Reduced Recombination and Improved Performance of CdSe/CdTe Solar Cells due to Cu Migration Induced by Light Soaking

The performance of CdTe solar cells has advanced impressively in recent years with the incorporation of Se. Instabilities associated with light soaking and copper reorganization have been extensively examined for the previous generation of CdS/CdTe solar cells, but instabilities in Cu-doped Se-alloyed CdTe devices remain relatively unexplored. In this work, we fabricated a range of CdSe/CdTe solar cells by sputtering CdSe layers with thicknesses of 100, 120, 150, 180, and 200 nm on transparent oxide-coated glass and then depositing CdTe by close-spaced sublimation. After CdCl₂ annealing, Cu-doping, and back metal deposition, a variety of analyses were performed both before and after light soaking to understand the changes in device performance. The device efficiency was degraded with light soaking in most cases, but devices fabricated with a CdSe layer thickness of 120 nm showed reasonably good efficiency initially (13.5%) and a dramatic improvement with light soaking (16.5%). The efficiency improvement is examined within the context of Cu ion reorganization that is well known for CdS/CdTe devices. Low-temperature photoluminescence data and V_oc versus temperature measurements indicate a reduction in nonradiative recombination due to the passivation of defects and defect complexes in the graded CdSe_xTe_1-x layer.

[Feasibility of radiofrequency ablation for cancer patients with atrial fibrillation]

Objective: To analyze the impact of cancer on the recurrence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) after AF radiofrequency ablation and further evaluate the feasibility of radiofrequency ablation therapy in cancer patients with AF. Methods: This study was a single-center, retrospective study. Cancer patients with AF undergoing radiofrequency ablation for the first time in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from May 30, 2008 to September 30, 2018 were included (cancer group). AF patients without cancer undergoing radiofrequency ablation for the first time during the same period served as non-cancer group. Clinical data including age, gender, past history, cancer and AF-related parameters, etc. were analyzed. Patients were followed up after radiofrequency ablation. The primary endpoints were AF recurrence or all-cause death. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the effect of cancers on the recurrence after AF ablation. The multivariate cox regression analysis was further applied to correct for other confounding factors to analyze whether the impact of cancers on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation was statistically significant. Results: A total of 90 patients were enrolled, there were 30 patients in the cancer group (mean age (64.8±6.6) years, 16 (53.3%) males) and 60 patients in the non-cancer group (mean age (63.6±6.2) years, 32 (53.3%) males). Clinical data, such as age, gender, and cancer treatment, were similar between the two groups. During an average follow-up period of (328.7±110.2) days, there were 6 AF recurrences (recurrence rate 20.0%) in the cancer group, and 17 AF recurrences (recurrence rate 28.3%) in the control group. AF recurrence rate was similar between the two groups (P>0.05). During the follow-up period, there was no all-cause death in the two groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that cancer was not related to AF recurrence after radiofrequency ablation (P = 0.383). After adjusting for other confounding factors, the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that cancer was not an independent predictor of AF recurrence after radiofrequency ablation (HR=0.508, 95%CI: 0.192-1.342, P = 0.172). Conclusions: The combination of cancer has no impact on the recurrence of AF after radiofrequency ablation. For cancer patients with AF, radiofrequency ablation therapy can be considered as a feasible heart rhythm control treatment strategy.

Effects of Cu Precursor on the Performance of Efficient CdTe Solar Cells

Copper (Cu) incorporation is a key process for fabricating efficient CdTe-based thin-film solar cells and has been used in CdTe-based solar cell module manufacturing. Here, we investigate the effects of different Cu precursors on the performance of CdTe-based thin-film solar cells by incorporating Cu using a metallic Cu source (evaporated Cu) and ionic Cu sources (solution-processed cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl₂)). We find that ionic Cu precursors offer much better control in Cu diffusion than the metallic Cu precursor, producing better front junction quality, lower back-barrier heights, and better bulk defect property. Finally, outperforming power conversion efficiencies of 17.2 and 17.5% are obtained for devices with cadmium sulfide and zinc magnesium oxide as the front window layers, respectively, which are among the highest reported CdTe solar cells efficiencies. Our results suggest that an ionic Cu precursor is preferred as the dopant to fabricate efficient CdTe thin-film solar cells and modules.

Back-Surface Passivation of CdTe Solar Cells Using Solution-Processed Oxidized Aluminum

Although back-surface passivation plays an important role in high-efficiency photovoltaics, it has not yet been definitively demonstrated for CdTe. Here, we present a solution-based process, which achieves passivation and improved electrical performance when very small amounts of oxidized Al³⁺ species are deposited at the back surface of CdTe devices. The open circuit voltage (V_oc) is increased and the fill factor (FF) and photoconversion efficiency (PCE) are optimized when the total amount added corresponds to ∼1 monolayer, suggesting that the passivation is surface specific. Addition of further Al³⁺ species, present in a sparse alumina-like layer, causes the FF and PCE to drop as the interface layer becomes blocking to current flow. The optimized deposit increases the average baseline PCE for both Cu-free devices and devices where Cu is present as a dopant. The greatest improvement is found when the Al³⁺ species are deposited prior to the CdCl₂ activation step and Cu is employed. In this case, the best-cell efficiency was improved from 12.6 to 14.4%. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements at the back surface and quantum efficiency measurements performed at the maximum power point indicate that the performance enhancement is due to a reduction in the interface recombination current at the back surface.

[Clinical analysis of 12 cases of acute myeloid leukemia complicated with synchronous primary solid tumor]

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) complicated with simultaneous multiple primary cancer (SMPC). Methods: The data of 12 AML patients with SMPC hospitalized in the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical College, the Xinhua District Hospital of Pingdingshan City and the First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan City from March 2014 to July 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, and their clinical features, treatment and prognosis were summarized. Results: Among the 12 patients, there were 6 males and 6 females, with a median age of 58 years (39-70 years). AML classification: according to French-American-British (FAB) classification, the 12 AML patients were classified as M₀ 1, M₁ 1, M_2a 5, M_2b 1, M₃ 2, M₅ 2; according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) prognosis stratified, low risk group 1 case, medium risk group 4 cases, high risk group 7 cases; classification of solid tumors: 3 cases of lung cancer, 1 case of breast cancer, 2 cases of gastric cancer, 3 cases of esophageal cancer, 1 case of rectal neuroendocrine tumor, 1 case of invasive hydatidiform mole and 1 case of sigmoid colon cancer. The median time interval for the diagnosis of two primary malignant tumors was 4 (from 2.6 to 5.6) months. Results of gene mutation detection: AML prognostic gene detection results: a total of 12 kinds of gene abnormalities including ASXL1, JAK2, TET2, U2AF1, ABCB1, FLT3-ITD, RUNX1, SETBPIT, TET2 (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), p53, IKZF1 and IDH2 were detected, and solid tumor related genes were detected: a total of 4 kinds of gene abnormalities including Her-2, EGFR, K-RAS and MSI were detected. Survival: among the 12 patients, 1 case was lost during follow-up, 2 cases were still in treatment, 3 cases ended treatment and the condition was stable, 6 cases died. The median overall survival of 12 patients was 12.5 (from 3.8 to 48.0) months. Conclusions: It is not clear whether there is a certain correlation between the simultaneous occurrence of AML and solid tumors. Patients with AML and synchronous solid tumors are not unusual. Both tumors should be treated aggressively at the same time.

CuSCN as the Back Contact for Efficient ZMO/CdTe Solar Cells

The replacement of traditional CdS with zinc magnesium oxide (ZMO) has been demonstrated as being helpful to boost power conversion efficiency of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells to over 18%, due to the reduced interface recombination and parasitic light absorption by the buffer layer. However, due to the atmosphere sensitivity of ZMO film, the post treatments of ZMO/CdTe stacks, including CdCl₂ treatment, back contact deposition, etc., which are critical for high-performance CdTe solar cells became crucial challenges. To realize the full potential of the ZMO buffer layer, plenty of investigations need to be accomplished. Here, copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) is demonstrated to be a suitable back-contact material with multi-advantages for ZMO/CdTe solar cells. Particularly, ammonium hydroxide as the solvent for CuSCN deposition shows no detrimental impact on the ZMO layer during the post heat treatment. The post annealing temperature as well as the thickness of CuSCN films are investigated. Finally, a champion power conversion efficiency of 16.7% is achieved with an open-circuit voltage of 0.857 V, a short-circuit current density of 26.2 mA/cm², and a fill factor of 74.0%.

[High-throughput texture analysis in the distinction of single metastatic brain tumors from high-grade gliomas]

Objective: To explore the feasibility of high-throughput texture analysis in the distinction of single brain metastases (SBM) from high-grade gliomas (HGG) and validate the established model. Methods: A total of 86 patients who were histologically diagnosed with SBM or HGG were retrospectively collected, including 43 patients with SBM and 43 with HGG. All of patients were performed preoperative conventional head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. A total of 236 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLALR) images containing the information of tumors were selected from the MRI images and each image was considered as an object. The training set had 200 images, including 106 from SBM group and 94 from HGG group, whereas the validation set had 36 images, including 19 from SBM group and 17 from HGG. After images preprocessing, images segmentation, features extraction, and features selection, a radiomic diagnostic model was finally established using the training set. The diagnostic performance of the diagnostic model was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to evaluate the quality of the extracted feature data and the classification effect of the model. The model was further validated using the independent validation set. Results: A total of 629 features were extracted and quantified from each sample, and 41 features were selected to establish feature subsets and the diagnostic model. The classification decision function of the model is f(x)=sign■ and the kernel function of the model is K(x, x(i))=exp■. In the training set, the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 0.845, 0.849, 0.840, 0.857 and 0.832, respectively. The area under the ROC curve reached to 0.939. Similar results were obtained in the validation set. Conclusion: The high-throughput texture analysis shows high accuracy in differentiating SBM from HGG.

[The treatment of nose-eye correlated diseases with external nasal incision combined with nasal cavity approach surgery through endoscope]

Objective:To explore the indications and characteristics for the treatment of nose-eye correlated diseases with endoscopic surgery through external nasal incision combined with nasal cavity approach.Method:The clinical data of 13 patients whom hospitalized in our department and treated by endoscopic surgery through external nasal incision combined with nasal cavity approach since October 2011, were retrospectively analyzed and the characteristics of different pathological changes, clinical manifestations, surgical approach and follow-up results were summarized.Four cases of patients underwent endoscopic surgery through nasal cavity and lacrimal caruncle conjunctival incision, 4 cases received bone fracture reduction and DCR with endoscope through double path of nasal cavity and the original trauma wound, 2 cases with endoscopic bone tumor resection through nasal cavity and external nasal incision, the rest of the 3 cases with endonasal endoscopic and peri-orbit incision surgery.Result:Two cases of tumor patients showed no recurrence followed up for 1.5 to 2 years; the diplopia disappeared in 2 cases of orbital medial wall fracture; surgeries of 4 cases of orbital wall fracture with lacrimal duct obstruction patients, 3 cases succeeded, 1 case failed and change into dacryocystorhinotomy with external nasal incision, and epiphora of all patients vanished; all of the patients of sinus osteoma, foreign bodies and abscess were cured and symptoms disappeared; the symptoms of ectopic meningioma patient gradually died down with eyebrow scars left.Conclusion:The surgery with external nasal incision combined with nasal cavity approach through endoscope to treat noseeye correlated diseases can effectively deal with relevant pathological changes, with the advantages of clear operation field and less damage, but its exact indications and surgical methods still need to be further explored.

[One patient with chronic refractory wound caused by bamboo sticks in lower leg]

One patient with chronic refractory wound in right lower leg was admitted to our department in June 2017, which experienced repeated ulceration for 4 years. On 4 days post admission, two bamboo sticks were taken out from the deep muscle of the right lower leg. The wound was repaired by perforator flap of posterior tibial artery in the right lower leg. The donor site was covered with split-thickness skin in the upper leg of the same side. On 7 days post operation, the flap and skin graft survived. During follow-up of 12 months, the flap had good appearance. This case suggests that the first thing for the treatment of chronic refractory wound is to find out the cause of wound.

[Echocardiographic diagnosis of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (ITAPVC) in neonates and infants.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis on 8 patients with ITAPVC was performed using echocardiography between April 2006 and December 2016. There were 4 boys and 4 girls with a mean age of 79.8 days (ranging from 15 to 195 days). A combined scanning via parasternal, subcostal and apical acoustic windows had been employed to diagnose ITAPVC and to trace the course and site of the anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, and to confirm the direction of the inter-atrial shunt and enlargement of right atrium and right ventricle.

RESULTS

Of the 8 patients who received echocardiography, ITAPVC was diagnosed in 7 patients. Mis-diagnosis by echocardiography was encountered in one patient. The diagnosis by echocardiography was compatible with the operative findings in 5 patients receiving surgery and with the results of multislice computed tomography in 6 patients. The diagnostic accuracy rate of ITAPVC was 87.5%. The indirect signs obtained from echocardiogram was coexistence of a small malformed, triangle-shaped left atrium and right to left shunting at atrial level with dilatation and tortuousness of portal vein or hepatic vein and abundant blood flow in liver. The direct signs was total pulmonary veins unconnected with left atrium, whose confluence joining into vertical vein drained right-inferiorly to portal vein or hepatic vein through diaphragm. Three parallel vessels including vertical vein, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava arranged anteriorly, left-posteriorly and right-posteriorly with the opposite flow directions of inferior vena cava and the other two were found on sub-costal view. Sites of the drainage to the infra-diaphragm veins located portal vein in 8 patients. Stenosis of site of vertical vein connecting to portal vein or hepatic veins occurred in 3 patients.

CONCLUSION

Echocardiography has significant value in the diagnosis of pediatric ITAPVC and is capable of providing important structural and hemodynamic information for preoperative assessment of surgery. With multiple windows and multiple sections, ITAPVC could be diagnosed accurately by echocardiography. However, it is necessary to differentiate ITAPVC with intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts or hepatic arteriovenous fistula.

[Intratympanic dexamethasone vesus post-auricular subperiosteal injection of methylprednisolone treatment for sudden hearing loss]

Objective:To compare the efficacy and side effect between intratympanic dexamethasone and subperiosteal injection of methylprednisolone treatment for sudden hearing loss.Method:One hundred and eight unilateral sudden hearing loss patients were enrolled in this study, randomly divided into A group, which was accepted intratympanic dexamethasone (10 mg/ml) , and B group, which was accepted post-auricular subperiosteal injection of methylprednisolone (40 mg/ml) by every 3 days intotal 5 times. After 3 months follow-up, analysis of the differences of pure tone threshold, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), dizziness handicap inventory (DHI), blood glucose between pretreatment and postreatment was made. Side effect such as perforation of tympanic membrane, infection of post-auricular skin was also observed.Result:①Both in A and B group, there was no statistical changes in total efficiency and pure tone threshold decrease (P> 0.05), whereas the pure tone threshold statistical change was observed in the low frequency sudden deafness between A and B group (P< 0.05). ②Both in A and B group, there was no statistical changes in THI (P> 0.05), whereas the THI statistical decrease was observed in the high frequency sudden deafness between A and B group (P< 0.05). ③There was no statistical change in THI both in A and B group (P> 0.05). ④Both in A and B group, there was no statistical changes in fasting plasma glucose between pretreatment and postreatment (P> 0.05). ⑤There was no patient who had gotten tympanitis or postauricular infection, although in A group, there were 2 patients had gotten perforation of tympanic membrane, but they all healed after the follow-up.Conclusion:Both topical injection of glucocorticoid can improve pure tone threshold and reduce the score of THI and DHI for sudden hearing loss patients. Intratympanic dexamethasone can reduce more score of THI for high frequency sudden deafness patients whereas subperiosteal injection of methylprednisolone can improve pure tone threshold more for low frequency sudden deafness patients. None of the two administrations elevate blood glucose, but intratympanic dexamethasone have the risk of perforation of tympanic membrane.

[Endonasal endoscopic surgery in treatment of medial recus muscle entrapment: the management and effectiveness]

Objective:To explore the indications , surgery method and effect for the treatment of medial rectus muscle entrapment with endoscopic surgery.Method: Eight medial rectus muscle entrapment patients were enrolled in this study,3 cases underwent obital medial wall fracture reposition and medial rectus muscle adhesion decomposition surgery through endonasal endoscope,and 5 cases received obital medial wall fracture reposition surgery with endoscope through nasal cavity and lacrimal caruncle conjunctival incision. Result:The diplopia disappeared and eyeball abduction function recovered in 6 cases of medial rectus muscle entrapment patients within 2 months,and 1 case with each surgery had mild diplopia and eyeball incomplete abduction left.Conclusion:Adopting endonasal endoscopic surgery or dual approaches surgery with endonasal endoscopic and transcaruncular surgery were ideal methods for medial rectus muscle entrapment diseases.Surgery with endoscope has the characteristics of clear field and less damage.The surgery should be performed whithin 3 weeks, and the entrapment of medial rectus muscle can be resoved effectively.

Thermal oxidation of V2O3 nanocrystals: a template method for the fabrication of monoclinic phase VO2 nanocrystals

We report the fabrication of VO2(M) nanocrystals by direct thermal oxidation V2O3 nanocrystals. The controlling of the thermal oxidation temperature and vacuum is essential for obtaining pure VO2(M) nanocrystals. The VO2(M) nanocrystals have nearly a spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 50 to 80 nm and well dispersed. The phase transition temperature is about 65 degrees C with relatively narrow endothermic and exothermal peaks in DSC curve. Variable temperature resistance and infrared transmission measurements demonstrate a reversible phase transition of the VO2(M) nanocrystals. Our method is facile, economical and can be easily scaled-up for mass production.

Determination of InN/Diamond Heterojunction Band Offset by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Diamond is not only a free standing highly transparent window but also a promising carrier confinement layer for InN based devices, yet little is known of the band offsets in InN/diamond system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the energy discontinuity in the valence band offset (VBO) of InN/diamond heterostructure. The value of VBO was determined to be 0.39 ± 0.08 eV and a type-I heterojunction with a conduction band offset (CBO) of 4.42 ± 0.08 eV was obtained. The accurate determination of VBO and CBO is important for the application of III-N alloys based electronic devices.

Meta-analysis of epidemiological studies of association of P53 codon 72 polymorphism with bladder cancer

Although there have been many studies investigating a possible association between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer, the results have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of six epidemiological studies, which included 597 bladder cancer cases and 731 controls. Patients with bladder cancer had a significantly lower frequency of Pro/Arg [odds ratio (OR) = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.99], when compared to controls. Stratifying for race, we found that among Caucasians, patients with bladder cancer had a significantly higher frequency of Arg/Arg (OR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.18-2.28) and a lower frequency of Pro/Arg (OR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.44-0.86), compared to controls. Stratifying various studies by the stage of bladder cancer, we found that invasive bladder cancers had a significantly lower frequency of Arg/Arg (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.36-0.93) and a higher frequency of Pro/Arg (OR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.44-0.86) than did non-invasive bladder cancers. No significant association was found between this genotype and human papilloma virus. Based on our meta-analysis, we suggest that p53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with bladder cancer and that genotypic distribution of this polymorphism varies with the stage of bladder cancer.

Low-dose ropivacaine-sufentanil spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a randomised trial

BACKGROUND

It is well known that intrathecal opioids have a synergic effect with spinal local anaesthetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether low-dose ropivacaine in combination with sufentanil could produce effective spinal anaesthesia with less maternal hypotension and vomiting than ropivacaine alone.

METHODS

80 ASA I and II parturients undergoing elective caesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups. Group R15 received intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine 15 mg and group SR10 hyperbaric ropivacaine 10 mg with sufentanil 5 micrograms. Characteristics, efficacy and side effects of spinal anaesthesia in each group were measured.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the quality of intraoperative analgesia and muscle relaxation between groups. The incidence of hypotension was significantly higher (55% vs. 20%, P < 0.005) and the need for ephedrine less in group R15 than in group SR10. In group SR10, the onset of motor block was delayed (2.9 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.6 +/- 2.5 min, P < 0.005), the duration was shorter (65.9 +/- 15.1 vs. 125.4 +/- 26.4 min, P < 0.005). The duration of effective analgesia was longer (260 +/- 32.5 vs. 143 +/- 22.1 min, P < 0.005), the incidence of shivering (20% vs. 60%, P < 0.005) and vomiting (5% vs. 30%, P < 0.005) were lower in group SR10.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of hyperbaric ropivacaine 10 mg with sufentanil 5 lg produced effective spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery with significantly less hypotension, vomiting and shivering, shorter duration of motor blockade and longer lasting analgesia than hyperbaric ropivacaine 15 mg.

Operating characteristics of solid-state fermentation bioreactor with air pressure pulsation

The development of solid state fermentation (SSF) technology is very important to the production of cellulase and ultimately to the utilization of natural cellulose. However, inadequate dissipation of heat generated by biological activities has prevented solid state fermentation from large-scale applications. The paper deals with the development of a novel SSF bioreactor with air pressure pulsation. By developing a measurement and control system under Virtual Instrument (VI) concept, performance of SSF bioreactor with pressure pulsation was studied by cultivating Trichoderma koningii in solid medium made of wheat bran and corncob. The cooling effects of pressure pulsation on solid porous beds are discussed. Experimental results show that pressure pulsation enhances medium moisture evaporation, and hence, heat dissipation. Furthermore, through changing the pressure pulsation directions, it is able to mitigate the temperature gradients in the bioreactor. To sum up, pressure pulsation can provide the microbes with a growing environment at optimal temperature and medium water content.

[The experimental study on protective effects and its mechanisms of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on isolated swine kidney with ischemia/reperfusion]

AIM

To observe the protective effects and approach its mechanisms of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on the isolated swine kidney with ischemia/reperfusion (IR).

METHODS

Thirty two swine were divided randomly into control group (n = 11), IR group (n = 11) and IL-1ra treatment group (IL-1ra group, n = 10) in the study. All swine were electrified. The kidneys were removed and put in ice-box immediately for detecting in control group. In IR group and IL-1ra group, reperfusion pressure and flow rate were both observed once every 30 minutes, the urine at the time of reperfusion 2 hours and the renal cortex at the time of reperfusion 2 hours and 30 minutes were taken for detecting.

RESULTS

The resistance of perfusion in IL-1ra group was much lower than that in the IR group during reperfusion except start of reperfusion, there was a significant difference between IR group and IL-1ra group (P < 0.05, under the same). The content of MDA,TNF-alpha and IL-8 in the renal cortex in IR group were higher and the activities of SOD and Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase were lower than those in control group, In IL-1ra group, the content of MDA and the activity of SOD in renal cortex was respectively higher or lower than that in control group. Compared with IR group, the content of MDA and TNF-alpha and IL-8 in the renal tissues and urine protein were lower and the activities of SOD and Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase were higher in IL-1ra group. The serious degeneration and necrosis of renal tissue were observed in IR group under light microscope and electron microscope, but there was only slight degeneration in IL-1ra group.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that IL-1ra were effective in protecting the isolated swine kidney from IR injury.

The rice Rim2 transcript accumulates in response to Magnaporthe grisea and its predicted protein product shares similarity with TNP2-like proteins encoded by CACTA transposons

A rice transcript, Rim2, was identified that accumulated in both incompatible and compatible interactions between rice and Magnaporthe grisea. The Rim2 transcript also accumulated in response to treatment with a cell wall elicitor derived from M. grisea. A 3.3-kb RIM2 cDNA clone was isolated and is predicted to encode a protein of 653 amino acids, which shares 32 55% identity with TNP2-like proteins encoded by CACTA transposons of other plants. A 1.05-kb segment of the Rim2 sequence shows 82% nucleotide sequence identity with sequences flanking the A1 and C members of the rice Xa21 disease resistance gene family. The 5'-upstream region of Rim2 was cloned and the transcriptional start sites were identified. The 5' and 3' noncoding termini of Rim2 are AT-rich. A cis-element showing similarity to a sequence that mediates defense-associated transcriptional activation of the tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1, and four motifs that fit the consensus sequence of the elicitor-responsive elements in the promoters of the parsley PR-1 genes were found in the 5'-upstream region. Four imperfect tandem repeats were identified in the 3' noncoding terminus. Southern analysis with genomic DNA from different rice species indicated that Rim2 is present in 3-4 copies per genome. These results suggest that Rim2 may be one component of a large CACTA-like element, whose transcript accumulates in response to attack by pathogens.