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Lypaczewski P, Chac D, Dunmire CN, Tandoc KM, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Bhuiyan T, Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Calderwood SB, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Shapiro BJ, Weil AA. Diversity of Vibrio cholerae O1 through the human gastrointestinal tract during cholera. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.08.579476. [PMID: 38370713 PMCID: PMC10871328 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.08.579476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 causes the diarrheal disease cholera, and the small intestine is the site of active infection. During cholera, cholera toxin is secreted from V. cholerae and induces a massive fluid influx into the small intestine, which causes vomiting and diarrhea. Typically, V. cholerae genomes are sequenced from bacteria passed in stool, but rarely from vomit, a fluid that may more closely represents the site of active infection. We hypothesized that the V. cholerae O1 population bottlenecks along the gastrointestinal tract would result in reduced genetic variation in stool compared to vomit. To test this, we sequenced V. cholerae genomes from ten cholera patients with paired vomit and stool samples. Genetic diversity was low in both vomit and stool, consistent with a single infecting population rather than co-infection with divergent V. cholerae O1 lineages. The number of single nucleotide variants decreased between vomit and stool in four patients, increased in two, and remained unchanged in four. The number of genes encoded in the V. cholerae genome decreased between vomit and stool in eight patients and increased in two. Pangenome analysis of assembled short-read sequencing demonstrated that the toxin-coregulated pilus operon more frequently contained deletions in genomes from vomit compared to stool. However, these deletions were not detected by PCR or long-read sequencing, indicating that interpreting gene presence or absence patterns from short-read data alone may be incomplete. Overall, we found that V. cholerae O1 isolated from stool is genetically similar to V. cholerae recovered from the upper intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lypaczewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
- Division of Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B. Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Dunmire CN, Chac D, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Bhuiyan TR, LaRocque RC, Akter A, Amin MA, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Weil AA. Vibrio cholerae Isolation from Frozen Vomitus and Stool Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0108422. [PMID: 36169311 PMCID: PMC9580352 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01084-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N. Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Afroza Akter
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ashraful Amin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Barrassso K, Chac D, Debela MD, Geigel C, Steenhaut A, Rivera Seda A, Dunmire CN, Harris JB, Larocque RC, Midani FS, Qadri F, Yan J, Weil AA, Ng WL. Impact of a human gut microbe on Vibrio cholerae host colonization through biofilm enhancement. eLife 2022; 11:73010. [PMID: 35343438 PMCID: PMC8993218 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the human intestinal microbiota could impact the outcome of infection by Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. A commensal bacterium, Paracoccus aminovorans, was previously identified in high abundance in stool collected from individuals infected with V. cholerae when compared to stool from uninfected persons. However, if and how P. aminovorans interacts with V. cholerae has not been experimentally determined; moreover, whether any association between this bacterium alters the behaviors of V. cholerae to affect the disease outcome is unclear. Here, we show that P. aminovorans and V. cholerae together form dual-species biofilm structure at the air–liquid interface, with previously uncharacterized novel features. Importantly, the presence of P. aminovorans within the murine small intestine enhances V. cholerae colonization in the same niche that is dependent on the Vibrio exopolysaccharide and other major components of mature V. cholerae biofilm. These studies illustrate that multispecies biofilm formation is a plausible mechanism used by a gut microbe to increase the virulence of the pathogen, and this interaction may alter outcomes in enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Barrassso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Meti D Debela
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Catherine Geigel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Anjali Steenhaut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Abigail Rivera Seda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Chelsea N Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jason B Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Regina C Larocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Firas S Midani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | | | - Jing Yan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Ana A Weil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Wai-Leung Ng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
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Kordahi MC, Stanaway IB, Avril M, Chac D, Blanc MP, Ross B, Diener C, Jain S, McCleary P, Parker A, Friedman V, Huang J, Burke W, Gibbons SM, Willis AD, Darveau RP, Grady WM, Ko CW, DePaolo RW. Genomic and functional characterization of a mucosal symbiont involved in early-stage colorectal cancer. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1589-1598.e6. [PMID: 34536346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major health concern worldwide. Growing evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in the initiation of CRC has sparked interest in approaches that target these microorganisms. However, little is known about the composition and role of the microbiota associated with precancerous polyps. Here, we found distinct microbial signatures between patients with and without polyps and between polyp subtypes using sequencing and culturing techniques. We found a correlation between Bacteroides fragilis recovered and the level of inflammatory cytokines in the mucosa adjacent to the polyp. Additional analysis revealed that B. fragilis from patients with polyps are bft-negative, activate NF-κB through Toll-like receptor 4, induce a pro-inflammatory response, and are enriched in genes associated with LPS biosynthesis. This study provides fundamental insight into the microbial microenvironment of the pre-neoplastic polyp by highlighting strain-specific genomic and proteomic differences, as well as more broad compositional differences in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Kordahi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ian B Stanaway
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marion Avril
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Denise Chac
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre Blanc
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Christian Diener
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Sumita Jain
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul McCleary
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ana Parker
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vincent Friedman
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer Huang
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wynn Burke
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean M Gibbons
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Amy D Willis
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biostatistics University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William M Grady
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cynthia W Ko
- Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Microbiome Science & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Chac D, Kordahi M, Brettner L, DePaolo RW. Sample Preparation for Detection of Different Bacterial Strains by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e212. [PMID: 34370396 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) provides a fast and easy means to identify culturable microorganisms to the species level. The sample preparation of microbial colonies for MALDI-TOF analysis requires a suitable protein extraction method. While standard MALDI-TOF sample preparation methods are well suited for the identification of and the discrimination between microorganisms belonging to different species, they are not disruptive enough to allow the discrimination between different strains of the same microorganism. More disruptive protein extraction methods lead to better discrimination power because they allow a better breakdown of bacterial cell membrane and a more efficient extraction of conserved microbial proteins that are specific to each species and strain. Here we describe how to extract proteins from single microbial colonies using formic acid and acetonitrile to disrupt cells prior to placing them on a target plate for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Contrary to other sample preparation methods for MALDI-TOF MS, this approach allows the discrimination between different strains of microorganisms of the same species. Our approach also provides the groundwork data for building algorithms that allow the detection of specific microbial strains of interest, with a great potential for diagnostic applications in clinical settings. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Protein extraction and MALDI-TOF bio-typing of phenotypically distinct bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melissa Kordahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Leandra Brettner
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University Bio design Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Microbiome Sciences & Therapeutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Chac D, Dunmire CN, Singh J, Weil AA. Update on Environmental and Host Factors Impacting the Risk of Vibrio cholerae Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1010-1019. [PMID: 33844507 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease that kills tens of thousands of people each year. Cholera is transmitted primarily by the ingestion of drinking water contaminated with fecal matter, and a safe water supply remains out of reach in many areas of the world. In this Review, we discuss host and environmental factors that impact the susceptibility to V. cholerae infection and the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Chelsea N. Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jasneet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver injury and liver transplantation in Western countries. The pathogenesis of NAFLD includes overnutrition-associated metabolic syndrome or the improper consumption of dietary macro- and micro-nutrients that either support or prevent disease development. This altered nutrient landscape has been linked to shifts within the gut microbiota which can exacerbate liver pathology and the progression of NAFLD. Treatment goals for NAFLD target lifestyle and dietary modifications that restrict calories and adjust macronutrient content. It is not well understood how different macronutrients alter the microbiota and whether the diet-educated microbiota contribute to the resolution of disease. We fed mice a diet high in fat, cholesterol and fructose for 6 weeks and then in two different arms of the study, intervened with either a diet high in saturated and polyunsaturated fats and fiber or low in fats and fiber. In a second set of experiments, we performed microbiota transplants using cecal contents from mice fed one of the intervention diets to assess whether the diet-educated microbiota could impact clinical outcomes in mice fed a NAFLD-inducing diet. Pathology, steatosis, ALT/AST levels, and liver cytokine levels were measured as primary outcomes. We found that despite different microbiota compositions, both of the intervention diets reversed the progression of NAFLD and dampened inflammation. In contrast, transplantation of cecal contents from the intervention diet-fed mice to mice receiving a NAFLD-inducing diet was unable to prevent disease progression, and, in some cases, worsened disease. These data underscore the importance of dietary modifications to treat NAFLD and caution against the use of microbiota transplantation in the absence of dietary and lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fontini Tania Mitsinikos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denise Chac
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Schillingford
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. William DePaolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Center for Microbiome Sciences & Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA,CONTACT R. William DePaolo Associate Professor of Medicine
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Kim JH, Kordahi MC, Chac D, DePaolo RW. Toll-like Receptor-6 Signaling Prevents Inflammation and Impacts Composition of the Microbiota During Inflammation-Induced Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 13:25-40. [PMID: 31771941 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tightly regulated immune responses must occur in the intestine to avoid unwanted inflammation, which may cause chronic sequela leading to diseases such as colorectal cancer. Toll-like receptors play an important role in preventing aberrant immune responses in the intestine by sensing endogenous commensal microbiota and delivering important regulatory signals to the tissue. However, the role that specific innate receptors may play in the development of chronic inflammation and their impact on the composition of the colonic microbiota is not well understood. Using a model of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer, we found that Lactobacillus species are lost more quickly in wild-type (WT) mice than TLR6-deficient mice resulting in overall differences in bacterial composition. Despite the longer retention of Lactobacillus, the TLR6-deficient mice presented with more tumors and a worse overall outcome. Restoration of the lost Lactobacillus species suppressed inflammation, reduced tumor number, and prevented change in the abundance of Proteobacteria only when given to WT mice, indicating the effect of these Lactobacillus are TLR6 dependent. We found that the TLR6-dependent effects of Lactobacillus could be dissociated from one another via the involvement of IL10, which was necessary to dampen the inflammatory microenvironment, but had no effect on bacterial composition. Altogether, these data suggest that innate immune signals can shape the composition of the microbiota under chronic inflammatory conditions, bias the cytokine milieu of the tissue microenvironment, and influence the response to microbiota-associated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa C Kordahi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Denise Chac
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - R William DePaolo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Kamdar K, Johnson AMF, Chac D, Myers K, Kulur V, Truevillian K, DePaolo RW. Innate Recognition of the Microbiota by TLR1 Promotes Epithelial Homeostasis and Prevents Chronic Inflammation. J Immunol 2018; 201:230-242. [PMID: 29794015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is cross-talk between the intestinal epithelium and the microbiota that functions to maintain a tightly regulated microenvironment and prevent chronic inflammation. This communication is partly mediated through the recognition of bacterial proteins by host-encoded innate receptors, such as TLRs. However, studies examining the role of TLR signaling on colonic homeostasis have given variable and conflicting results. Despite its critical role in mediating immunity during enteric infection of the small intestine, TLR1-mediated recognition of microbiota-derived ligands and their influence on colonic homeostasis has not been well studied. In this study, we demonstrate that defective TLR1 recognition of the microbiome by epithelial cells results in disruption of crypt homeostasis specifically within the secretory cell compartment, including a defect in the mucus layer, ectopic Paneth cells in the colon, and an increase in the number of rapidly dividing cells at the base of the crypt. As a consequence of the perturbed epithelial barrier, we found an increase in mucosal-associated and translocated commensal bacteria and chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by an increase in lineage-negative Sca1+Thy1hi innate lymphoid-like cells that exacerbate inflammation and worsen outcomes in a model of colonic injury and repair. Our findings demonstrate that sensing of the microbiota by TLR1 may provide key signals that regulate the colonic epithelium, thereby limiting inflammation through the prevention of bacterial attachment to the mucosa and exposure to the underlying immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kamdar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Andrew M F Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Denise Chac
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kalisa Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Kyle Truevillian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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