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Martínez-Zavala SA, Ortiz-Rodríguez T, Salcedo-Hernández R, Casados-Vázquez LE, Del Rincón-Castro MC, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. The chitin-binding domain of Bacillus thuringiensis ChiA74 inhibits gram-negative bacterial and fungal pathogens of humans and plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:128049. [PMID: 37963502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The chitinase ChiA74 is synthesized by Bacillus thuringiensis and possesses a modular organization composed of four domains. In the C-terminal of the enzyme is located the chitin-binding domain (CBD), which has not been isolated as a single unit or characterized. Here, we aimed to isolate the ChiA74's CBD as a single unit, determine the binding properties, and evaluate its antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. We cloned the ChiA74's CBD and expressed it in Escherichia coli BL21. The single domain was purified, analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and characterized. The recombinant CBD (rCBD) showed a molecular mass of ∼14 kDa and binds strongly to α-chitin, with Kd and Bmax of ∼4.7 ± 0.9 μM and 1.5 ± 0.1 μmoles/g chitin, respectively. Besides, the binding potential (Bmax/Kd) was stronger for α-chitin (∼0.31) than microcrystalline cellulose (∼0.19). It was also shown that the purified rCBD inhibited the growth of the clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) Vibrio cholerae, and V. parahemolyticus CVP2 with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 121 ± 9.9 and 138 ± 3.2 μg/mL, respectively, and of one of the most common GNB plant pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae with a MIC of 230 ± 13.8 μg/mL. In addition, the rCBD possessed antifungal activity inhibiting the conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum (MIC = 192 ± 37.5 μg/mL) and lacked hemolytic and agglutination activities against human erythrocytes. The significance of this work lies in the fact that data provided here show for the first time that ChiA74's CBD from B. thuringiensis has antimicrobial activity, suggesting its potential use against significant pathogenic microorganisms. Future works will be focused on testing the inhibitory effect against other pathogenic microorganisms and elucidating the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Tomás Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; CONACyT-University of Guanajuato, México
| | - Ma Cristina Del Rincón-Castro
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Biomedical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México.
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Williamson LJ, Galchenkova M, Best HL, Bean RJ, Munke A, Awel S, Pena G, Knoska J, Schubert R, Dörner K, Park HW, Bideshi DK, Henkel A, Kremling V, Klopprogge B, Lloyd-Evans E, Young MT, Valerio J, Kloos M, Sikorski M, Mills G, Bielecki J, Kirkwood H, Kim C, de Wijn R, Lorenzen K, Xavier PL, Rahmani Mashhour A, Gelisio L, Yefanov O, Mancuso AP, Federici BA, Chapman HN, Crickmore N, Rizkallah PJ, Berry C, Oberthür D. Structure of the Lysinibacillus sphaericus Tpp49Aa1 pesticidal protein elucidated from natural crystals using MHz-SFX. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2203241120. [PMID: 38015839 PMCID: PMC10710082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203241120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lysinibacillus sphaericus proteins Tpp49Aa1 and Cry48Aa1 can together act as a toxin toward the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and have potential use in biocontrol. Given that proteins with sequence homology to the individual proteins can have activity alone against other insect species, the structure of Tpp49Aa1 was solved in order to understand this protein more fully and inform the design of improved biopesticides. Tpp49Aa1 is naturally expressed as a crystalline inclusion within the host bacterium, and MHz serial femtosecond crystallography using the novel nanofocus option at an X-ray free electron laser allowed rapid and high-quality data collection to determine the structure of Tpp49Aa1 at 1.62 Å resolution. This revealed the packing of Tpp49Aa1 within these natural nanocrystals as a homodimer with a large intermolecular interface. Complementary experiments conducted at varied pH also enabled investigation of the early structural events leading up to the dissolution of natural Tpp49Aa1 crystals-a crucial step in its mechanism of action. To better understand the cooperation between the two proteins, assays were performed on a range of different mosquito cell lines using both individual proteins and mixtures of the two. Finally, bioassays demonstrated Tpp49Aa1/Cry48Aa1 susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tarsalis larvae-substantially increasing the potential use of this binary toxin in mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Galchenkova
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah L. Best
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Munke
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisel Pena
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juraj Knoska
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA92504
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA92504
| | - Alessandra Henkel
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Kremling
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bjarne Klopprogge
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Paul Lourdu Xavier
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aida Rahmani Mashhour
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BrightonBN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Berry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Oberthür
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607Hamburg, Germany
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Rudd SR, Miranda LS, Curtis HR, Bigot Y, Diaz-Mendoza M, Hice R, Nizet V, Park HW, Blaha G, Federici BA, Bideshi DK. The Parasporal Body of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis: A Unique Phage Capsid-Associated Prokaryotic Insecticidal Organelle. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1421. [PMID: 37998020 PMCID: PMC10669011 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The three most important commercial bacterial insecticides are all derived from subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Specifically, Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and Bt subsp. aizawai (Bta) are used to control larval lepidopteran pests. The third, Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti), is primarily used to control mosquito and blackfly larvae. All three subspecies produce a parasporal body (PB) during sporulation. The PB is composed of insecticidal proteins that damage the midgut epithelium, initiating a complex process that results in the death of the insect. Among these three subspecies of Bt, Bti is unique as it produces the most complex PB consisting of three compartments. Each compartment is bound by a multilaminar fibrous matrix (MFM). Two compartments contain one protein each, Cry11Aa1 and Cyt1Aa1, while the third contains two, Cry4Aa1/Cry4Ba1. Each compartment is packaged independently before coalescing into the mature spherical PB held together by additional layers of the MFM. This distinctive packaging process is unparalleled among known bacterial organelles, although the underlying molecular biology is yet to be determined. Here, we present structural and molecular evidence that the MFM has a hexagonal pattern to which Bti proteins Bt152 and Bt075 bind. Bt152 binds to a defined spot on the MFM during the development of each compartment, yet its function remains unknown. Bt075 appears to be derived from a bacteriophage major capsid protein (MCP), and though its sequence has markedly diverged, it shares striking 3-D structural similarity to the Escherichia coli phage HK97 Head 1 capsid protein. Both proteins are encoded on Bti's pBtoxis plasmid. Additionally, we have also identified a six-amino acid motif that appears to be part of a novel molecular process responsible for targeting the Cry and Cyt proteins to their cytoplasmic compartments. This paper describes several previously unknown features of the Bti organelle, representing a first step to understanding the biology of a unique process of sorting and packaging of proteins into PBs. The insights from this research suggest a potential for future applications in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Rudd
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Leticia Silva Miranda
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
| | - Hannah R. Curtis
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR CNRS7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Robert Hice
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
| | - Gregor Blaha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA; (S.R.R.); (L.S.M.); (H.R.C.); (H.-W.P.)
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4
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Barboza-Corona JE, Bideshi DK, Park HW, Salcedo-Hernández R. Editorial: Novel research on metabolites secreted by gram-positive bacteria. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1237790. [PMID: 37440889 PMCID: PMC10335392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1237790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Barboza-Corona
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Biomedical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Biomedical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Departamento de Alimentos, Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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5
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Pérez-Rangel M, Valdez-Vazquez I, Martínez-Zavala SA, Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Evaluation of inhibitory compounds produced by bacteria isolated from a hydrogen-producing bioreactor during the self-fermentation of wheat straw. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1989-2001. [PMID: 35808847 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of compounds secreted by bacteria isolated from a hydrogen-producing bioreactor to understand how these microorganisms interact in this community. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro inhibitory assays were performed using samples secreted by bacteria subject to different treatments to determine if their inhibitory effect was due to organic acids, non-proteinaceous compounds, or bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). Bacterial isolated were suppressed 43%, 30%, and 27% by neutralized, precipitated, and non-neutralized cell-free supernatants, respectively. Non-hydrogen producers (Non-H2 P) LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum LB1, L. pentosus LB7, Pediococcus acidilactici LB4) and hydrogen producers (H2 P) LAB (Enterococcus faecium F) were inhibited by the production of organic acids, non-proteinaceous compounds, and BLIS. Meanwhile, the obligate anaerobe H2 P (Clostridium beijerinckii B) inhibited by the production of non-proteinaceous compounds and BLIS. The presence of BLIS was confirmed when proteolytic enzymes affected the inhibitory activity of secreted proteins in values ranging from 20 to 42%. The BLIS produced by L. plantarum LB1, P. acidilactici LB4, L. pentosus LB7, and E. faecium F showed molecular masses of ~ 11 kDa, 25 kDa, 20 kDa, and 11 kDa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It was demonstrated antagonistic interactions between Lactobacillus- Enterococcus, and Pediococcus-Enterococcus species, generated by the secretion of organic acids, non-proteinaceous compounds, and BLIS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We report the interactions between LAB isolated from hydrogen-producing bioreactors. These interactions might impact the dynamics of the microbial population during hydrogen generation. Our work lays a foundation for strategies that allow controlling bacteria that can affect hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Pérez-Rangel
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Idania Valdez-Vazquez
- Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, Life Science División, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,CONACyT-University of Guanajuato
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, Life Science División, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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6
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Ortiz-Rodríguez T, Mendoza-Acosta F, Martínez-Zavala SA, Salcedo-Hernández R, Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Thurincin H Is a Nonhemolytic Bacteriocin of Bacillus thuringiensis with Potential for Applied Use. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022:10.1007/s12602-022-09952-2. [PMID: 35610496 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thurincin H, a bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While much is known about its expression and antimicrobial spectrum, its hemolytic property has yet to be established. In this study, thurincin H was produced in a plasmid-free acrystalliferous strain of B. thuringiensis (Bt Cry-B) that naturally lacked antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. When grown in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), the bacteriocin's maximal production in Bt Cry-B harboring the thurincin H genetic cluster (Bt Cry-B/pThur) was observed at 24 h. Thurincin H was purified as a sole peptide of ~5 kDa using three purification steps, i.e., salt precipitation, ultrafiltration, and gel filtration chromatography. The bacteriocin showed inhibitory activity against B. cereus (5631 U), Bt Cry-B (8827 U), E. faecium wild type (11,197 U), and E. faecium ATCC 19,434 (6950 U), but not against Bt Cry-B/pThurH and Bt Cry-B/pThurHΔThnA. In addition, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5.0 μg/mL against B. cereus 183 was observed. In silico predictions suggested that thuricin H lacks hemolytic activity, which was validated in vitro using 4 × the MIC, i.e., 20 μg/ml. Our data lay a foundation for the potential safe use of thurincin H as an antibacterial peptide for medical use, in food products, and for expression in probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Fernanda Mendoza-Acosta
- Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.,Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.,Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.,CONACYT- Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Posgrado en Biociencias, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México. .,Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.
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7
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Zaghloul HAH, Hice RH, Arensburger P, Bideshi DK, Federici BA. Extended in vivo transcriptomes of two ascoviruses with different tissue tropisms reveal alternative mechanisms for enhancing virus reproduction in hemolymph. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16402. [PMID: 34385487 PMCID: PMC8361023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascoviruses are large dsDNA viruses characterized by the extraordinary changes they induce in cellular pathogenesis and architecture whereby after nuclear lysis and extensive hypertrophy, each cell is cleaved into numerous vesicles for virion reproduction. However, the level of viral replication and transcription in vesicles compared to other host tissues remains uncertain. Therefore, we applied RNA-Sequencing to compare the temporal transcriptome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus (SfAV) and Trichoplusia ni ascovirus (TnAV) at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (dpi). We found most transcription occurred in viral vesicles, not in initial tissues infected, a remarkably novel reproduction mechanism compared to all other viruses and most other intracellular pathogens. Specifically, the highest level of viral gene expression occurred in hemolymph, for TnAV at 7 dpi, and SfAV at 14 dpi. Moreover, we found that host immune genes were partially down-regulated in hemolymph, where most viral replication occurred in highly dense accumulations of vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A H Zaghloul
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, USA.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert H Hice
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, USA
| | - Peter Arensburger
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, USA. .,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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8
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Pérez-Zavala MDL, Hernández-Arzaba JC, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Agave: a natural renewable resource with multiple applications. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:5324-5333. [PMID: 32535922 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agaves are a group of succulent plants that thrive in arid or semiarid environments. Indeed, genes associated with their resilience are a potential resource for genetic engineering of other agronomically important crops grown in adverse climates. Agave is mainly used for the production of distilled (spirits) and non-distilled alcoholic beverages, including tequila, mezcal, bacanora, raicilla, and pulque, all of which have special connections to Mexican history and culture, and contribute to the Mexican economy. In recent years, there has been growing interest to maximize the use of agave plant materials for other purposes, as the bulk of their biomass pre- and post-production is wasted. In traditional practice, during the passage from fields to factories, only agave cores are used, and the leaves and bagasse are not always harnessed. To place this in perspective, during the period from 2010 to 2019, 2674.7 × 106 L of tequila was produced in Mexico, which required 9 607 400 tons of agave cores. This generated approximately the same amount of leaves and 3 842 960 tons of bagasse. The economic base of agave plants can be expanded if expended biomass could be transformed into products that are useful for applications in food, forage, ensilage, agriculture, medicine, energy, environment, textiles, cosmetics, and esthetics. This review focuses on the current utility of agave plants, as well as our perspective for future studies and uses of this formidable plant. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma de Lourdes Pérez-Zavala
- Universidad Iberoamericana Campus León, León, Mexico
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Agronomía, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Agronomía, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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9
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Pacheco-Cano RD, Salcedo-Hernández R, Casados-Vázquez LE, Wrobel K, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Class I defensins (BraDef) from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) seeds and their antimicrobial activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:30. [PMID: 32025825 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-2807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether seeds of Brassica oleracea var. italica (i.e. broccoli, an edible plant) produce defensins that inhibit phytopathogenic fungi and pathogenic bacteria of clinical significance. Crude extracts obtained from broccoli seeds were fractioned by molecular exclusion techniques and analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Two peptides were identified, BraDef1 (10.68 kDa) and BraDef2 (9.9 kDa), which were categorized as Class I defensins based on (a) their primary structure, (b) the presence of four putative cysteine disulfide bridges, and (c) molecular modeling predictions. BraDef1 and BraDef2 show identities of, respectively, 98 and 71%, and 67 and 85%, with defensins from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. BraDef (BraDef1 + BraDef2) disrupted membranes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria alternata and also reduced hyphal growth of C. gloeosporioides by ~ 56% after 120 h of incubation. Pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus 183, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolitycus) were susceptible to BraDef, but probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei were not inhibited. To our knowledge, this is the first report of defensins present in seeds of B. oleracea var. italica (i.e. edible broccoli). Our findings suggest an applied value for BraDef1/BraDef2 in controlling phytopathogenic fungi and pathogenic bacteria of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D Pacheco-Cano
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guanajuato Campus Guanajuato, Lascurain de Retana 5, Guanajuato, 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico.
- Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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10
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Martínez-Zavala SA, Barboza-Pérez UE, Hernández-Guzmán G, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Chitinases of Bacillus thuringiensis: Phylogeny, Modular Structure, and Applied Potentials. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 31993038 PMCID: PMC6971178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important bioinsecticide used worldwide is Bacillus thuringiensis and its hallmark is a rich variety of insecticidal Cry protein, many of which have been genetically engineered for expression in transgenic crops. Over the past 20 years, the discovery of other insecticidal proteins and metabolites synthesized by B. thuringiensis, including chitinases, antimicrobial peptides, vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), and siderophores, has expanded the applied value of this bacterium for use as an antibacterial, fungicidal, and nematicidal resource. These properties allow us to view B. thuringiensis not only as an entity for the production of a particular metabolite, but also as a multifaceted microbial factory. In particular, chitinases of B. thuringiensis are secreted enzymes that hydrolyze chitin, an abundant molecule in the biosphere, second only to cellulose. The observation that chitinases increase the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins has stimulated further study of these enzymes produced by B. thuringiensis. Here, we provide a review of a subset of our knowledge of B. thuringiensis chitinases as it relates to their phylogenetic relationships, regulation of expression, biotechnological potential for controlling entomopathogens, fungi, and nematodes, and their use in generating chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ChOGs) that possess antibacterial activities against a number of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. Recent advances in the structural organization of these enzymes are also discussed, as are our perspective for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Uriel E Barboza-Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Hernández-Guzmán
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
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11
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Oros-Flores ZS, Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R, Barboza-Corona JE. Co-synthesis of kenyacin 404 and heterologous thurincin H enhances the antibacterial activity of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1531-1540. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Regulator ThnR and the ThnDE ABC transporter proteins confer autoimmunity to thurincin H in Bacillus thuringiensis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2349-2360. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Pacheco-Cano RD, Salcedo-Hernández R, López-Meza JE, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Antimicrobial activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivar Avenger against pathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:126-135. [PMID: 29112318 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to show whether the edible part of broccoli has antibacterial and antifungal activity against micro-organism of importance in human health and vegetable spoilage, and to test if this effect was partially due to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). METHODS AND RESULTS Crude extracts were obtained from florets and stems of broccoli cultivar Avenger and the inhibitory effect was demonstrated against pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Proteus vulgaris), phytopathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Asperigillus niger) and yeasts (Candida albicans and Rhodotorula sp.). It was shown that samples treated with proteolytic enzymes had a reduction of approximately 60% in antibacterial activity against Staph. xylosus, suggesting that proteinaceous compounds might play a role in the inhibitory effect. Antimicrobial components in crude extracts were thermoresistant and the highest activity was observed under acidic conditions. It was shown that antifungal activity of broccoli's crude extracts might not be attributed to chitinases. CONCLUSIONS Organic broccoli cultivar Avenger has antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, yeast and phytophatogenic fungi. Data suggest that this effect is partially due to AMPs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Broccoli's crude extracts have activity not only against pathogenic bacteria but also against phytophatogenic fungi of importance in agriculture. We suggest for first time that the inhibitory effect is probably due to AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Pacheco-Cano
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - R Salcedo-Hernández
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - J E López-Meza
- Center of Multidisciplinary Studies in Biotechnology, Michoacan University of Saint Nicholas of Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - D K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - J E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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14
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Bideshi DK, Park HW, Hice RH, Wirth MC, Federici BA. Highly Effective Broad Spectrum Chimeric Larvicide That Targets Vector Mosquitoes Using a Lipophilic Protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11282. [PMID: 28900215 PMCID: PMC5596012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mosquitocidal bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) are the active ingredients of commercial larvicides used widely to control vector mosquitoes. Bti’s efficacy is due to synergistic interactions among four proteins, Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa, and Cyt1Aa, whereas Ls’s activity is caused by Bin, a heterodimer consisting of BinA, the toxin, and BinB, a midgut-binding protein. Cyt1Aa is lipophilic and synergizes Bti Cry proteins by increasing midgut binding. We fused Bti’s Cyt1Aa to Ls’s BinA yielding a broad-spectrum chimeric protein highly mosquitocidal to important vector species including Anopheles gambiae, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti, the latter an important Zika and Dengue virus vector insensitive to Ls Bin. Aside from its vector control potential, our bioassay data, in contrast to numerous other reports, provide strong evidence that BinA does not require conformational interactions with BinB or microvillar membrane lipids to bind to its intracellular target and kill mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Robert H Hice
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Margaret C Wirth
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. .,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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15
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Juárez-Hernández EO, Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R, Barboza-Corona JE. Role of the C-terminal and chitin insertion domains on enzymatic activity of endochitinase ChiA74 of Bacillus thuringiensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Sakano Y, Park HW, Bideshi DK, Ge B, Federici BA. Contributions of 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR cis elements to Cyt1Aa synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:66-75. [PMID: 28782510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biopesticide used most effectively to control mosquito and blackfly vectors of human diseases worldwide is Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. The high efficacy of this bacterium is due to synergistic interactions among four protein entomotoxins assembled individually into a single parasporal body (PB) during sporulation. Cyt1Aa, the primary synergist, is the most abundant toxin, comprising approximately 55% of the PB's mass. The other proteins are Cry11Aa at ∼35%, and Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba, which together account for the remaining ∼10%. The molecular genetic basis for the comparatively large amount of Cyt1Aa synthesized is unknown. Here, in addition to the known strong BtI (σE) and BtII (σK) promoters, we demonstrate a third promoter (BtIII) that has high identity to the σE promoter of Bacillus subtilis, contributes to the large amount of Cyt1Aa synthesized. We also show that a cyt1Aa-BtIII construct was not functional in a σE-deficient strain of B. subtilis. Comparison of transcription levels and protein profiles for recombinant strains containing different combinations of BtI, BtII and BtIII, or each promoter alone, showed that BtIII is active throughout sporulation. We further demonstrate that a stable stem-loop in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR, predicted ΔG=-27.6) contributes to the high level of Cyt1Aa synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sakano
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, United States.
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, United States
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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17
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Abstract
The family Ascoviridae includes viruses with circular dsDNA genomes of 100–200 kbp characterized by oblong enveloped virions of 200–400 nm in length. Ascoviruses mainly infect lepidopteran larvae and are mechanically transmitted by parasitoid wasps in which they may also replicate. Most known members belong to the genus Ascovirus, except one virus, that of the genus Toursvirus, which replicates in both its lepidopteran and parasitoid vector hosts. Ascoviruses cause high mortality among economically important insect pests, thereby controlling insect populations. This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Ascoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/ascoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Brian A Federici
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xiao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, 32 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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18
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Juárez-Hernández EO, Casados-Vázquez LE, del Rincón-Castro MC, Salcedo-Hernández R, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis producing endochitinase ChiA74Δsp inclusions and its improved activity against Aedes aegypti. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 119:1692-9. [PMID: 26434743 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to produce stable inclusions of chitinase ChiA74Δsp in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and to assay its insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS AND RESULTS Bti was transformed with chiA74Δsp regulated by its own promoter or by the strong chimeric cytAp/STAB-SD promoter system to generate two recombinant Bti strains. These recombinants produced their native parasporal bodies composed of Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa and ChiA74Δsp inclusions, and showed a approx. threefold increase in both endochitinase activity and viable spore count when compared with the parental strain. Both recombinants were approximately twofold more toxic (LC50s 8·02, 9·6 ng ml(-1) ) than parental Bti (19·8 ng ml(-1) ) against 4(th) instars of A. aegypti larvae. CONCLUSIONS ChiA74Δsp inclusions, together with the insecticidal crystals and spores of Bti increased the toxicity against A. aegypti larvae by at least twofold. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We report for the first time the engineering of Bti to produce spore-parasporal body-ChiA74∆sp inclusions in the same sporangium, which are released together following autolysis. Our work lays a foundation for engineering Bti to produce more efficacious combinations of Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa, Cyt1Aa and chitinase inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Juárez-Hernández
- Life Science Division, Graduate Program in Biosciences Irapuato, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - L E Casados-Vázquez
- Life Science Division, Graduate Program in Biosciences Irapuato, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - M C del Rincón-Castro
- Life Science Division, Graduate Program in Biosciences Irapuato, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - R Salcedo-Hernández
- Life Science Division, Graduate Program in Biosciences Irapuato, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - D K Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - J E Barboza-Corona
- Life Science Division, Graduate Program in Biosciences Irapuato, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.,Food Department, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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19
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Colletier JP, Sawaya MR, Gingery M, Rodriguez JA, Cascio D, Brewster AS, Michels-Clark T, Hice RH, Coquelle N, Boutet S, Williams GJ, Messerschmidt M, DePonte DP, Sierra RG, Laksmono H, Koglin JE, Hunter MS, Park HW, Uervirojnangkoorn M, Bideshi DK, Brunger AT, Federici BA, Sauter NK, Eisenberg DS. De novo phasing with X-ray laser reveals mosquito larvicide BinAB structure. Nature 2016; 539:43-47. [PMID: 27680699 PMCID: PMC5161637 DOI: 10.1038/nature19825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the devastating diseases borne by mosquitoes. These crystals are composed of homologous molecules, BinA and BinB, which play distinct roles in the multi-step intoxication process, transforming from harmless, robust crystals, to soluble protoxin heterodimers, to internalized mature toxin, and finally toxic oligomeric pores. The small size of the crystals, 50 unit cells per edge, on average, has impeded structural characterization by conventional means. Here, we report the structure of BinAB solved de novo by serial-femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). The structure reveals tyrosine and carboxylate-mediated contacts acting as pH switches to release soluble protoxin in the alkaline larval midgut. An enormous heterodimeric interface appears responsible for anchoring BinA to receptor-bound BinB for co-internalization. Remarkably, this interface is largely composed of propeptides, suggesting that proteolytic maturation would trigger dissociation of the heterodimer and progression to pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Mari Gingery
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tara Michels-Clark
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert H Hice
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Daniel P DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hartawan Laksmono
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California 92504, USA
| | - Monarin Uervirojnangkoorn
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, California 92504, USA
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David S Eisenberg
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570, USA
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de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Casados-Vázquez LE, García-Pérez AP, Barboza-Pérez UE, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R, García-Almendarez BE, Barboza-Corona JE. The endochitinase ChiA Btt of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM-2803 and its potential use to control the phytopathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:819-829. [PMID: 27173732 PMCID: PMC5061718 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803 has been studied extensively and spore/crystal mixtures of this strain are used widely in commercial products to control coleopteran pests. The endochitinase chiA Btt gene of B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant 6x‐histidine tagged protein (rChiA Btt, ~74 kDa), was purified by a HiTrap Ni affinity column. The Km of rChiA Btt was 0.847 μmol L−1 and its optimal activity occurred at pH 7 and ~40°C. Most divalent cations reduced endochitinase activity but only Hg+2 abolished activity of the enzyme. We report for the first time the characterization of a chitinase synthesized by B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis DSM‐2803, and show that the purified rChiA74 Btt reduced the radial growth and increased the hyphal density of Colletotrichium gloeosporioides, the etiological agent of “anthracnose” in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma M de la Fuente-Salcido
- Aniversidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Torreón, Coahuila, 27104, México.,Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.,Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - Ada P García-Pérez
- Aniversidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Torreón, Coahuila, 27104, México
| | - Uriel E Barboza-Pérez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Querétaro, Epigmenio González 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Querétaro, Qro, 76130, México
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, 92504, California.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.,Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | | | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México. .,Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México.
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21
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Hernández-Saldaña OF, Valencia-Posadas M, de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Bacteriocinogenic Bacteria Isolated from Raw Goat Milk and Goat Cheese Produced in the Center of México. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:301-8. [PMID: 27407294 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are few reports on the isolation of microorganisms from goat milk and goat cheese that have antibacterial activity. In particular, there are no reports on the isolation of microorganisms with antibacterial activity from these products in central Mexico. Our objective was to isolate bacteria, from goat products, that synthesized antimicrobial peptides with activity against a variety of clinically significant bacteria. We isolated and identified Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. helveticus and Enterococcus faecium from goat cheese, and Aquabacterium fontiphilum, Methylibium petroleiphilum, Piscinobacter aquaticus and Staphylococcus xylosus from goat milk. These bacteria isolated from goat cheese were able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, L. inoccua, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, bacteria from goat milk showed inhibitory activity against B. cereus, L. lactis, E. coli, S. flexneri, E. cloacae and K. pneumonia; S. aureus, L. innocua, S. agalactiae and S. marcescens. The bacteriocins produced by these isolates were shown to be acid stable (pH 2-6) and thermotolerant (up to 100 °C), but were susceptible to proteinases. When screened by PCR for the presence of nisin, pediocin and enterocin A genes, none was found in isolates recovered from goat milk, and only the enterocin A gene was found in isolates from goat cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Hernández-Saldaña
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca (CIS), Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico ; Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Mauricio Valencia-Posadas
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca (CIS), Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico ; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Guanajuato CIS, Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico ; Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Norma M de la Fuente-Salcido
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Torreón-Matamoros Km. 7.5, Ciudad Universitaria Campus Torreón, C.P. 27104 Torreón, Coahuila Mexico
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92504 USA ; Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca (CIS), Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico ; Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato CIS, Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico ; Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex-Hacienda El Copal km. 9, carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311, C.P. 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
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22
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de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Castañeda-Ramírez JC, García-Almendárez BE, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R, Barboza-Corona JE. Isolation and characterization of bacteriocinogenic lactic bacteria from M-Tuba and Tepache, two traditional fermented beverages in México. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 3:434-42. [PMID: 26405529 PMCID: PMC4576967 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexican Tuba (M-Tuba) and Tepache are Mexican fermented beverages prepared mainly with pineapple pulp and coconut palm, respectively. At present, reports on the microbiota and nutritional effects of both beverages are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether M-Tuba and Tepache contain cultivable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) capable of producing bacteriocins. Tepache and M-Tuba contain mesophilic aerobic bacteria, LAB, and yeast. Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella spp, were the microorganisms most susceptible to metabolites produced by bacterial isolates. M-Tuba and Tepache contain bacteria that harbor genes coding for nisin and enterocin, but not pediocin. The presence of Lactococcus lactis and E. faecium in M-Tuba and Tepache, was identified by 16S rDNA. These bacteria produced bacteriocins of ∼3.5 kDa and 4.0–4.5 kDa, respectively. Partial purified bacteriocins showed inhibitory effect against Micrococcus luteus, L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, Str. agalactiae, S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, and K. pneumoniae. We characterized, for the first time, cultivable microbiota of M-Tuba and Tepache, and specifically, identified candidate lactic bacteria (LAB) present in these beverages that were capable of synthesizing antimicrobial peptides, which collectively could provide food preservative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma M de la Fuente-Salcido
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Ciudad Universitaria Campus Torreón Torreón Coah, Coahuila, CP 27104, México
| | | | - Blanca E García-Almendárez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, DIPA, PROPAC 76010, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, 92504, California ; Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, 92521, California
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México ; Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México ; Posgrado en Biociencias, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, México
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23
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Pacheco-Cano RD, de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Salcedo-Hernández R, León-Galván MF, Bideshi DK, Hernández-Guzmán G, Barboza-Corona JE. Characterization, N-terminal sequencing and classification of Tolworthcin 524: A bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:948-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Kaminska PS, Yernazarova A, Murawska E, Swiecicki J, Fiedoruk K, Bideshi DK, Swiecicka I. Comparative analysis of quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR and commercial enzyme imunoassays for detection of enterotoxigenic Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 357:34-9. [PMID: 24913432 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis is closely related to Bacillus cereus, a human pathogen known to cause emesis and diarrhea. Standard detection methods do not distinguish these bacilli. Hemolysin BL (hbl) and non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) genes that encode, respectively, HBL and NHE enterotoxins, are known to be harbored in both bacterial species, suggesting that differentiation of these bacilli is clinically and epidemiologically relevant. In this study the reliability of quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) in detecting hbl and nhe transcripts and corresponding toxins in environmental B. thuringiensis isolates was assessed. At least one enterotoxin gene was present in each isolate, and nhe or hbl genes were found in 85% and 55% of the strains, respectively. Based on statistical analyses, both BCET-RPLA and Duopath detected HBL at similar levels, and TECRA and Duopath can be used interchangeably for the detection of NHE, although TECRA has significantly lower sensitivity than Duopath. Thus, as potential enterotoxic B. thuringiensis strains occur in the natural environment, and EIA results may not correspond with the presence of enterotoxin genes and their expression, we suggest that reliable interpretation will be significantly enhanced by including qRT-PCR to support inferences based on EIAs.
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25
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Piégu B, Guizard S, Yeping T, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Bideshi DK, Federici BA, Bigot Y. Complete genome sequence of invertebrate iridovirus IIV22A, a variant of IIV22, isolated originally from a blackfly larva. Stand Genomic Sci 2014; 9:940-7. [PMID: 25197475 PMCID: PMC4149023 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.5059132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. The invertebrate iridoviruses 22 (IIV22) and 25 (IIV25) were originally isolated from a single sample of blackfly larva (Simulium spp., order Diptera) collected from the Ystwyth river near Aberystwyth, Wales. Recently, the genomes of IIV22 (197.7 kbp) and IIV25 (204.8 kbp) were sequenced and reported. Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of IIV22A, a variant that was isolated from the same pool of virions collected from the blackfly larva from which the IIV22 virion genome originated. The IIV22A genome, 196.5 kbp, is smaller than IIV22. Nevertheless, it contains 7 supplementary putative ORFs. Its analysis enables evaluation of the degree of genomic polymorphisms within an IIV isolate. Despite the occurrence of this IIV variant with IIV22 and IIV25 in a single blackfly larva and the features of their DNA polymerase, we found no evidence of lateral genetic transfers between the genomes of these two IIV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piégu
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
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26
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Piégu B, Guizard S, Yeping T, Cruaud C, Asgari S, Bideshi DK, Federici BA, Bigot Y. Genome sequence of a crustacean iridovirus, IIV31, isolated from the pill bug, Armadillidium vulgare. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1585-1590. [PMID: 24722681 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. The invertebrate iridovirus 31 (IIV31) was originally isolated from adult pill bugs, Armadillidium vulgare (class Crustacea, order Isopoda, suborder Oniscidea), found in southern California on the campus of the University of California, Riverside, USA. IIV31 virions are icosahedral, have a diameter of about 135 nm, and contain a dsDNA genome 220.222 kbp in length, with 35.09 mol % G+C content and 203 ORFs. Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of this virus and its annotation. This is the eighth genome sequence of an IIV reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piégu
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sébastien Guizard
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Tan Yeping
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- CEA/Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry CEDEX, France
| | - Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- California Baptist University, Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 8432 Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92504, USA.,Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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27
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Barboza-Corona JE, Delgadillo-Ángeles JL, Castañeda-Ramírez JC, Barboza-Pérez UE, Casados-Vázquez LE, Bideshi DK, del Rincón-Castro MC. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1 as a factory to synthesize alkali-labile ChiA74∆sp chitinase inclusions, Cry crystals and spores for applied use. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:15. [PMID: 24460864 PMCID: PMC3903433 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The endochitinase ChiA74 is a soluble secreted enzyme produced by Bacillus thuringiensis that synergizes the entomotoxigenecity of Cry proteins that accumulate as intracellular crystalline inclusion during sporulation. The purpose of this study was to produce alkaline-soluble ChiA74∆sp inclusions in B. thuringiensis, and to determine its effect on Cry crystal production, sporulation and toxicity to an important agronomical insect, Manduca sexta. To this end we deleted the secretion signal peptide-coding sequence of chiA74 (i.e. chiA74∆sp) and expressed it under its native promoter (pEHchiA74∆sp) or strong chimeric sporulation-dependent cytA-p/STAB-SD promoter (pEBchiA74∆sp) in Escherichia coli, acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis (4Q7) and B. thuringiensis HD1. Results Based on mRNA analyses, up to ~9-fold increase in expression of chiA74∆sp was observed using the cytA-p/STAB-SD promoter. ChiA74∆sp (~70 kDa) formed intracellular inclusions that frequently accumulated at the poles of cells. ChiA74∆sp inclusions were dissolved in alkali and reducing conditions, similar to Cry crystals, and retained its activity in a wide range of pH (5 to 9), but showed a drastic reduction (~70%) at pH 10. Chitinase activity of E. coli-pEHchiA74∆sp was ~150 mU/mL, and in E. coli-pEBchiA74∆sp, 250 mU/mL. 4Q7-pEBchiA74∆sp and 4Q7-pEHchiA74∆sp had activities of ~127 mU/mL and ~41 mU/mL, respectively. The endochitinase activity in HD1-pEBchiA74∆sp increased 42x when compared to parental HD1 strain. HD1-pEBchiA74∆sp and HD1 harbored typical bipyramidal Cry inclusions, but crystals in the recombinant were ~30% smaller. Additionally, a 3x increase in the number of viable spores was observed in cultures of the recombinant strain when compared to HD1. Bioassays against first instar larvae of M. sexta with spore-crystals of HD1 or spore-crystal-ChiA74∆sp inclusions of HD1-pEBchiA74∆sp showed LC50s of 67.30 ng/cm2 and 41.45 ng/cm2, respectively. Conclusions Alkali-labile ChiA74∆sp inclusion bodies can be synthesized in E. coli and B. thuringiensis strains. We demonstrated for the first time the applied utility of synthesis of ChiA74∆sp inclusions, Cry crystals and spores in the same sporangium of HD1, a strain used successfully worldwide to control economically significant lepidopteran pests of agriculture. Our findings will allow to us develop strategies to modify expression of ChiA74∆sp while maximizing Cry crystal synthesis in commercial strains of B. thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eleazar Barboza-Corona
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México.
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28
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Piégu B, Guizard S, Spears T, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Bideshi DK, Federici BA, Bigot Y. Complete genome sequence of invertebrate iridovirus IIV30 isolated from the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 116:43-7. [PMID: 24394746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. The invertebrate iridovirus 30 (IIV30) was originally isolated from a larva of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (order lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae) in western Australia. The IIV30 virions are icosahedral, have a diameter of about 130nm, and contain a dsDNA genome of 198.5kbp with 28.11% in GC content and 177 coding sequences. Here we describe its complete genome sequence and annotate the genes for which we could assign a putative function. This is the sixth genome sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piégu
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sébastien Guizard
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Tatsinda Spears
- Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Arnault Couloux
- CEA/Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; California Baptist University, Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 8432 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Bideshi DK. Intermolecular Interaction Between Cry2Aa and Cyt1Aa and Its Effect on Larvicidal Activity Against Culex quinquefasciatus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 23:1107-15. [DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1301.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Colson P, De Lamballerie X, Yutin N, Asgari S, Bigot Y, Bideshi DK, Cheng XW, Federici BA, Van Etten JL, Koonin EV, La Scola B, Raoult D. "Megavirales", a proposed new order for eukaryotic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2517-21. [PMID: 23812617 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) comprise a monophyletic group of viruses that infect animals and diverse unicellular eukaryotes. The NCLDV group includes the families Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Ascoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Mimiviridae and the proposed family "Marseilleviridae". The family Mimiviridae includes the largest known viruses, with genomes in excess of one megabase, whereas the genome size in the other NCLDV families varies from 100 to 400 kilobase pairs. Most of the NCLDVs replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells, within so-called virus factories. The NCLDVs share a common ancient origin, as demonstrated by evolutionary reconstructions that trace approximately 50 genes encoding key proteins involved in viral replication and virion formation to the last common ancestor of all these viruses. Taken together, these characteristics lead us to propose assigning an official taxonomic rank to the NCLDVs as the order "Megavirales", in reference to the large size of the virions and genomes of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- Unité des Rickettsies, URMITE UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Piégu B, Guizard S, Spears T, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Bideshi DK, Federici BA, Bigot Y. Complete genome sequence of invertebrate iridescent virus 22 isolated from a blackfly larva. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2112-2116. [PMID: 23804567 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae are animal viruses that infect only invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates. Invertebrate iridescent virus 22 (IIV-22) was originally isolated from the larva of a blackfly (Simulium sp., order Diptera) found in the Ystwyth river, near Aberystwyth, Wales, UK. IIV-22 virions are icosahedral, with a diameter of about 130 nm and contain a dsDNA genome that is 197.7 kb in length, has a G+C content of 28.05 mol% and contains 167 coding sequences. Here, we describe the complete genome sequence of this virus and its annotation. This is the fourth genome sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus to be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Piégu
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sébastien Guizard
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Tatsinda Spears
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- CEA/Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry CEDEX, France
| | - Arnault Couloux
- CEA/Institut de Génomique GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry CEDEX, France
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- California Baptist University, Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 8432 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92504, USA.,Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Entomology, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- UMR INRA-CNRS 7247, PRC, Centre INRA de Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Bigot Y, Piégu B, Casteret S, Gavory F, Bideshi DK, Federici BA. Characteristics of inteins in invertebrate iridoviruses and factors controlling insertion in their viral hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 67:246-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Castañeda-Ramírez JC, de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Salcedo-Hernández R, León-Galván F, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. High-level synthesis of endochitinase ChiA74 in Escherichia coli K12 and its promising potential for use in biotechnology. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 58:455-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Barboza-Corona JE, Espino Monzón AN, Pacheco Cano RD, Balagurusamy N, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R. Expanding the use of a fluorogenic method to determine activity and mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:503269. [PMID: 22919330 PMCID: PMC3415160 DOI: 10.1100/2012/503269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we described a rapid fluorogenic method to measure the activity of five bacteriocins produced by Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against B. cereus 183. Here we standardize this method to efficiently determine the activity of bacteriocins against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It was determined that the crucial parameter required to obtain reproducible results was the number of cells used in the assay, that is, ~4 × 108 cell/mL and ~7 × 108 cell/mL, respectively, for target Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Comparative analyses of the fluorogenic and traditional well-diffusion assays showed correlation coefficients of 0.88 to 0.99 and 0.83 to 0.99, respectively, for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The fluorogenic method demonstrated that the five bacteriocins of B. thuringiensis have bacteriolytic and bacteriostatic activities against all microorganisms tested, including clinically significant bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Shigella flexneri reported previously to be resistant to the antimicrobials as determined using the well-diffusion protocol. These results demonstrate that the fluorogenic assay is a more sensitive, reliable, and rapid method when compared with the well-diffusion method and can easily be adapted in screening protocols for bacteriocin production by other microorganisms.
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Basurto-Cadena MGL, Vázquez-Arista M, García-Jiménez J, Salcedo-Hernández R, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Isolation of a new Mexican strain of Bacillus subtilis with antifungal and antibacterial activities. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:384978. [PMID: 22593682 PMCID: PMC3349141 DOI: 10.1100/2012/384978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several strains of B. subtilis with antifungal activity have been isolated worldwide, to date there are no published reports regarding the isolation of a native B. subtilis strain from strawberry plants in Mexico. A native bacterium (Bacillus subtilis 21) demonstrated in vitro antagonistic activity against different plant pathogenic fungi. Under greenhouse conditions, it was shown that plants infected with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium verticillioides and treated with B. subtilis 21 produced augment in the number of leaves per plant and an increment in the length of healthy leaves in comparison with untreated plants. In addition, B. subtilis 21 showed activity against pathogenic bacteria. Secreted proteins by B. subtilis 21 were studied, detecting the presence of proteases and bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances that could be implicated in its antagonistic activity. Chitinases and zwittermicin production could not be detected. Then, B. subtilis 21 could potentially be used to control phytopathogenic fungi that infect strawberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G L Basurto-Cadena
- División de Ciencias de Vida, Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, 36500, Irapuato, GTO, Mexico.
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Diaz-Mendoza M, Bideshi DK, Ortego F, Farinós GP, Federici BA. The 20-kDa chaperone-like protein of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis enhances yield, crystal size and solubility of Cry3A. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:88-95. [PMID: 22085291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether the 20-kDa chaperone-like protein of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis enhances synthesis, crystallization and solubility of the Cry3A coleopteran toxin and whether the crystalline inclusions produced are toxic to neonates of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. METHODS AND RESULTS The cry3A gene was expressed in the 4Q7 strain of B. thuringiensis ssp. israelensis in the absence or presence of the 20-kDa gene. The 20-kDa protein enhanced Cry3A yield by 2·7-fold per unit of fermentation medium. Crystal volumes averaged 2·123 and 0·964 μm(3) when synthesized in, respectively, the presence or absence of the 20-kDa protein. Both crystals were soluble at pH 5 and pH 6; however, the larger crystal was 1·7× and 1·5× more soluble at, respectively, pH 7 and pH 10. No significant difference in toxicity against L. decemlineata neonates was observed. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrated that the 20-kDa chaperone-like protein enhances yield, volume and solubility of the coleopteran Cry3A crystalline inclusions per unit crystal/spore mixture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report showing that an accessory protein (20-kDa) could enhance synthesis and crystallization of Cry3A, a finding that could be beneficial for commercial production of this coleopteran-specific insecticidal protein for microbial insecticides and possibly even for transgenic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diaz-Mendoza
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Castañeda-Ramírez C, Cortes-Rodríguez V, de la Fuente-Salcido N, Bideshi DK, del Rincón-Castro MC, Barboza-Corona JE. Isolation of Salmonella spp. from lettuce and evaluation of its susceptibility to novel bacteriocins of Bacillus thuringiensis and antibiotics. J Food Prot 2011; 74:274-8. [PMID: 21333148 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 13% of fresh lettuce (Lactuca sativa) samples collected from markets and supermarkets in two cities of Mexico were contaminated with Salmonella spp. From those samples, amplicons of ∼300 base pairs (bp) were amplified, corresponding to the expected size of the invasion (invA) and internal transcribed spacer regions of the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of Salmonella spp. Additionally, Salmonella strains were isolated and harbored plasmids ranging from ∼9 to 16 kbp. From these strains, 91% were resistant to ampicillin and nitrofurantoin, whereas 55% were resistant to cephalothin and chloramphenicol. No resistance was detected to amikacin, carbenicillin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, netilmicin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. When Salmonella isolates were tested against novel bacteriocins (morricin 269, kurstacin 287, kenyacin 404, entomocin 420, and tolworthcin 524) produced by five Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, 50% were susceptible to these antimicrobial peptides. This is the first report showing that Salmonella strains isolated from lettuce are susceptible to bacteriocins produced by the most important bioinsecticide worldwide, suggesting the potential use of these antibacterial peptides as therapeutic agents or food preservatives to reduce or destroy populations of Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Castañeda-Ramírez
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, 36500
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Abstract
Strains of Bacillus sphaericus exhibit varying levels of virulence against mosquito larvae. The most potent strain, B. sphaericus 2362, which is the active ingredient in the commercial product VectoLex®, together with another well-known larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, are used to control vector and nuisance mosquito larvae in many regions of the world. Although not all strains of B. sphaericus are mosquitocidal, lethal strains produce one or two combinations of three different types of toxins. These are (1) the binary toxin (Bin) composed of two proteins of 42 kDa (BinA) and 51 kDa (BinB), which are synthesized during sporulation and co-crystallize, (2) the soluble mosquitocidal toxins (Mtx1, Mtx2 and Mtx3) produced during vegetative growth, and (3) the two-component crystal toxin (Cry48Aa1/Cry49Aa1). Non-mosquitocidal toxins are also produced by certain strains of B. sphaericus, for examples sphaericolysin, a novel insecticidal protein toxic to cockroaches. Larvicides based on B. sphaericus-based have the advantage of longer persistence in treated habitats compared to B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. However, resistance is a much greater threat, and has already emerged at significant levels in field populations in China and Thailand treated with B. sphaericus. This likely occurred because toxicity depends principally on Bin rather than various combinations of crystal (Cry) and cytolytic (Cyt) toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Here we review both the general characteristics of B. sphaericus, particularly as they relate to larvicidal isolates, and strategies or considerations for engineering more potent strains of this bacterium that contain built-in mechanisms that delay or overcome resistance to Bin in natural mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Interdepartmental graduate programs in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Ortiz-Rodríguez T, de la Fuente-Salcido N, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R, Barboza-Corona JE. Generation of chitin-derived oligosaccharides toxic to pathogenic bacteria using ChiA74, an endochitinase native to Bacillus thuringiensis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:184-90. [PMID: 20557451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate that an endochitinase (ChiA74) native to Bacillus thuringiensis can be used to generate chitin-derived oligosaccharides (OGS) with antibacterial activity against a number of aetiological agents of disease, including bacteria that cause diarrhoeal and emetic syndromes in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS The intact chiA74 with its cis elements was cloned into high and moderately high copy number Escherichia coli expression vectors. Functionally secreted ChiA74 was produced, and the endochitinase cleaved substrate colloidal chitin to produce OGS with 3, 5 and 6 degrees of polymerization. The enzyme was active for an extended period of incubation (24 h), but its activity showed a decrement of 73% and 87%, respectively, after 24 h of incubation at 37 and 55 degrees C. OGS showed inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus, Listeria inoccua, E. coli, Staphylococcus xylosus, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, and Proteus vulgaris. CONCLUSIONS Endochitinase ChiA74 is able to stably maintain hydrolytic activity during prolonged incubation in a mix reaction with chitin to produce bioactive OGS with inhibitory activity against important food-borne pathogenic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study showing that an endochitinase (ChiA74) native of the most important bioinsecticide used worldwide (B. thuringiensis), but here produced in E. coli, is able to generate chitin-derived OGS with antibacterial activity against clinically significant food-borne pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Barboza-Corona JE, Gutierrez-Acosta OB, Imperial-Cervantes M, Bideshi DK, de la Fuente-Salcido N, Bautista-Justo M, Salcedo-Hernández R. Generation of antibacterial oligosaccharides derived from chitin using heterologous endochitinase synthesized in Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 105:1511-20. [PMID: 19146488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To synthesize two heterologous endochitinases in Escherichia coli and demonstrate their potential for applied use in generating antibacterial chitin-derived oligosaccharides (OGS). METHODS AND RESULTS Heterologous endochitinase genes, chiA Nima and chiA74, were expressed in E. coli. Endochitinases were secreted by the E. coli export machinery and by approximately 20 h maximal chitinolytic activity was observed. The highest chitinolytic activity was observed with ChiA Nima, which produced antibacterial OGS with activities against Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that the export machinery of E. coli is well suited for the secretion of bioactive ChiA74 and ChiA Nima endochitinases, and that the latter can generate antibacterial OGS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study suggests that it is feasible to synthesize endochitinases ChiA Nima and ChiA74 codified by E. coli and mass-produce these enzymes in culture supernatants. As signal peptides in native ChiA Nima and ChiA74 were recognized by the protein export molecular apparatus in E. coli, these short peptides could be included as signal sequences for transport in E. coli of other proteins with applied value. This is the first report suggesting that ChiA Nima can be used to produce OGS to control food-borne pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Barboza-Corona
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Bigot Y, Renault S, Nicolas J, Moundras C, Demattei MV, Samain S, Bideshi DK, Federici BA. Symbiotic virus at the evolutionary intersection of three types of large DNA viruses; iridoviruses, ascoviruses, and ichnoviruses. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6397. [PMID: 19636425 PMCID: PMC2712680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascovirus, DpAV4a (family Ascoviridae), is a symbiotic virus that markedly increases the fitness of its vector, the parasitic ichneumonid wasp, Diadromus puchellus, by increasing survival of wasp eggs and larvae in their lepidopteran host, Acrolepiopsis assectella. Previous phylogenetic studies have indicated that DpAV4a is related to the pathogenic ascoviruses, such as the Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a (SfAV1a) and the lepidopteran iridovirus (family Iridoviridae), Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), and is also likely related to the ancestral source of certain ichnoviruses (family Polydnaviridae). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To clarify the evolutionary relationships of these large double-stranded DNA viruses, we sequenced the genome of DpAV4a and undertook phylogenetic analyses of the above viruses and others, including iridoviruses pathogenic to vertebrates. The DpAV4a genome consisted of 119,343 bp and contained at least 119 open reading frames (ORFs), the analysis of which confirmed the relatedness of this virus to iridoviruses and other ascoviruses. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of core DpAV4a genes confirmed that ascoviruses and iridoviruses are evolutionary related. Nevertheless, our results suggested that the symbiotic DpAV4a had a separate origin in the iridoviruses from the pathogenic ascoviruses, and that these two types shared parallel evolutionary paths, which converged with respect to virion structure (icosahedral to bacilliform), genome configuration (linear to circular), and cytopathology (plasmalemma blebbing to virion-containing vesicles). Our analyses also revealed that DpAV4a shared more core genes with CIV than with other ascoviruses and iridoviruses, providing additional evidence that DpAV4a represents a separate lineage. Given the differences in the biology of the various iridoviruses and ascoviruses studied, these results provide an interesting model for how viruses of different families evolved from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Bigot
- Génétique, Immmunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, UMR CNRS 6239, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France.
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Tan Y, Bideshi DK, Johnson JJ, Bigot Y, Federici BA. Proteomic analysis of the Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a virion reveals 21 proteins. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:359-365. [PMID: 19141444 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.005934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a (SfAV-1a) is a double-stranded DNA virus that attacks lepidopteran larvae, in which it produces enveloped virions with complex symmetry which have an average diameter of 130 nm and length of 400 nm. Here, we report identification of 21 SfAV-1a-encoded proteins that occur in the virion, as determined by nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. These included a helicase (ORF009), nuclease (ORF075), ATPase (ORF047), serine/threonine-like protein kinase (ORF064), inhibitor of apoptosis-like protein (ORF015), thiol oxidoreductase-like protein (ORF061), CTD phosphatase (ORF109), major capsid protein (ORF041) and a highly basic protein, P64 (ORF048). The latter two were the most abundant. Apart from ascoviruses, the closest orthologues were found in iridoviruses, providing further evidence that ascoviruses evolved from invertebrate iridoviruses. These results establish a foundation for investigating how ascovirus virion proteins interact to form their complex asymmetrical structure, as well as for elucidating the mechanisms involved in SfAV-1a virion morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Tan
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- California Baptist University, Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 8432 Magnolia Avenue Riverside, CA 92504, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Johnson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yves Bigot
- CHRU de Tours, Université Francois Rabelais, UFR des Sciences & Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.,CNRS, UMR 6239, Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Université Francois Rabelais, UFR des Sciences & Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Brian A Federici
- Interdepartmental Graduate Programs in Genetics and Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Tang M, Bideshi DK, Park HW, Federici BA. Iteron-binding ORF157 and FtsZ-like ORF156 proteins encoded by pBtoxis play a role in its replication in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8053-8. [PMID: 17873046 PMCID: PMC2168668 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00908-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a minireplicon of pBtoxis from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis that contained an operon encoding two novel proteins (ORF156 and ORF157), both of which are required for replication. ORF157 contains a helix-turn-helix motif and shares no homology with known plasmid replication proteins (Rep), and ORF156 contains the signature motif present in FtsZ/tubulin proteins, the latter of which are known to function in cell division and chromosome segregation. Here we show that the minimal sequence composed of four 12-bp imperfect direct repeats (iterons) in the pBtoxis minireplicon was sufficient to replicate a reporter plasmid in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis when ORF156 and ORF157 functions were provided in trans. To further investigate the roles of ORF156 and ORF157 in pBtoxis replication, six-histidine-tagged recombinant rORF156 and rORF157 proteins were purified from Escherichia coli and used in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Our results demonstrated that rORF157, but not rORF156, binds specifically to the pBtoxis iterons, suggesting that ORF157 functions as a Rep protein. Although rORF156 did not bind to the iteron sequence, we showed that it bound to rORF157-DNA complexes. In addition, we showed that rORF156 has GTPase activity characteristic of the FtsZ/tubulin superfamily of proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that the iterons compose the minimal replication origin (ori) of pBtoxis and that ORF157 and ORF156 are involved in the initiation of pBtoxis replication and possibly in the segregation and partitioning of this plasmid to daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujin Tang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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de la Fuente-Salcido N, Salcedo-Hernández R, Alanís-Guzmán MG, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. A new rapid fluorogenic method for measuring bacteriocin activity. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:196-9. [PMID: 17481758 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel bacteriocin screening assay based on fluorescence emitted by berberine following its influx into compromised cells. This technique showed agreement with the conventional well-diffusion method, and results can be obtained within one hour. This assay could facilitate the rapid identification of bacteriocinogenic bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma de la Fuente-Salcido
- Universidad de Guanajuato, Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500 Mexico
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Park HW, Bideshi DK, Federici BA. The 20-kDa protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis enhances Bacillus sphaericus 2362 bin toxin synthesis. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:119-24. [PMID: 17597341 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Improving the amount of protein endotoxins synthesized by Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus per unit of culture medium is important because higher yields typically correlate with higher insecticidal activity per unit weight of spore/toxin mixtures. Higher levels of synthesis can also result in larger crystals that could persist for longer periods in the environment. Improving endotoxin production in B. thuringiensis can be achieved by manipulating genetic elements that regulate protein synthesis at the transcriptional, translational, and even posttranslational levels. In the present study, we used a combination of genetic elements to improve yields of B. sphaericus 2362 binary toxin (Bin) in B. thuringiensis. Our results show that a 20-kDa chaperone-like protein, which occurs as the third open-reading frame in the cry11Aa operon, improves Bin yields when expression of the genes encoding this binary toxin is driven by the native bin promoter, cyt1A promoters, or a novel cyt1A-p/STAB-SD expression system, the latter of which yields maximal levels of Bin synthesis. The 20-kDa helper protein increased Bin toxin levels in B. thuringiensis by as much as 53% and concomitant toxicity by at least 90% when Bin was produced using the cyt1A promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Park
- John A. Mulrennan, Sr., Public Health Entomology Research and Education Center, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, and Agriculture, Florida A & M University, 4000 Frankford Avenue, Panama City, FL 32405, USA.
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Abstract
Genetic engineering techniques have been used to significantly improve mosquito larvicides based on the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs). These new larvicides hold excellent promise for providing better and more cost-effective control of nuisance mosquitoes and vectors of important diseases, including the anopheline vectors of malaria and culicine vectors responsible for filariasis and viral encephalitides. The toxicity of Bti and Bs is due primarily to endotoxin proteins produced during sporulation. After ingestion by larvae, these are activated and destroy the larval stomach, quickly resulting in death. By cloning the genes encoding various endotoxins from Bt and Bs species, and engineering these for high levels of synthesis, we have been able to generate recombinant bacterial strains based on Bti that are more than 10 times as effective as the conventional strains of Bti or Bs that serve as the active ingredients of commercial bacterial larvicides currently used for mosquito control. The best of these recombinants contain all major Bti endotoxins, specifically, Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry11A, and Cyt1A, plus the binary (Bin) endotoxin of Bs, the principal mosquitocidal protein responsible for the activity of this species. The presence of Cyt1A in these recombinants, which synergizes Cry toxicity and delays resistance to these proteins and Bs Bin, should enable long term use of these recombinants with little if any development of resistance. In the field, these new recombinants should be particularly effective larvicides against most important vectors and nuisance species of the genus Culex, the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, and species of Aedes and Ochlerotatus sensitive to Bs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Barboza-Corona JE, Vázquez-Acosta H, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R. Bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances produced by Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Arch Microbiol 2006; 187:117-26. [PMID: 17031616 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides synthesized and secreted by bacteria and could potentially be used as natural food preservatives. Here, we report the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances (Bt-BLIS) by five Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (LBIT 269), B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (LBIT 287), B. thuringiensis subsp kenyae (LBIT 404), B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus (LBIT 420) and B. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi (LBIT 524) produced proteinaceous Bt-BLIS with high levels of activity against Bacillus cereus and other gram-positive bacteria. Although none was active against the gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Shigella species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the five Bt-BLIS demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera. Biochemical and biophysical studies demonstrated that the five Bt-BLIS could be categorized into two groups, those produced by LBIT 269 and 287 (Group A) and LBIT 404, 420, 524 (Group B), based on relative time of peptide synthesis, distinctive bacterial target specificity and stability in a wide range of temperatures and pH. Because of their stability and bactericidal activities against B. cereus and V. cholerae agents of emetic, diarrheal and lethal syndromes in humans, these Bt-BLIS could potentially be used as biodegradable preservatives in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eleazar Barboza-Corona
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apartado postal 311, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México.
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Bideshi DK, Demattei MV, Rouleux-Bonnin F, Stasiak K, Tan Y, Bigot S, Bigot Y, Federici BA. Genomic sequence of Spodoptera frugiperda Ascovirus 1a, an enveloped, double-stranded DNA insect virus that manipulates apoptosis for viral reproduction. J Virol 2006; 80:11791-805. [PMID: 16987980 PMCID: PMC1642580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01639-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascoviruses (family Ascoviridae) are double-stranded DNA viruses with circular genomes that attack lepidopterans, where they produce large, enveloped virions, 150 by 400 nm, and cause a chronic, fatal disease with a cytopathology resembling that of apoptosis. After infection, host cell DNA is degraded, the nucleus fragments, and the cell then cleaves into large virion-containing vesicles. These vesicles and virions circulate in the hemolymph, where they are acquired by parasitic wasps during oviposition and subsequently transmitted to new hosts. To develop a better understanding of ascovirus biology, we sequenced the genome of the type species Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a (SfAV-1a). The genome consisted of 156,922 bp, with a G+C ratio of 49.2%, and contained 123 putative open reading frames coding for a variety of enzymes and virion structural proteins, of which tentative functions were assigned to 44. Among the most interesting enzymes, due to their potential role in apoptosis and viral vesicle formation, were a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and especially several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including a fatty acid elongase, a sphingomyelinase, a phosphate acyltransferase, and a patatin-like phospholipase. Comparison of SfAV-1a proteins with those of other viruses showed that 10% were orthologs of Chilo iridescent virus proteins, the highest correspondence with any virus, providing further evidence that ascoviruses evolved from a lepidopteran iridovirus. The SfAV-1a genome sequence will facilitate the determination of how ascoviruses manipulate apoptosis to generate the novel virion-containing vesicles characteristic of these viruses and enable study of their origin and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Abstract
A 2.2-kb fragment containing a replicon from pBtoxis, the large plasmid that encodes the insecticidal endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, was identified, cloned, and sequenced. This fragment contains cis elements, including iterons, found in replication origins of other large plasmids and suggests that pBtoxis replicates by a type A theta mechanism. Two genes, pBt156 and pBt157, encoding proteins of 54.4 kDa and 11.8 kDa, respectively, were present in an operon within this minireplicon, and each was shown by deletion analysis to be essential for replication. The deduced amino acid sequences of the 54.4-kDa and 11.8-kDa proteins showed no substantial homology with known replication (Rep) proteins. However, the 54.4-kDa protein contained a conserved FtsZ domain, and the 11.8 kDa protein contained a helix-turn-helix motif. As FtsZ proteins have known functions in bacterial cell division and the helix-turn-helix motif is present in Rep proteins, it is likely that these proteins function in plasmid replication and partitioning. The minireplicon had a copy number of two or three per chromosome equivalent in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis but did not replicate in B. cereus, B. megaterium, or B. subtilis. A plasmid constructed to synthesize large quantities of the Cry11A and Cyt1A endotoxins demonstrated that this minireplicon can be used to engineer vectors for cry and cyt gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujin Tang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Abstract
The Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus, a DNA virus that attacks lepidopterans, codes for an executioner caspase synthesized by 9 h after infection of Sf21 cells. This caspase alone induces apoptosis in insect cells and, during viral replication in vivo, contributes to a novel cell cleavage process in which developing apoptotic bodies are rescued by the virus and differentiate to form large vesicles in which virions assemble. These viral vesicles disseminate to the blood, where they are acquired during egg-laying by parasitic wasps that transmit the virus. No other viruses encode caspases or form such modified apoptotic bodies, suggesting this caspase plays a direct role in cell partitioning that facilitates viral reproduction and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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