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Costa DVS, Pham N, Loureiro AV, Yang SE, Behm BW, Warren CA. Clostridioides difficile infection promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction in human and mice post-acute phase of the disease. Anaerobe 2024; 87:102837. [PMID: 38527650 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the US, Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the 8th leading cause of hospital readmission and 7th for mortality among all gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Here, we investigated GI dysfunction post-CDI in humans and mice post-acute infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS From March 2020 to July 2021, we reviewed the clinical records of 67 patients referred to the UVA Complicated C. difficile clinic for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) eligibility. C57BL/6 mice were infected with C. difficile and clinical scores were determined daily. Stool samples from mice were collected to measure the shedding of C. difficile and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. On day 21 post-infection, Evans's blue and FITC-70kDa methods were performed to evaluate GI motility in mice. RESULTS Of the 67 patients evaluated at the C. difficile clinic, 40 patients (59.7%) were confirmed to have CDI, and 22 patients (32.8%) with post-CDI IBS (diarrhea-type, constipation-type, and mixed-type). In infected mice, levels of MPO in stools and clinical score were higher on day 3. On day 21, mice recovered from body weight loss induced by CDI, and fecal MPO was undetectable. The total GI transit time (TGITT) and FITC-70kDa levels on the proximal colon were increased in infected mice (p = 0.002), suggesting a constipation phenotype post-acute phase of CDI. A positive correlation intestinal inflammation on day 3 and TGITT on day 21 was observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, post-infection intestinal dysfunction occurs in humans and mice post-CDI. Importantly, we have validated in the mouse model that CDI causes abnormal GI transit in the recovery phase of the disease, indicating the potential utility of the model in exploring the underlying mechanisms of post-infectious IBS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Natalie Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrea V Loureiro
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Suemin E Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian W Behm
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Oriá RB, Costa DVS, de Medeiros PHQS, Roque CR, Dias RP, Warren CA, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL. Myeloperoxidase as a biomarker for intestinal-brain axis dysfunction induced by malnutrition and Cryptosporidium infection in weanling mice. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102776. [PMID: 37150212 PMCID: PMC10212782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a waterborne protozoal infection that may cause life-threatening diarrhea in undernourished children living in unsanitary environments. The aim of this study is to identify new biomarkers that may be related to gut-brain axis dysfunction in children suffering from the malnutrition/infection vicious cycle, necessary for better intervention strategies. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a well-known neutrophil-related tissue factor released during enteropathy that could drive gut-derived brain inflammation. We utilized a model of environmental enteropathy in C57BL/6 weanling mice challenged by Cryptosporidium and undernutrition. Mice were fed a 2%-Protein Diet (dPD) for eight days and orally infected with 107-C. parvum oocysts. C. parvum oocyst shedding was assessed from fecal and ileal-extracted genomic DNA by qRT-PCR. Ileal histopathology scores were assessed for intestinal inflammation. Prefrontal cortex samples were snap-frozen for MPO ELISA assay and NF-kb immunostaining. Blood samples were drawn by cardiac puncture after anesthesia and sera were obtained for serum amyloid A (SAA) and MPO analysis. Brain samples were also obtained for Iba-1 prefrontal cortex immunostaining. C. parvum-infected mice showed sustained stool oocyst shedding for six days post-infection and increased fecal MPO and inflammation scores. dPD and cryptosporidiosis led to impaired growth and weight gain. C. parvum-infected dPD mice showed increased serum MPO and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, markers of systemic inflammation. dPD-infected mice showed greater MPO, NF-kB expression, and Iba-1 immunolabeling in the prefrontal cortex, an important brain region involved in executive function. Our findings suggest MPO as a potential biomarker for intestinal-brain axis dysfunction due to environmental enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Morfologia e Instituto de Biomedicina, Laboratório de Cicatrização de Tecidos, Ontogenia e Nutrição, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health Equality, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health Equality, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Pedro Henrique Q S de Medeiros
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health Equality, Charlottesville, USA; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Instituto de Biomedicina, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cássia R Roque
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Morfologia e Instituto de Biomedicina, Laboratório de Cicatrização de Tecidos, Ontogenia e Nutrição, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo P Dias
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Morfologia e Instituto de Biomedicina, Laboratório de Cicatrização de Tecidos, Ontogenia e Nutrição, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cirle A Warren
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health Equality, Charlottesville, USA
| | - David T Bolick
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health Equality, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health Equality, Charlottesville, USA
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3
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Costa DVS, Shin JH, Goldbeck SM, Bolick DT, Mesquita FS, Loureiro AV, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Brito GAC, Warren CA. Adenosine receptors differentially mediate enteric glial cell death induced by Clostridioides difficile Toxins A and B. Front Immunol 2023; 13:956326. [PMID: 36726986 PMCID: PMC9885079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased risk of intestinal dysfunction has been reported in patients after Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Enteric glial cells (EGCs), a component of the enteric nervous system (ENS), contribute to gut homeostasis. Previous studies showed that adenosine receptors, A2A and A2B, modulate inflammation during CDI. However, it is unknown how these receptors can modulate the EGC response to the C. difficile toxins (TcdA and TcdB). We investigated the effects of these toxins on the expression of adenosine receptors in EGCs and the role of these receptors on toxin-induced EGC death. Rat EGCs line were incubated with TcdA or TcdB alone or in combination with adenosine analogues 1h prior to toxins challenge. After incubation, EGCs were collected to evaluate gene expression (adenosine receptors and proinflammatory markers) and cell death. In vivo, WT, A2A, and A2B KO mice were infected with C. difficile, euthanized on day 3 post-infection, and cecum tissue was processed. TcdA and TcdB increased A2A and A3 transcripts, as well as decreased A2B. A2A agonist, but not A2A antagonist, decreased apoptosis induced by TcdA and TcdB in EGCs. A2B blocker, but not A2B agonist, diminished apoptosis in EGCs challenged with both toxins. A3 agonist, but not A3 blocker, reduced apoptosis in EGCs challenged with TcdA and TcdB. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) and CREB, both involved in the main signaling pathway driven by activation of adenosine receptors, decreased EGC apoptosis induced by both toxins. A2A agonist and A2B antagonist decreased S100B upregulation induced by C. difficile toxins in EGCs. In vivo, infected A2B KO mice, but not A2A, exhibited a decrease in cell death, including EGCs and enteric neuron loss, compared to infected WT mice, reduced intestinal damage and decreased IL-6 and S100B levels in cecum. Our findings indicate that upregulation of A2A and A3 and downregulation of A2B in EGCs and downregulation of A2B in intestinal tissues elicit a protective response against C. difficile toxins. Adenosine receptors appear to play a regulatory role in EGCs death and proinflammatory response induced by TcdA and TcdB, and thus may be potential targets of intervention to prevent post-CDI intestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jae H Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sophia M Goldbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Flavio S Mesquita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea V Loureiro
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mônica J Rodrigues-Jesus
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Santos AAQA, Costa DVS, Foschetti DA, Duarte ASG, Martins CS, Soares PMG, Castelucci P, Brito GAC. P2X7 receptor blockade decreases inflammation, apoptosis, and enteric neuron loss during Clostridioides difficile toxin A-induced ileitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4075-4088. [PMID: 36157120 PMCID: PMC9403433 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i30.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the most common pathogen causing health care-associated infections. C. difficile TcdA and TcdB have been shown to activate enteric neurons; however, what population of these cells is more profoundly influenced and the mechanism underlying these effects remain unknown.
AIM To characterize a specific population of TcdA-affected myenteric neurons and investigate the role of the P2X7 receptor in TcdA-induced ileal inflammation, cell death, and the changes in the enteric nervous system in mice.
METHODS Swiss mice were used to model TcdA-induced ileitis in ileal loops exposed to TcdA (50 μg/Loop) for 4 h. To investigate the role of the P2X7 receptor, Brilliant Blue G (50 mg/kg, i.p.), which is a nonspecific P2X7 receptor antagonist, or A438079 (0.7 μg/mouse, i.p.), which is a competitive P2X7 receptor antagonist, were injected one hour prior to TcdA challenge. Ileal samples were collected to analyze the expression of the P2X7 receptor (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry), the population of myenteric enteric neurons (immunofluorescence), histological damage, intestinal inflammation, cell death (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling), neuronal loss, and S100B synthesis (immunohistochemistry).
RESULTS TcdA upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of the P2X7 receptor gene in the ileal tissues, increasing the level of this receptor in myenteric neurons compared to that in control mice. Comparison with the control mice indicated that TcdA promoted (P < 0.05) the loss of myenteric calretinin+ (Calr) and choline acetyltransferase+ neurons and increased the number of nitrergic+ and Calr+ neurons expressing the P2X7 receptor. Blockade of the P2X7 receptor decreased TcdA-induced intestinal damage, cytokine release [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α], cell death, enteric neuron loss, and S100B synthesis in the mouse ileum.
CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that TcdA induced the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor, which promoted enteric neuron loss, S100B synthesis, tissue damage, inflammation, and cell death in the mouse ileum. These findings contribute to the future directions in understanding the mechanism involved in intestinal dysfunction reported in patients after C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Q A Santos
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Danielle A Foschetti
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Antoniella S G Duarte
- Department of Morphology (UFC), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Pedro M G Soares
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-170, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Patricia Castelucci
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60140-170, Ceara, Brazil
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5
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Loureiro AV, Barbosa MLL, Morais MLGS, Souza IP, Terceiro LS, Martins CS, Sousa APR, Leitão RFC, Shin JH, Warren CA, Costa DVS, Brito GAC. Host and Clostridioides difficile-Response Modulated by Micronutrients and Glutamine: An Overview. Front Nutr 2022; 9:849301. [PMID: 35795588 PMCID: PMC9251358 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.849301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in intestinal microbiota are integral to development of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)—associated nosocomial diarrhea. Certain diets, especially Western diets, increase susceptibility to C. difficile infection (CDI). Here, we discuss recent findings regarding how nutrients modulate response of the host and C. difficile during infection. Calcium has a role in the sporulation and germination process. Selenium is effective in reducing the total amount of C. difficile toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) and in decreasing its cytotoxicity. In addition, selenium phosphate synthetase deficiency reduces C. difficile growth and spore production. On the other hand, iron has a dual role in C. difficile growth. For instance, high intracellular levels can generate reactive hydroxyl radicals, whereas low levels can reduce its growth. In humans, zinc deficiency appears to be related to the recurrence of CDI, in contrast, in the CDI model in mice a diet rich in zinc increased the toxin's activity. Low vitamin D levels contribute to C. difficile colonization, toxin production, and inflammation. Furthermore, glutamine appears to protect intestinal epithelial cells from the deleterious effects of TcdA and TcdB. In conclusion, nutrients play an important role in modulating host and pathogen response. However, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms and address some controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa V. Loureiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria L. L. Barbosa
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Maria L. G. S. Morais
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ismael P. Souza
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Letícia S. Terceiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Conceição S. Martins
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Arkila P. R. Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Renata F. C. Leitão
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jae H. Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Cirle A. Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Deiziane V. S. Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Gerly A. C. Brito
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gerly A. C. Brito
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Costa DVS, Moura-Neto V, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL, Fawad JA, Shin JH, Medeiros PHQS, Ledwaba SE, Kolling GL, Martins CS, Venkataraman V, Warren CA, Brito GAC. S100B Inhibition Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Diarrhea Severity During Clostridioides difficile Infection by Modulating Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:739874. [PMID: 34568098 PMCID: PMC8461106 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.739874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the enteric nervous system, which is a source of S100B, in Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is poorly understood although intestinal motility dysfunctions are known to occur following infection. Here, we investigated the role of S100B in CDI and examined the S100B signaling pathways activated in C. difficile toxin A (TcdA)- and B (TcdB)-induced enteric glial cell (EGC) inflammatory response. The expression of S100B was measured in colon tissues and fecal samples of patients with and without CDI, as well as in colon tissues from C. difficile-infected mice. To investigate the role of S100B signaling in IL-6 expression induced by TcdA and TcdB, rat EGCs were used. Increased S100B was found in colonic biopsies from patients with CDI and colon tissues from C. difficile-infected mice. Patients with CDI-promoted diarrhea exhibited higher levels of fecal S100B compared to non-CDI cases. Inhibition of S100B by pentamidine reduced the synthesis of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, GMCSF, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-2 and downregulated a variety of NFκB-related genes, increased the transcription (SOCS2 and Bcl-2) of protective mediators, reduced neutrophil recruitment, and ameliorated intestinal damage and diarrhea severity in mice. In EGCs, TcdA and TcdB upregulated S100B-mediated IL-6 expression via activation of RAGE/PI3K/NFκB. Thus, CDI appears to upregulate colonic S100B signaling in EGCs, which in turn augment inflammatory response. Inhibition of S100B activity attenuates the intestinal injury and diarrhea caused by C. difficile toxins. Our findings provide new insight into the role of S100B in CDI pathogenesis and opens novel avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jibraan A Fawad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jae H Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Pedro H Q S Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Solanka E Ledwaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Venkat Venkataraman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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7
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Ledwaba SE, Costa DVS, Bolick DT, Giallourou N, Medeiros PHQS, Swann JR, Traore AN, Potgieter N, Nataro JP, Guerrant RL. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection Induces Diarrhea, Intestinal Damage, Metabolic Alterations, and Increased Intestinal Permeability in a Murine Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595266. [PMID: 33392105 PMCID: PMC7773950 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are recognized as one of the leading bacterial causes of infantile diarrhea worldwide. Weaned C57BL/6 mice pretreated with antibiotics were challenged orally with wild-type EPEC or escN mutant (lacking type 3 secretion system) to determine colonization, inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes during infection. Antibiotic disruption of intestinal microbiota enabled efficient colonization by wild-type EPEC resulting in growth impairment and diarrhea. Increase in inflammatory biomarkers, chemokines, cellular recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokines were observed in intestinal tissues. Metabolomic changes were also observed in EPEC infected mice with changes in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, increased creatine excretion and shifts in gut microbial metabolite levels. In addition, by 7 days after infection, although weights were recovering, EPEC-infected mice had increased intestinal permeability and decreased colonic claudin-1 levels. The escN mutant colonized the mice with no weight loss or increased inflammatory biomarkers, showing the importance of the T3SS in EPEC virulence in this model. In conclusion, a murine infection model treated with antibiotics has been developed to mimic clinical outcomes seen in children with EPEC infection and to examine potential roles of selected virulence traits. This model can help in further understanding mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of EPEC infections and potential outcomes and thus assist in the development of potential preventive or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solanka E. Ledwaba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Deiziane V. S. Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - David T. Bolick
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Natasa Giallourou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, England
| | | | - Jonathan R. Swann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, England
| | - Afsatou N. Traore
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - James P. Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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8
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Martins CS, Costa DVS, Lima BB, Leitäo RFC, Freire GE, Silva GFM, Pacífico DM, Abreu JG, Brito GAC. Clostridioides difficile Toxin A-Induced Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Inhibition Is Mediated by Rac1 Glucosylation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1998. [PMID: 32983019 PMCID: PMC7483921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) has been shown to inhibit cellular Wnt signaling, the major driving force behind the proliferation of epithelial cells in colonic crypts, likely through the inhibition of β-catenin nuclear translocation. Herein, we aimed to advance the understanding of this mechanism by replicating the findings in vivo and by investigating the specific role of Rac1, a member of the Rho GTPase family, on the inhibition of the Wnt-induced β-catenin nuclear translocation triggered by TcdA. To investigate the effects of TcdA on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vivo, we injected the ileal loops of C57BL/6 mice with TcdA [phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the control] to induce C. difficile disease-like ileitis. After 4 h post-injection, we obtained ileum tissue samples to assess Wnt signaling activation and cell proliferation through Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qPCR. To assess the role of Rac1 on Wnt signaling inhibition by TcdA, we transfected rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) with either a constitutively active Rac1 plasmid (pcDNA3-EGFP-Rac1-Q61L) or an empty vector, which served as the control. We incubated these cells with Wnt3a-conditioned medium (Wnt3a-CM) to induce Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, and then challenged the cells with TcdA. We assessed Wnt signaling activation in vitro with TOP/FOPflash luciferase assays, determined nuclear β-catenin translocation by immunofluorescence, measured cyclin D1 protein expression by Western blotting, and quantified cell proliferation by Ki67 immunostaining. In vivo, TcdA decreased β-catenin, cyclin D1, and cMYC expression and inhibited the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus in the ileum epithelial cells. In addition, TcdA suppressed cell proliferation and increased Wnt3a expression, but did not alter Rac1 gene expression in the ileum tissue. In vitro, constitutively active Rac1 prevented Wnt signaling inhibition by enabling the β-catenin nuclear translocation that had been blocked by TcdA. Our results show that TcdA inhibits Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vivo and demonstrate that this inhibition is likely caused by a Rac1-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceição S Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Lima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Renata F C Leitäo
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gildênio E Freire
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F M Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Dvison M Pacífico
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José G Abreu
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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9
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Ramos MV, Freitas APF, Leitão RFC, Costa DVS, Cerqueira GS, Martins DS, Martins CS, Alencar NMN, Freitas LBN, Brito GAC. Anti-inflammatory latex proteins of the medicinal plant Calotropis procera: a promising alternative for oral mucositis treatment. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:951-966. [PMID: 32488316 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Oral mucositis (OM) is an intense inflammatory reaction progressing to tissue damage and ulceration. The medicinal uses of Calotropis procera are supported by anti-inflammatory capacity. PII-IAA, a highly homogenous cocktail of laticifer proteins (LP) prepared from the latex of C. procera, with recognized pharmacological properties was tested to treat OM. MATERIALS AND SUBJECTS Male Golden Sirius hamsters were used in all treatments. TREATMENT The latex protein samples were injected i.p. (5 mg/Kg) 24 h before mucositis induction (mechanical trauma) and 24 h later. METHODS Histology, cytokine measurements [ELISA], and macroscopic evaluation [scores] were performed. RESULTS PII-IAA eliminated OM, accompanied by total disappearance of myeloperoxidase activity and release of IL-1b, as well as reduced TNF-a. Oxidative stress was relieved by PII-IAA treatment, as revealed by MDA and GSH measurements. PII-IAA also reduced the expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and Iba-1, two important markers of inflammation, indicating modulatory effects. Histological analyses of the cheek epithelium revealed greater deposition of type I collagen fibers in animals given PII-IAA compared with the control group. This performance was only reached when LPPII was treated with iodoacetamide (IAA), an irreversible inhibitor of proteolytic activity of cysteine proteases. The endogenous proteolytic activity of LPPII induced adverse effects in animals. Candidate proteins involved in the phytomodulatory activity are proposed. CONCLUSIONS Therapy was successful in treating OM with the laticifer protein fraction, containing peptidases and osmotin, from Calotropis procera. The effective candidate from the latex proteins for therapeutic use is PII-IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio V Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula F Freitas
- Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Redenção, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F C Leitão
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gilberto S Cerqueira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dainesy S Martins
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nylane M N Alencar
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Larissa Barbosa N Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gerly Anne C Brito
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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10
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Medeiros PHQS, Bolick DT, Ledwaba SE, Kolling GL, Costa DVS, Oriá RB, Lima AÂM, Barry EM, Guerrant RL. A bivalent vaccine confers immunogenicity and protection against Shigella flexneri and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:30. [PMID: 32257392 PMCID: PMC7101394 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine studies for Shigella flexneri and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli have been impaired by the lack of optimal animal models. We used two murine models to show that a S. flexneri 2a bivalent vaccine (CVD 1208S-122) expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen-I (CFA/I) and the binding subunits A2 and B of heat labile-enterotoxin (LTb) is immunogenic and protects against weight loss and diarrhea. These findings document the immunogenicity and pre-clinical efficacy effects of CVD 1208S-122 vaccine and suggest that further work can help elucidate relevant immune responses and ultimately its clinical efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Q S Medeiros
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.,2Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - David T Bolick
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Solanka E Ledwaba
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.,3Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo province South Africa
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.,2Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA.,2Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Aldo Ângelo M Lima
- 2Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Eileen M Barry
- 4Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- 1Center for Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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11
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Silva RO, Bingana RD, Sales TMAL, Moreira RLR, Costa DVS, Sales KMO, Brito GAC, Santos AA, Souza MÂN, Soares PMG, Sifrim D, Souza MHLP. Role of TRPV1 receptor in inflammation and impairment of esophageal mucosal integrity in a murine model of nonerosive reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13340. [PMID: 29573069 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscopic inflammation and impairment of the esophageal epithelial barrier are considered relevant for perception of symptoms in patients with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). In these patients, the receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is overexpressed in the esophageal mucosa, but its role is not yet fully understood. We evaluated the role of TRPV1 in esophageal inflammation and mucosal barrier impairment in a murine model of NERD. METHODS Nonerosive reflux disease was surgically induced in Swiss mice by pyloric substenosis and ligature of the gastric fundus, and the mice were killed 7 days post surgery. The experimental groups were: I, sham surgery (negative control); II, NERD untreated; III and IV, NERD + SB366791 or capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonists); and V, NERD + resiniferatoxin (for long-term desensitization of TRPV1). The esophagus was collected for western blotting and histopathology and for evaluation of wet weight, myeloperoxidase (MPO), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and basal permeability to fluorescein. KEY RESULTS Compared to sham, NERD mice had increased esophageal wet weight and MPO and KC levels. The mucosa had no ulcers but exhibited inflammation. NERD mice showed mucosal TRPV1 overexpression, a more pronounced decrease in TEER at pH 0.5 (containing pepsin and taurodeoxycholic acid), and increased basal permeability. Pharmacological modulation of TRPV1 prevented esophageal inflammation development, TEER changes by acidic exposure, and increase in esophageal permeability. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The TRPV1 receptor has a critical role in esophageal inflammation and mucosal barrier impairment in NERD mice, suggesting that TRPV1 might be a pharmacological target in patients with NERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R D Bingana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - T M A L Sales
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R L R Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D V S Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - K M O Sales
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - G A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - A A Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - M Â N Souza
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - P M G Soares
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D Sifrim
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M H L P Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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12
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Bomfin LE, Braga CM, Oliveira TA, Martins CS, Foschetti DA, Santos AAQA, Costa DVS, Leitão RFC, Brito GAC. 5-Fluorouracil induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the major salivary glands affecting salivary flow and saliva composition. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 145:34-45. [PMID: 28867645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the histological aspects of the major salivary glands, salivary flow and saliva composition using an established oral mucositis model in hamsters. Oral mucositis was induced by two intraperitoneal administrations of 5-FU in two consecutive days (60 and 40mg/kg), followed by cheek pouch mucosa scratch, on day 4. The Pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow was measured 4 and 10days after the first 5-FU injection. Salivary glands were harvested for histopathological analysis, measurement of inflammatory cells, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), investigation of cell death and cell proliferation. Oxidative stress and oxidative defense system were also investigated in the salivary gland tissues using MDA (malondialdehyde), nitrite, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase). In addition, the CAT and lysozyme activities and the IgA and SOD levels were evaluated in the saliva samples. 5-FU significantly reduced the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate on the 4th experimental day, associated with an increase in the SOD levels in saliva. Recovery of the salivary flow and SOD were observed on day 10, when an increase in the saliva lysozyme levels was detected. In addition, 5-FU promoted vacuolization in parotid (P) and periductal edema in submandibular (SM) gland, combined with an increase in the inflammatory cells influx, mostly observed on the 4th day in SM gland and on 4th and 10th days in P. Oxidative stress was found mostly on day 10 in SM, SL and P glands, associated with release of proinflammatory cytokines, observed in SM and SL glands, but not in P. 5-FU induces an inflammatory response in the major salivary glands, most observed ten days after its first injection, which may contribute to the major salivary glands hypofunction, leading to alterations in the salivary flow rate and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana E Bomfin
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cíntia M Braga
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thais A Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Danielle A Foschetti
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana A Q A Santos
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F C Leitão
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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13
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Nogueira LT, Costa DVS, Gomes AS, Martins CS, Silva AMHP, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Castelucci P, Lima-Júnior RCP, Leitão RFC, Moura-Neto V, Brito GAC. The involvement of mast cells in the irinotecan-induced enteric neurons loss and reactive gliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:79. [PMID: 28388962 PMCID: PMC5384042 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The irinotecan (CPT-11) causes intestinal mucositis and diarrhea that may be related to changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS). In inflammatory condition, mast cells release a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators that can interact with the ENS cells. It has not been explored whether CPT-11 is able to alter the enteric glial and neuronal cell, and the role of mast cells in this effect. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of CPT-11 on the enteric glial and neuronal cells, as well as to study the role of mast cells in the CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis. Methods Intestinal mucositis was induced in Swiss mice by the injection of CPT-11 (60 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 4 days following by euthanasia on the fifth day. To investigate the role of mast cells, the mice were pretreated with compound 48/80 for 4 days (first day, 0.6 mg/kg; second day, 1.0 mg/kg; third day, 1.2 mg/kg; fourth day, 2.4 mg/kg) to induce mast cell degranulation before the CPT-11 treatment. Results Here, we show that CPT-11 increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100β gene and S100β protein expressions and decreased HuC/D protein expression in the small intestine segments. Concomitantly, CPT-11 enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, associated with an increase in the total number macrophages (positive cells for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule, Iba-1) and degranulated mast cells in the small intestine segments and caused significant weight loss. The pretreatment with compound 48/80, an inductor of mast cells degranulation, significantly prevented these CPT-11-induced effects. Conclusions Our data suggests the participation of mast cells on the CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis, macrophages activation, enteric reactive gliosis, and neuron loss. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0854-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila T Nogueira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Antoniella S Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Angeline M H P Silva
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Coelho-Aguiar
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto C P Lima-Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F C Leitão
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil.
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14
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Sampaio IC, Medeiros PHQS, Rodrigues FAP, Cavalcante PA, Ribeiro SA, Oliveira JS, Prata MMG, Costa DVS, Fonseca SGC, Guedes MM, Soares AM, Brito GAC, Havt A, Moore SR, Lima AAM. Impact of acute undernutrition on growth, ileal morphology and nutrient transport in a murine model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5340. [PMID: 27737316 PMCID: PMC5064774 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Undernutrition represents a major public health challenge for middle- and low-income
countries. This study aimed to evaluate whether a multideficient Northeast Brazil
regional basic diet (RBD) induces acute morphological and functional changes in the
ileum of mice. Swiss mice (∼25 g) were allocated into two groups: i) control mice
were fed a standard diet and II) undernourished mice were fed the RBD. After 7 days,
mice were killed and the ileum collected for evaluation of electrophysiological
parameters (Ussing chambers), transcription (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (western
blotting) of intestinal transporters and tight junctions. Body weight gain was
significantly decreased in the undernourished group, which also showed decreased
crypt depth but no alterations in villus height. Electrophysiology measurements
showed a reduced basal short circuit current (Isc) in the undernourished group, with no differences in transepithelial
resistance. Specific substrate-evoked Isc related to affinity and efficacy (glutamine and alanyl-glutamine) were
not different between groups, except for the maximum Isc (efficacy) induced by glucose. Transcription of Sglt1
and Pept1 was significantly higher in the undernourished group,
while SN-2 transcription was decreased. No changes were found in
transcription of CAT-1 and CFTR, while claudin-2 and occludin transcriptions were
significantly increased in the undernourished group. Despite mRNA changes, SGLT-1,
PEPT-1, claudin-2 and occludin protein expression showed no difference between
groups. These results demonstrate early effects of the RBD on mice, which include
reduced body weight and crypt depth in the absence of significant alterations to
villus morphology, intestinal transporters and tight junction expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Sampaio
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P H Q S Medeiros
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F A P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P A Cavalcante
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J S Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M G Prata
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D V S Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S G C Fonseca
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M Guedes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A M Soares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - G A C Brito
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S R Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A A M Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Martins CS, Leitão RFC, Costa DVS, Melo IM, Santos GS, Lima V, Baldim V, Wong DVT, Bonfim LE, Melo CB, de Oliveira MG, Brito GAC. Correction: Topical HPMC/S-Nitrosoglutathione Solution Decreases Inflammation and Bone Resorption in Experimental Periodontal Disease in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156356. [PMID: 27195775 PMCID: PMC4873148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Martins CS, Leitão RFC, Costa DVS, Melo IM, Santos GS, Lima V, Baldim V, Wong DVT, Bonfim LE, Melo CB, G. de Oliveira M, Brito GAC. Topical HPMC/S-Nitrosoglutathione Solution Decreases Inflammation and Bone Resorption in Experimental Periodontal Disease in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153716. [PMID: 27116554 PMCID: PMC4846037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a nitric oxide (NO) donor, which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbicidal actions. Intragingival application of GSNO was already shown to decrease alveolar bone loss, inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental periodontal disease (EPD) model. In the present study, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of topical applications of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)/GSNO solutions on EPD in Wistar rats. EPD was induced by placing a sterilized nylon (3.0) thread ligature around the cervix of the second left upper molar of the animals, which received topical applications of a HPMC solutions containing GSNO 2 or 10 mM or vehicle (HPMC solution), 1 h prior to the placement of the ligature and then twice daily until sacrifice on day 11. Treatment with HPMC/GSNO 10 mM solution significantly reduced alveolar bone loss, oxidative stress and TNF-α e IL-1β levels in the surrounding gingival tissue, and led to a decreased transcription of RANK and TNF-α genes and elevated bone alkaline phosphatase, compared to the HPMC group. In conclusion, topical application of HPMC/GSNO solution is a potential treatment to reduce inflammation and bone loss in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceição S. Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F. C. Leitão
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V. S. Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Iracema M. Melo
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, School of Dentistry. Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Glaylton S. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vilma Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Victor Baldim
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deysi V. T. Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luana E. Bonfim
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cíntia B. Melo
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G. de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MGO); (GACB)
| | - Gerly A. C. Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MGO); (GACB)
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