Immunogenicity and safety of concomitant administration of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in Chinese adults: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial

The immunogenicity and safety of the concomitant administration of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (Split Virion) (QIIV) in Chinese adults are unclear. In this open-label, randomized controlled trial, participants aged ≥ 18 years were recruited. Eligible healthy adults were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive QIIV at the same time as the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine (simultaneous-group) or 14 days after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine (non-simultaneous-group). The primary outcome was to compare the difference in immunogenicity of QIIV (H1N1, H3N2, Yamagata, and Victoria) between the two groups. A total of 299 participants were enrolled, 149 in the simultaneous-group and 150 in the non-simultaneous-group. There were no significant differences in geometric mean titer (GMT) [H1N1: 386.4 (95%CI: 299.2-499.0) vs. 497.4 (95%CI: 377.5-655.3); H3N2: 66.9 (95%CI: 56.1-79.8) vs. 81.4 (95%CI: 67.9-97.5); Yamagata: 95.6 (95%CI: 79.0-115.8) vs. 74.3 (95%CI: 58.6-94.0); and Victoria: 48.5 (95%CI: 37.6-62.6) vs. 65.8 (95%CI: 49.0-88.4)] and seroconversion rate (H1N1: 87.5% vs. 90.1%; H3N2: 58.1% vs. 62.0%; Yamagata: 75.0% vs. 64.5%; and Victoria: 55.1% vs. 62.8%) of QIIV antibodies between the simultaneous and non-simultaneous groups. For the seroprotection rate of QIIV antibodies, a higher seroprotection rate of Yamagata antibody was observed only in the simultaneous-group than in the non-simultaneous-group [86.0% vs. 76.0%, p = .040]. In addition, no significant difference in adverse events was observed between the two groups (14.2% vs. 23.5%, p = .053). In conclusion, no immune interference or safety concerns were found for concomitant administration of COVID-19 vaccine with QIIV in adults aged ≥ 18 years.

[A cross-sectional study of prevalence of chronic kidney disease and related factors in adults in Anhui province]

Objective: To understand the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and related factors in adults in Anhui province based on the data of Chinese Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance program (2018) in Anhui. Methods: Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to select participants aged ≥18 years. Moreover, questionnaire survey, body measurements and laboratory tests were conducted. The complex weighting method was used to estimate the prevalence of CKD in residents with different characteristics, and complex sampling data logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis to identify related risk factors. Results: A total of 7 181 participants were included. The overall prevalence of CKD was 11.06% in adults in Anhui, and the prevalence was 12.49% in women and 9.59% in men (P<0.05). The moderate, high and very high risk for CKD progression were 8.66%, 2.02% and 0.38%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=1.03, 95%CI: 1.00-1.05), BMI (OR=1.05, 95%CI: 1.01-1.09), being woman (OR=1.38,95%CI: 1.22-1.55), hypertension (OR=2.50, 95%CI: 1.76-3.56), diabetes (OR=2.28, 95%CI: 1.51-3.43), dyslipidemia (OR=1.26, 95%CI: 1.11-1.43) and hyperuricemia (OR=2.16, 95%CI: 1.68-2.78) were risk factors for CKD. Conclusion: The prevalence of CKD in adults in Anhui was relatively high and age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia were found to be associated with the prevalence of CKD. To prevent CKD and its complications, attention should be paid to the management of related risk factors, including overweight and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia.

Rabbit Elastase Aneurysm Model Mimics the Recurrence Rate of Human Intracranial Aneurysms following Platinum Coil Embolization

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Intracranial aneurysms treated with coils have been associated with incomplete occlusion, particularly in large or wide-neck aneurysms. This study aimed to validate the accuracy of the rabbit elastase model in predicting aneurysm recurrence in humans treated with platinum coils.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Elastase-induced saccular aneurysms were induced in rabbits and embolized with conventional platinum coils. The recurrence rates of aneurysms were retrospectively analyzed. Morphologic characteristics of aneurysms, angiographic outcomes, and histologic healing were evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 28 (15.3%) of 183 aneurysms recurred. The aneurysm recurrence rate observed in this study (15.3%) is similar to those reported in multiple analyses of aneurysm recurrence rates in humans (7%-27%). The rate of recurrence was higher in aneurysms treated without balloon assistance (19/66, 28.8%) compared with those treated with balloon assistance (9/117, 7.7%). Aneurysms treated with balloon-assisted coiling had a lower recurrence rate (OR = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05-0.47; P = .001) and higher occlusion rate (OR = 6.88; 95% CI, 2.58-20.37; P < .001) compared with those treated without balloon-assisted coiling. In this rabbit elastase-induced aneurysm model, packing density and aneurysm volume were weak predictors of aneurysm recurrence; however, the packing density was a good predictor of the occlusion rate (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.10; P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS

The rabbit elastase aneurysm model may mimic aneurysm recurrence rates observed in humans after platinum coil embolization. Moreover, balloon assistance and high packing densities were significant predictors of aneurysm recurrence and occlusion.

Postprocedural Thrombosis following Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysm with Flow Diverters or Coiling: A Histologic Study

Endovascular treatment of aneurysms with flow diverters or coiling is sometimes complicated by intraprocedural or postprocedural thrombosis along or within the devices. Thrombus composition and structure associated with such complications may provide insights into mechanisms of thrombus formation and clinical strategies to remove the thrombus. We present a retrospective histopathologic study of 4 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy due to acute occlusion of either implanted flow diverter devices or along coils during the treatment of intracranial aneurysm.

Integrated analysis of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing reveals a frameshift mutation associated with recessive embryonic lethality in Holstein cattle

Embryo loss is an important factor affecting fertility in dairy production. HH2 was identified as a haplotype on chromosome 1 associated with embryonic lethality in Holstein cattle. In the current study, both short- and long-read WGS was performed on four carriers and four non-carriers of HH2 to screen for variants in concordance with HH2 haplotype status. Sequence variation analysis revealed five putative functional variants of protein-coding genes, including a frameshift mutation (g.107172616delT) in intraflagellar transport protein 80 (IFT80) gene. Transcriptome analysis of whole blood indicated that no gene exhibited significantly differential expression or allele-specific expression between carriers and non-carriers in the candidate region. This evidence points to g.107172616delT as the highest priority causative mutation for HH2. Protein prediction reveals that the frameshift mutation results in a premature stop codon to reduce the peptide chain from 760 to 383 amino acids and greatly alters the structure and function of IFT80 protein. Our results demonstrate that the use of a combination of multiple high-throughput sequencing technologies is an efficient strategy to screen for the candidate causative mutations responsible for Mendelian traits, including genetic disorders.

Iatrogenic Foreign Materials Associated with Retrieved Clot Tissue via Mechanical Thrombectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Hydrophilic polymers and polytetrafluoroethylene liners, commonly used in the construction of endovascular devices, occasionally separate from devices with subsequent embolization. We determined the frequency of such materials in thrombus specimens retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy in patients with stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed H&E-stained thrombus sections for presence and types of foreign materials. We identified 4 types of foreign materials-Type I: material was light green with refraction and had a homogeneous texture; type II: material was light gray and/or dark gray, thin, and loose or attenuated in texture; type III: material was light green with refraction, solitary in texture, irregular in shape, and was often associated with round or oval bubblelike particles and/or diffuse black particles; and type IV: material had homogeneous texture and was light pink or red. In addition, polymer materials from different layers of used mechanical thrombectomy catheters were compared with the foreign materials found in thrombus specimens.

RESULTS

A total of 101 thrombi were evaluated. Foreign materials were found in 53 (52.5%) thrombus samples. The most common type was type I (92%), followed by type II (30%). The histopathologic features of the polymer materials from mechanical thrombectomy catheters were similar to the foreign materials found in thrombus specimens. The inner polytetrafluoroethylene liner and coating layer of catheters resembled type I and type II of the foreign materials, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Foreign polymer materials are present in approximately half of retrieved thrombi, most commonly polytetrafluoroethylene from catheter liners and less from hydrophilic coatings.

[Estimation of dietary salt intake in adult residents in Anhui province, 2019]

Objective: Based on the data of the baseline survey of hypertension and sodium intake monitoring in Anhui province in 2019, the salt intake in adult residents was estimated. Methods: Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to select participants aged 18-69 years, questionnaire survey and related measurements were conducted. Salt intake in participants with different characteristics were estimated with complex sample and linearization of Taylor series based on design and the correlation between salt intake and blood pressure, waist circumference and BMI were tested by linear regression. Results: A total of 1 500 participants were included. The overall salt intake was 9.14 g/d, which was 9.84 g/d in men and 8.47 g/d in women (P<0.05). The differences in salt intake across different subgroups were significant (P<0.05). Univariate linear regression analysis showed that salt intake was positively correlated with SBP, DBP, waist circumference and BMI (P<0.05), while multivariate linear regression analysis (adjusted for other factors) only showed a positive correlation between salt intake and BMI (β=0.053,95%CI: 0.028-0.078, P<0.05). Conclusion: The dietary salt intake in adult residents in Anhui was higher than WHO recommendation, suggesting that public health education need to be taken to reduce salt intake.

Novel Human Acute Ischemic Stroke Blood Clot Analogs for In Vitro Thrombectomy Testing

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Previous studies have successfully created blood clot analogs for in vitro endovascular device testing using animal blood of various species. Blood components vary greatly among species; therefore, creating clot analogs from human blood is likely a more accurate representation of thrombi formed in the human vasculature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Following approval from the Mayo Clinic institutional review board, human whole-blood and platelet donations were obtained from the blood transfusion service. Twelve clot analogs were created by combining different ratios of red blood cells + buffy coat, plasma, and platelets. Thrombin and calcium chloride were added to stimulate coagulation. Clot composition was assessed using histologic and immunohistochemical staining. To assess the similarities of mechanical properties to patient clots, 3 types of clot analogs (soft, elastic, and stiff) were selected for in vitro thrombectomy testing.

RESULTS

The range of histopathologic compositions produced is representative of clots removed during thrombectomy procedures. The red blood cell composition ranged from 8.9% to 91.4%, and fibrin composition ranged from 3.1% to 53.4%. Platelets (CD42b) and von Willebrand Factor ranged from 0.5% to 47.1% and 1.0% to 63.4%, respectively. The soft clots had the highest first-pass effect and successful revascularization rates followed by the elastic and stiff clots. Distal embolization events were observed when clot ingestion could not be achieved, requiring device pullback. The incidence rate of distal embolization was the highest for the stiff clots due to the weak clot/device integration.

CONCLUSIONS

Red blood cell-rich, fibrin-rich, and platelet-rich clot analogs that mimic clots retrieved from patients with acute ischemic stroke were created in vitro. Differing retrieval outcomes were confirmed using in vitro thrombectomy testing in a subset of clots.

WEB Device Shape Changes in Elastase-Induced Aneurysms in Rabbits

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

While WEB devices have been shown to be safe and effective for aneurysm treatment, WEB-shape modification compression has been associated with incomplete aneurysm occlusion. We explored the relationship between occlusion rates and WEB-shape modification in different WEB device types in an experimental aneurysm model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Elastase-induced aneurysms were created in rabbits and treated with dual-layer (n = 12), single-layer (n = 12), or single-layer sphere (n = 12) WEB devices. Aneurysms were followed up either at 3 or 12 months. Angiographic occlusion was graded using the WEB Occlusion Scale: grade I, complete; grade II, complete but recess filling; grade III, residual neck; or grade IV, residual aneurysm. WEB-shape modification and histologic features were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Grade I or II occlusion was seen in 16 (44%) aneurysms, and grade I, II, or III ("adequate") occlusion was observed in 22 (61.1%) aneurysms at follow-up. WEB-shape modification was observed in 22 (61.1%) aneurysms. WEB-shape modification was higher in single-layer (9/12) and dual-layer (10/12) devices compared with single-layer sphere devices (3/12). Aneurysms with WEB-shape modification had a higher level of thrombus organization in the dome compared with those without WEB-shape modification (68% [15/22] versus 50% [7/14]). WEB-shape modification was not correlated with angiographic or histologic outcomes but was significantly correlated with levels of fibrosis and smooth muscle cells in the aneurysm.

CONCLUSIONS

WEB-shape modification is not associated with incomplete aneurysm occlusion of WEB devices in the rabbit model but may be related to connective tissue formation and the healing response to WEB device implantation.

Adaptive Remodeling in the Elastase-induced Rabbit Aneurysms

BACKGROUND

Rupture of brain aneurysms is associated with high fatality and morbidity rates. Through remodeling of the collagen matrix, many aneurysms can remain unruptured for decades, despite an enlarging and evolving geometry.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to explore this adaptive remodeling for the first time in an elastase induced aneurysm model in rabbits.

METHODS

Saccular aneurysms were created in 22 New Zealand white rabbits and remodeling was assessed in tissue harvested 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after creation.

RESULTS

The intramural principal stress ratio doubled after aneurysm creation due to increased longitudinal loads, triggering a remodeling response. A distinct wall layer with multi-directional collagen fibers developed between the media and adventitia as early as 2 weeks, and in all cases by 4 weeks with an average thickness of 50.6 ± 14.3 μm. Collagen fibers in this layer were multi-directional (AI = 0.56 ± 0.15) with low tortuosity (1.08 ± 0.02) compared with adjacent circumferentially aligned medial fibers (AI = 0.78 ± 0.12) and highly tortuous adventitial fibers (1.22 ± 0.03). A second phase of remodeling replaced circumferentially aligned fibers in the inner media with longitudinal fibers. A structurally motivated constitutive model with both remodeling modes was introduced along with methodology for determining material parameters from mechanical testing and multiphoton imaging.

CONCLUSIONS

A new mechanism was identified by which aneurysm walls can rapidly adapt to changes in load, ensuring the structural integrity of the aneurysm until a slower process of medial reorganization occurs. The rabbit model can be used to evaluate therapies to increase aneurysm wall stability.

LncRNA BLACAT1 regulates the viability, migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting miR-142-5p

OBJECTIVE

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common head and neck tumors with high incidence and mortality. Long noncoding RNA bladder cancer-associated transcript 1 (lncRNA BLACAT1) was involved in several cancers development. However, the roles of BLACAT1 in OSCC have not been investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The expressions of BLACAT1 and miR-142-5p in OSCC cells were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated by transwell migration assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. The protein levels of CyclinD1, p21, p27, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 were detected by Western blot analysis. The interaction of BLACAT1 and miR-142-5p was verified by luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

The expression of BLACAT1 was increased and the expression of miR-142-5p was decreased in OSCC cells. The knockdown of BLACAT1 suppressed the viability, migration and invasion of OSCC cells. miR-142-5p was identified as a target of BLACAT1 and BLACAT1 overexpression suppressed miR-142-5p expression. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-142-5p showed similar effects on OSCC cells viability, migration and invasion with BLACAT1 knockdown, and inhibition of miR-142-5p restored the effects of BLACAT1 knockdown OSCC cells viability, migration and invasion.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA BLACAT1 knockdown suppressed the viability, migration and invasion of OSCC cells by sponging miR-142-5p, indicating that BLACAT1 might be a novel target for the treatment of OSCC.

[Analysis on the relationship between smoking status and the onset age of onset and the direct medical expenditure expenses of gastric cancer patients]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between smoking status and the onset age of stomach cancer patients and estimate the patients' direct medical cost burden of stomach cancer due to smoking in Anhui province. Methods: The information about the primary stomach cancer patients and their direct treatment expenditures in 10 cancer-registered areas in Anhui were collected in 2017. The association between smoking status and the age of onset of stomach cancer patients was analyzed by univariate regression and multivariate logistic regression models. The median and smoking-attributed risk method was used to describe the direct treatment expenditure of stomach cancer patients in Anhui due to smoking. Results: A total of 736 patients with stomach cancer were analyzed in this study. Univariate regression analysis showed that rural household registration (t=2.091, P=0.037), smoking (t=-2.357, P=0.001 9) and alcohol consumption (t=-2.036, P=0.042) were related to the age of onset of stomach cancer. After adjusting for gender, alcohol consumption, body mass index and household registration type, the risk of early stomach cancer in people who quitted smoking cessation was lower than that in smokers (OR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.17-0.75). The total direct medical cost burden of 736 newly diagnosed stomach cancer patients was 6.939 6 million RMB. The direct medical expenditure in stomach cancer patients who had smoking behavior was higher than that in stomach cancer patients who quitted smoking and never smoked. Conclusions: Smoking is one of the risk factors for the earlier onset of stomach cancer in Anhui. It is necessary to strengthen tobacco control to reduce the economic burden of patients with stomach cancer.

[A cross-sectional study on the prevalence and related factors of dyslipidemia among adults in Anhui province, in 2015]

Objective: Based on the data of chronic diseases and nutrition surveillance among Chinese adults in 2015, dyslipidemia and related factors were analyzed. Methods: Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to select participants who were aged 18 and over, with questionnaire survey and related measurements conducted. Prevalence rates of dyslipidemia among participants by different characteristics and influencing factors were analyzed, using the method of complex weighting and post-weighted stratification. Results: In all, 7 404 participants were included. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 30.5% among the adults. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia were 36.5% in males and 24.4% in females (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C were 3.7%, 12.2%, 5.3%, and 19.4%, respectively. Results from the multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that age (OR=1.009, 95%CI: 1.000-1.018), female (OR=0.501, 95%CI: 0.397-0.632), College degree or above (OR=1.728, 95%CI: 1.257-2.374), alcohol consumption 3 (OR=0.711, 95%CI: 0.536-0.943), central obesity (OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.547-2.257), BMI (OR=1.141, 95%CI: 1.098-1.186), hypertension (OR=1.259, 95%CI: 1.077-1.473) and diabetes (OR=2.025, 95%CI: 1.446-2.835) were influencing factors on dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia seemed high among adults in Anhui. Risk factors should be closely monitored and under control, including those people with unhealthy lifestyles or being overweight, obesity, hypertensive and diabetic.

[Prevalence and risk factors of ischemic stroke in rural areas of Liaoning province]

Objective: To explore the prevalence and risk factors of ischemic stroke in rural areas of Liaoning province. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey. From September 2017 to May 2018, a total of 10 926 rural residents aged ≥40 years were investigated in Chaoyang county, Lingyuan, Liaoyang county and Donggang city of Liaoning province. The investigation included questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory examination.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk factors of ischemic stroke. Results: The prevalence of ischemic stroke in the rural areas of Liaoning province was 5.51% (602/10 926), and the standardized prevalence rate was 4.04%. The standardized prevalence rate of male (5.05%) is higher than that of female (3.44%). The prevalence of ischemic stroke increased with age in both males (P<0.01) and females (P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age increase(compared with 40-49 years old group, 50-59 years old, OR=2.08, 95%CI 1.31-3.30, P=0.02; 60-69 years old, OR=3.90, 95%CI 2.51-6.05, P<0.01; 70-79 years old, OR=5.32, 95%CI 3.37-8.34, P<0.01; ≥80 years old, OR=3.64, 95%CI 2.00-6.62, P<0.01), male(OR=2.35, 95%CI 1.95-2.84, P<0.01),family history of stroke(OR=2.18, 95%CI 1.83-2.60, P<0.01),coronary heart disease (OR=2.01, 95%CI 1.52-2.66, P<0.01), hypertension (OR=2.82, 95%CI 2.21-3.60, P<0.01), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.36, 95%CI 1.11-1.67, P=0.03) and overweight/obese (OR=1.22, 95%CI 1.02-1.47, P=0.03) were the major risk factors of ischemic stroke. Conclusions: The prevalence of ischemic stroke in rural areas of Liaoning province is high. Age, male, family history of stroke, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity are the risk factors of ischemic stroke in rural areas of Liaoning province.

NanoARG: a web service for detecting and contextualizing antimicrobial resistance genes from nanopore-derived metagenomes

BACKGROUND

Direct and indirect selection pressures imposed by antibiotics and co-selective agents and horizontal gene transfer are fundamental drivers of the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, effective environmental monitoring tools should ideally capture not only antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but also mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and indicators of co-selective forces, such as metal resistance genes (MRGs). A major challenge towards characterizing the potential human health risk of antibiotic resistance is the ability to identify ARG-carrying microorganisms, of which human pathogens are arguably of greatest risk. Historically, short reads produced by next-generation sequencing technologies have hampered confidence in assemblies for achieving these purposes.

RESULTS

Here, we introduce NanoARG, an online computational resource that takes advantage of the long reads produced by nanopore sequencing technology. Specifically, long nanopore reads enable identification of ARGs in the context of relevant neighboring genes, thus providing valuable insight into mobility, co-selection, and pathogenicity. NanoARG was applied to study a variety of nanopore sequencing data to demonstrate its functionality. NanoARG was further validated through characterizing its ability to correctly identify ARGs in sequences of varying lengths and a range of sequencing error rates.

CONCLUSIONS

NanoARG allows users to upload sequence data online and provides various means to analyze and visualize the data, including quantitative and simultaneous profiling of ARGs, MRGs, MGEs, and putative pathogens. A user-friendly interface allows users the analysis of long DNA sequences (including assembled contigs), facilitating data processing, analysis, and visualization. NanoARG is publicly available and freely accessible at https://bench.cs.vt.edu/nanoarg .

Abstract OT1-01-04: Phase 1 study of D-0502, an orally bioavailable SERD with optimized pharmacological and PK/PD property for ER-positive breast cancer

Background: Endocrine therapy such as selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) fulvestrant has been used effectively to extend the life of HR+ (ER+ and PR+) and HER2- breast cancer patient, either alone or in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib or abemaciclib. D-0502 is an orally bioavailable SERD with potent activity in various HR+ and HER2- breast cancer cell lines and xenograft models. Its combination with palbociclib in both MCF-7 xenograft model and ESR-1 mutated (Y537S) patient derived breast cancer xenograft models resulted in further tumor growth inhibition or regression. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that D-0502 exhibits favorable PK profiles suitable for clinical development.

Trial Design: D-0502 is currently being evaluated in a phase 1 trial of women with advanced or metastatic HR+, HER2- breast cancer (MBC) (NCT03471663). This is a multicenter, open-label phase I study of D-0502 single agent and D-0502 in combination with standard dose of palbociclib. The primary objective is to characterize the safety and tolerability of D-0502 and D-0502 in combination with palbociclib, to identify an MTD and/or RP2D. The secondary objective is to evaluate the PK properties and the preliminary anti-tumor activities. Patients will receive D-0502 orally every day and treatment will be administered as 28-day cycles. The study has two parts: Dose Escalation (phase 1a) and Dose Expansion and Combination (phase 1b). In phase Ia, patients will be enrolled using a conventional dose-escalation algorithm (3+3 subjects per dose level) with 4 sequential dose cohorts to identify the MTD and RDE (recommended dose for expansion) in phase 1b) which will be at or below MTD. In phase 1b, there will be 2 cohorts, one is D-0502 single agent administered at RDE and the other is D-0502 in combination with standard dose of palbociclib, each with approximately 12 patients.

Key Eligibility Criteria: Eligible patients included women with confirmed HR+, HER2- MBC who have previously received no more than 2 prior chemotherapies for MBC; ECOG 0-1; evaluable (phase 1a) or measurable (phase 1b) disease (RECIST v1.1); premenopausal or postmenopausal status; adequate hematologic, hepatic and renal functions.

Current Status and Contact Information: At the time of abstract submission, the first cohort of 50 mg patients have started the study treatment. For inquiry of the study, please contact ling.zhang@inventisbio.com.

Citation Format: Zhang L, Dai D, Shi Z, Jiang J, Wang Y. Phase 1 study of D-0502, an orally bioavailable SERD with optimized pharmacological and PK/PD property for ER-positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-01-04.

The effect of interactions between a bacterial strain isolated from drinking water and a pathogen surrogate on biofilms formation diverged under static vs flow conditions

AIMS

Interactions with water bacteria affect the incorporation of pathogens into biofilms and thus pathogen control in drinking water systems. This study was to examine the impact of static vs flow conditions on interactions between a pathogen and a water bacterium on pathogen biofilm formation under laboratory settings.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A pathogen surrogate Escherichia coli and a drinking water isolate Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was selected for this study. Biofilm growth was examined under two distinct conditions, in flow cells with continuous medium supply vs in static microtitre plates with batch culture. E. coli biofilm was greatly stimulated (c. 2-1000 times faster) with the presence of S. maltophilia in flow cells, but surprisingly inhibited (c. 65-95% less biomass) in microtitre plates. These divergent effects were explained through various aspects including surface attachment, cellular growth, extracellular signals and autoaggregation.

CONCLUSIONS

Interactions with the same water bacterium resulted in different effects on E. coli biofilm formation when culture conditions changed from static to flow.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY

This study highlights the complexity of species interactions on biofilm formation and suggests that environmental conditions such as the flow regime can be taken into consideration for the management of microbial contamination in drinking water systems.

Differential Interstrain Susceptibility to Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia in a Mouse Model

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Vetebrobasilar dolichoectasia is characterized by arterial elongation, dilation, and tortuosity and leads to high risks of ischemic stroke. Our aim was to investigate the differential susceptibility to elastase-induced vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia induction in 2 different mouse strains.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Elastase (25 mU) was injected into the cisterna magna in C57BL/6J (n = 36) and 129/SvEv (SV129) (n = 36) mice. Control animals were injected with heat-inactivated elastase (n = 12 for each strain). At 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after elastase injection, MICROFIL polymer perfusion was performed. The arterial tortuosity index and the percentage increase in diameter were calculated for the basilar artery. Arterial samples were processed for conventional histologic examination, immunostaining, and matrix metalloproteinase expression. A ≥50% increase in diameter and a tortuosity index of ≥10 for the basilar artery were used to indicate success in achieving vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia.

RESULTS

Successful vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia induction was noted in 67% (18 of 27) of the C57BL/6J strain versus 0% (0 of 19) of the SV129 strain (P < .001). Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia was not observed in sham-operated controls. Both the tortuosity index and diameter increase for the basilar artery were greater in the C57BL/6J strain compared with the SV129 strain (56.3% ± 16.4% versus 21.1% ± 21.6% for diameter, P < .001; 17.4 ± 7.6 versus 10.4 ± 3.8 for tortuosity index, P < .001). Expression of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 and pro- and active matrix metalloproteinase-9 was increased in elastase-injected C57BL/6J animals compared with elastase-injected SV129 animals (P = .029, 0.029, and 0.029, respectively). Inflammation scores were significantly higher in C57BL/6J animals versus SV129 animals (P < .001). C57BL/6J subjects demonstrated arterial wall dilation and elongation characterized by internal elastic lamina disruption, muscular layer discontinuity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and high matrix metalloproteinase expression in the media.

CONCLUSIONS

C57BL/6J mice demonstrated greater susceptibility to vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia induction than SV129 mice.

Wall Apposition Is a Key Factor for Aneurysm Occlusion after Flow Diversion: A Histologic Evaluation in 41 Rabbits

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Robust wall apposition for flow-diverter stents may be important for endothelialization. Using a large series of experimental aneurysms treated with the Pipeline Embolization Device, the objectives of this study were to 1) assess interobserver agreement for the evaluation of wall apposition on posttreatment DSA and evaluate its association with aneurysm occlusion, and 2) measure the relationship between wall apposition assessed with histology and aneurysm occlusion rate after treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Saccular aneurysms were created in 41 rabbits and treated with the Pipeline Embolization Device. DSA was performed just after the deployment of the device and at follow-up. Three investigators independently graded wall apposition on posttreatment DSA as good or poor. A histopathologist blinded to the angiographic results graded the wall apposition on histologic samples. We examined the correlation between angiographic occlusion and wall apposition with histology and angiography.

RESULTS

Wall apposition evaluated on histology was strongly associated with saccular aneurysm occlusion. Sensitivity and specificity of wall apposition to predict complete occlusion at follow-up were 76.9% and 84.0%, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 81.6%. In this experimental study, DSA was suboptimal to assess flow-diverter apposition, with moderate interobserver agreement and low accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

Good wall apposition is strongly associated with complete occlusion after flow-diverter therapy. In this study, DSA was suboptimal for assessing wall apposition of flow-diverter stents. These findings suggest that improved tools for assessing flow diverter-stent wall apposition are highly relevant.

Myt3 suppression sensitizes islet cells to high glucose-induced cell death via Bim induction

Diabetes is a chronic disease that results from the body's inability to properly control circulating blood glucose levels. The loss of glucose homoeostasis can arise from a loss of β-cell mass because of immune-cell-mediated attack, as in type 1 diabetes, and/or from dysfunction of individual β-cells (in conjunction with target organ insulin resistance), as in type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the transcriptional pathways regulating islet-cell survival is of great importance for the development of therapeutic strategies that target β-cells for diabetes. To this end, we previously identified the transcription factor Myt3 as a pro-survival factor in islets following acute suppression of Myt3 in vitro. To determine the effects of Myt3 suppression on islet-cell survival in vivo, we used an adenovirus to express an shRNA targeting Myt3 in syngeneic optimal and marginal mass islet transplants, and demonstrate that suppression of Myt3 impairs the function of marginal mass grafts. Analysis of grafts 5 weeks post-transplant revealed that grafts transduced with the shMyt3 adenovirus contained ~20% the number of transduced cells as grafts transduced with a control adenovirus. In fact, increased apoptosis and significant cell loss in the shMyt3-transduced grafts was evident after only 5 days, suggesting that Myt3 suppression sensitizes islet cells to stresses present in the early post-transplant period. Specifically, we find that Myt3 suppression sensitizes islet cells to high glucose-induced cell death via upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member Bim. Taken together these data suggest that Myt3 may be an important link between glucotoxic and immune signalling pathways.

Preclinical Testing of a Novel Thin Film Nitinol Flow-Diversion Stent in a Rabbit Elastase Aneurysm Model

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Thin film nitinol can be processed to produce a thin microporous sheet with a low percentage of metal coverage (<20%) and high pore attenuation (∼70 pores/mm(2)) for flow diversion. We present in vivo results from the treatment of experimental rabbit aneurysms by using a thin film nitinol-based flow-diversion device.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nineteen aneurysms in the rabbit elastase aneurysm model were treated with a single thin film nitinol flow diverter. Devices were also placed over 17 lumbar arteries to model perianeurysmal branch arteries of the intracranial circulation. Angiography was performed at 2 weeks (n = 7), 1 month (n = 8), and 3 months (n = 4) immediately before sacrifice. Aneurysm occlusion was graded on a 3-point scale (grade I, complete occlusion; grade II, near-complete occlusion; grade III, incomplete occlusion). Toluidine blue staining was used for histologic evaluation. En face CD31 immunofluorescent staining was performed to quantify neck endothelialization.

RESULTS

Markedly reduced intra-aneurysmal flow was observed on angiography immediately after device placement in all aneurysms. Grade I or II occlusion was noted in 4 (57%) aneurysms at 2-week, in 6 (75%) aneurysms at 4-week, and in 3 (75%) aneurysms at 12-week follow-up. All 17 lumbar arteries were patent. CD31 staining showed that 75% ± 16% of the aneurysm neck region was endothelialized. Histopathology demonstrated incorporation of the thin film nitinol flow diverter into the vessel wall and no evidence of excessive neointimal hyperplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

In this rabbit model, the thin film nitinol flow diverter achieved high rates of aneurysm occlusion and promoted tissue in-growth and aneurysm neck healing, even early after implantation.

Comparison of predictive scores of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis in a single centre

Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage following thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke causes significant morbidity and mortality. This study assessed which of four risk scores (SEDAN, HAT, GRASPS and SITS) best predicts symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage.

METHODS

Data from 431 patients treated at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (2003-2013) were extracted from a thrombolysis database. Score performance was compared using area under the curve.

RESULTS

Any intracerebral haemorrhage occurred in 12% of patients (53/413); 11% fulfilling the SITS-MOST symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage definition (6/53), 34% the ECASS II definition (18/53), and 43% the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke definition (23/53). Stroke severity, as defined by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, significantly improved after 24 hours in patients without intracerebral haemorrhage, but not in those with. Significant symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage predictors were age, glucose, stroke severity, hyperdense middle cerebral artery on CT scan, ASPECTS score and anti-platelet therapy. The haemorrhage after thrombolysis score performed best at predicting symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (area under the curve 0.67-0.78, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The haemorrhage after thrombolysis score uses the least variables and has the best predictive value for symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage. Using predictive scores for clinical decision making depends on estimation of overall benefits as well as risk.

Evaluation of the Angiographic Grading Scale in Aneurysms Treated with the WEB Device in 80 Rabbits: Correlation with Histologic Evaluation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The WEB Occlusion Score has been proposed to assess angiographic outcomes for intracranial aneurysms treated with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device. Using a large series of experimental aneurysms treated with the WEB, we had the following objectives: 1) to compare angiographic outcomes as measured by the WEB Occlusion Scale with histologic results, and 2) to assess interobserver and intraobserver agreement of the WEB Occlusion Scale.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Intracranial aneurysms were created in 80 rabbits and treated with WEB devices. Animals were sacrificed at last follow-up for histologic evaluation. DSA was performed just after the deployment of the device and at follow-up. Four investigators independently and retrospectively graded the DSA twice according to the WEB Occlusion Scale. One histopathologist blinded to the angiographic results graded the occlusion according to a 4-point scale patterned on the WEB Occlusion Scale. Intra- and interobserver agreement were evaluated for DSA. Follow-up angiographic grading and histologic reference were compared to determine the WEB Occlusion Scale accuracy for complete (with or without recess filling) versus incomplete occlusion and adequate (complete occlusion or neck remnant) versus inadequate occlusion.

RESULTS

Inter- and intraobserver weighted κ for the angiographic WEB Occlusion Scale were, respectively, 0.76 and 0.76, indicating substantial agreement. The sensitivity and specificity of the WEB Occlusion Scale for complete occlusion at follow-up compared with the histologic reference standard were, respectively, 75% and 83.3%, with an overall accuracy of 80%. Similarly, for adequate occlusion at follow-up, sensitivity was 97.7%, specificity was 64.9%, and overall accuracy was 82.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

The WEB Occlusion Scale appears to be consistent, reliable, and accurate compared with a histologic reference standard.

Differential Gene Expression in Coiled versus Flow-Diverter-Treated Aneurysms: RNA Sequencing Analysis in a Rabbit Aneurysm Model

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The biologic mechanisms leading to aneurysm healing or rare complications such as delayed aneurysm ruptures after flow-diverter placement remain poorly understood. We used RNA sequencing following implantation of coils or flow diverters in elastase aneurysms in rabbits to identify genes and pathways of potential interest.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aneurysms were treated with coils (n = 5) or flow diverters (n = 4) or were left untreated for controls (n = 6). Messenger RNA was isolated from the aneurysms at 4 weeks following treatment. RNA samples were processed by using RNA-sequencing technology and were analyzed by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool.

RESULTS

With RNA sequencing for coiled versus untreated aneurysms, 464/9990 genes (4.6%) were differentially expressed (58 down-regulated, 406 up-regulated). When we compared flow-diverter versus untreated aneurysms, 177/10,041 (1.8%) genes were differentially expressed (8 down-regulated, 169 up-regulated). When we compared flow-diverter versus coiled aneurysms, 13/9982 (0.13%) genes were differentially expressed (8 down-regulated, 5 up-regulated). Keratin 8 was overexpressed in flow diverters versus coils. This molecule may potentially play a critical role in delayed ruptures due to plasmin production. We identified overregulation of apelin in flow diverters, supporting the preponderance of endothelialization, whereas we found overexpression of molecules implicated in wound healing (dectin 1 and hedgehog interacting protein) for coiled aneurysms. Furthermore, we identified metallopeptidases 1, 12, and 13 as overexpressed in coiled versus untreated aneurysms.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed different physiopathologic responses after endovascular treatment with various devices. Flow diverters promote endothelialization but express molecules that could potentially explain the rare delayed ruptures. Coils promote wound healing and express genes potentially implicated in the recurrence of coiled aneurysms.

RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Messenger RNA/MicroRNA in a Rabbit Aneurysm Model Identifies Pathways and Genes of Interest

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Rabbit aneurysm models are used for the testing of embolization devices and elucidating the mechanisms of human intracranial aneurysm growth and healing. We used RNA-sequencing technology to identify genes relevant to induced rabbit aneurysm biology and to identify genes and pathways of potential clinical interest. This process included sequencing microRNAs, which are important regulatory noncoding RNAs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Elastase-induced saccular aneurysms were created at the origin of the right common carotid artery in 6 rabbits. Messenger RNA and microRNA were isolated from the aneurysm and from the control left common carotid artery at 12 weeks and processed by using RNA-sequencing technology. The results from RNA sequencing were analyzed by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool.

RESULTS

A total of 9396 genes were analyzed by using RNA sequencing, 648 (6.9%) of which were found to be significantly differentially expressed between the aneurysms and control tissues (P < .05; false-discovery rate, <0.01; fold change, >2 or <.5). Of these genes, 614 were mapped successfully, 143 were down-regulated, and 471 were up-regulated in the aneurysms as compared with controls. Using the same criteria for significance, 3 microRNAs were identified as down-regulated and 5 were identified as up-regulated. Pathway analysis associated these genes with inflammatory response, cellular migration, and coagulation, among other functions and pathologies.

CONCLUSIONS

RNA-sequencing analysis of rabbit aneurysms revealed differential regulation of some key pathways, including inflammation and antigen presentation. ANKRD1 and TACR1 were identified as genes of interest in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases.

Attitudes in the management of patients with dementia: comparison in doctors with and without special training

OBJECTIVE

To explore by postal survey the different attitudes towards management of patients with dementia in physicians with and without dementia training.

METHODS

A questionnaire was sent to 7669 members of the Hong Kong Medical Association, which represents 61% of all locally registered medical practitioners.

RESULTS

In all, 448 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 6%). Among these, there were 34 questionnaires with missing data or the respondents indicated that they were either retired or not in practice. Therefore, only 414 questionnaires were used in analysis. Among these, 82 (20%) had received dementia training, 310 (75%) had not, and 22 (5%) did not indicate their choice. Twelve statements were used to explore various attitudes about dementia care. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there were 2 strong factors: confidence and negative views. The mean scores of these 2 factors were significantly different in physicians with and without dementia training. With respect to management of patients with dementia, dementia-trained physicians had significantly greater confidence (mean [standard deviation (SD)] = 5.21 [1.34]) than those who were non-trained (mean [SD] = 3.57 [1.40]; p < 0.001). Conversely, non-trained physicians had significantly stronger negative views (mean [SD] = 3.89 [1.24]) on dementia care than those who were trained (mean [SD] = 3.12 [1.36]; p < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

These findings suggest that providing a certain level of dementia care training for physicians is an effective way to improve confidence in managing patients with dementia, and thereby decrease possible negative attitudes towards such care.

[Gly14]-Humanin reduces histopathology and improves functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice

Humanin (HN) has been identified as an endogenous peptide that inhibited AD-relevant neuronal cell death. HNG, a variant of HN in which the 14th amino acid serine was replaced with glycine, can reduce infarct volume and improve neurological deficits after ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, we aimed to examine the neuroprotective effect of HNG on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice and explored whether the protective effect was associated with regulating apoptosis and autophagy. Compared to vehicle-treated groups, mice administered HNG intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) prior to TBI had decreased cells with plasmalemma permeability in the injured cortex and hippocampus (48 h, P<0.01), reduced brain lesion volume (days 14 and 28, P<0.05), improved motor performance (days 1-4, P<0.05) and ameliorated performance in the Morris water maze test (days 11-13, P<0.05) post TBI. Reduced lesion volume (day 14, P<0.05) was also observed even when HNG was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 1h and 2h post TBI, and minor amelioration in motor and Morris water maze test deficits was also observed. Immunoblotting results showed that HNG pretreatment (i.c.v.) reversed TBI-induced cleavage of cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3 and poly ADPribose-polymerase and decline of Bcl-2, suppressed LC3II, Beclin-1 and vacuolar sorting protein 34 activation and maintained p62 levels in the injured cortex and hippocampus post TBI (compared with vehicle). In conclusion, HNG treatment improved morphological and functional outcomes after TBI in mice and the protective effect of HNG against TBI may be associated with down-regulating apoptosis and autophagy.

TRAIL-engineered pancreas-derived mesenchymal stem cells: characterization and cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted great interest in cancer therapy owing to their tumor-oriented homing capacity and the feasibility of autologous transplantation. Currently, pancreatic cancer patients face a very poor prognosis, primarily due to the lack of therapeutic strategies with an effective degree of specificity. Anticancer gene-engineered MSCs specifically target tumor sites and can produce anticancer agents locally and constantly. This study was performed to characterize pancreas-derived MSCs and investigate the effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-engineered MSCs on pancreatic cancer cells under different culture conditions. Pancreas-derived MSCs exhibited positive expression on CD44, CD73, CD95, CD105, negative on CD34 and differentiated into adipogenic and osteogenic cells. TRAIL expression was assessed by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. Different patterns of TRAIL receptor expression were observed on the pancreatic cancer cell lines, including PANC1, HP62, ASPC1, TRM6 and BXPC3. Cell viability was assessed using a real-time monitoring system. Pancreatic cancer cell death was proportionally related to conditioned media from MSC(nsTRAIL) and MSC(stTRAIL). The results suggest that MSCs exhibit intrinsic inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells and that this effect can be potentiated by TRAIL-transfection on death receptor-bearing cell types.

Proteomic analysis of aneurysm healing mechanism after coil embolization: comparison of dense packing with loose packing

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

In clinical practice, durability of occlusion following coil embolization is superior in densely packed, compared with loosely packed, aneurysms. In a rabbit model, we probed, by using proteomics tools, the biologic mechanisms associated with densely packed and completely occluded aneurysms, compared with loosely packed and incompletely occluded aneurysms, to explore the biologic mechanisms of intra-aneurysmal healing following embolization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Elastase-induced, saccular aneurysms were created in 24 rabbits. Aneurysms were allowed to mature, after which aneurysms were either densely (packing attenuation >25%) or loosely (packing attenuation <20%) packed with platinum coils by endovascular means. After 2 weeks (n = 6 for both groups) and 4 weeks (n = 6 for both groups) of implantation, aneurysm samples harboring coils were harvested. Soluble proteins were extracted from the necks and domes of aneurysms, and proteins were studied using proteomics and bioinformatics tools.

RESULTS

In dome tissue, 128 proteins at 2 weeks, and 8 proteins at 4 weeks, were differentially expressed in densely packed, compared with loosely packed, aneurysms. In the neck tissue, 2 proteins at 4 weeks were differentially expressed in densely packed aneurysms. Specific pathway analysis revealed that compared with loosely packed aneurysms, densely packed aneurysms were associated with up-regulation of cell-to-cell signaling and cell adhesion at 2 weeks. Conversely, at 4 weeks, densely packed aneurysms showed a decrease in the expression of structural proteins compared with loosely packed aneurysms.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings may focus efforts on specific targets aimed at improving the long-term healing of intracranial, saccular aneurysms.

Patency of branches after coverage with multiple telescoping flow-diverter devices: an in vivo study in rabbits

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The safety of placing multiple overlapped endoluminal flow diverters remains unclear because small eloquent branch arteries theoretically could become occluded by these devices. We placed single and multiple flow diverters over small branch arteries in rabbit aortas to determine the incidence of branch artery occlusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Flow diverters (PED) were placed into 22 female New Zealand white rabbits abdominal aortas to cover ≥1 lumbar artery. Animals were divided into 3 groups (single PED, n = 9; double PED with 2 telescoped/overlapped devices, n = 7; and triple PED, with 3 telescoped/overlapped devices, n = 6) and were followed for 6 or 12 months. DSA was performed at follow-up. Subsequently, the tissue was processed, sectioned, and stained with H&E for histologic evaluation, histomorphometry, and analysis.

RESULTS

All the lumbar arteries covered by devices were clearly patent on angiography. Partial neointima covered the ostia of the branch vessels, but demonstrable patent lumens at the ostia in all cases were present. Neointima hyperplasia was minimal in the single-PED-group animals. The measured neointima was thicker for the double- and triple-PED groups compared with the single-PED group (P < .05). However, in all groups, the mean thickness of the neointima was ≤0.2 mm, and the percentage stenosis of the parent artery was <15% and 18% for 6 and 12 months, respectively. There was no significant inflammatory response in any group.

CONCLUSIONS

Small branch arteries remain patent even when covered by multiple overlapped PED flow-diverter devices.

Creation of bifurcation-type elastase-induced aneurysms in rabbits

SUMMARY

Elastase incubation was performed in the LCCA in 13 New Zealand white rabbits. Three weeks after incubation, DSA demonstrated that 10 (10/13, 77%) bifurcation-type aneurysms at the origin of the LCCA were present; mean aneurysm neck, width, and height values were 3.7 ± 1.1, 3.8 ± 0.9, and 8.7 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. The LCCA can be used to create bifurcation aneurysms in rabbits.