chromosomal DNA further substantiated the hypothesis that the long-term expression was due to the presence of the transgene in the AAV plasmid-transfected group and not in the standard plasmid-transfected group. AAV plasmid-liposome complexes induced levels of transgene expression comparable to those obtained by recombinant AAV transduction. Primary breast, ovarian, and lung tumor cells were transfectable with the AAV plasmid DNA-liposome complexes. Transfected primary and cultured tumor cells were able to express transgene product even after lethal irradiation. High-level gene expression was also observed in freshly isolated CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells from normal human peripheral blood. Transfection efficiency ranged from 10 to 50% as assessed by intracellular interleukin-2 levels in interleukin-2-transfected cells. The ability to express transgenes in primary tumor and lymphoid cells may be applied toward tumor vaccine studies and protocols which may eventually permit highly specific modulation of the cellular immune response in cancer and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Philip
- Applied Immune Sciences, Inc., Santa Clara, California 95054
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Bethel CA, Murugesh D, Harrison MR, Mohandas N, Rubin EM. Selective erythroid replacement in murine beta-thalassemia using fetal hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:10120-4. [PMID: 7980734 PMCID: PMC47725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.21.10120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have explored the application of fetal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants for cellular replacement in a murine model of beta-thalassemia. Liver-derived HSCs from nonthalassemic syngeneic murine fetal donors were transplanted into nonirradiated neonatal beta-thalassemic recipients. Significant erythrocyte chimerism (9-27%) was demonstrated in the majority of recipients at 1 month and remained stable or increased (up to 55%) during long-term follow-up in almost all cases. Chimeras had improved phenotypes, as evidenced by decreased reticulocyte counts, increased mean erythrocyte deformability, and decreased iron deposits in comparison to controls. To investigate whether the high degree of peripheral blood chimerism was predominantly a feature of erythroid elements or was a general feature of all hematopoietic elements, chimeras were created using donor HSCs "tagged" with a DNA transgene. Whereas donor hemoglobin comprised > 30% of total hemoglobin, nucleated tagged nonerythroid donor cells comprised < 1% of peripheral blood elements. Explanations for the observed selective increase in erythroid chimerism include longer survival of normal donor red cells compared to that of thalassemic red cells and the effective maturation of the donor erythroid elements in the bone marrow in chimeric animals. The latter explanation bears consideration because it is consistent with the process of ineffective erythropoiesis, well documented to occur in thalassemia, in which the majority of thalassemic erythroid cells are destroyed during erythropoiesis prior to release from the bone marrow. Overall, these data demonstrate the potential for significant erythroid chimerism and suggest that fetal HSC transplantation may play a significant role in future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bethel
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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