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Abdul Razak NE, Dee CF, Madhuku M, Ahmad I, Chang EY, Yu HW, Majlis BY, Berhanuddin DD. Role of Boron in Assisting the Super-Enhancement of Emissions from Carbon-Implanted Silicon. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2070. [PMID: 36903185 PMCID: PMC10004110 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The super enhancement of silicon band edge luminescence when co-implanted with boron and carbon is reported. The role of boron in the band edge emissions in silicon was investigated by deliberately introducing defects into the lattice structures. We aimed to increase the light emission intensity from silicon by boron implantation, leading to the formation of dislocation loops between the lattice structures. The silicon samples were doped with a high concentration of carbon before boron implantation and then annealed at a high temperature to activate the dopants into substitutional lattice sites. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed to observe the emissions at the near-infrared region. The temperatures were varied from 10 K to 100 K to study the effect of temperature on the peak luminescence intensity. Two main peaks could be seen at ~1112 and 1170 nm by observing the PL spectra. The intensities shown by both peaks in the samples incorporated with boron are significantly higher than those in pristine silicon samples, and the highest intensity in the former was 600 times greater than that in the latter. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the structure of post-implant and post-anneal silicon sample. The dislocation loops were observed in the sample. Through a technique compatible with mature silicon processing technology, the results of this study will greatly contribute to the development of all Si-based photonic systems and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ellena Abdul Razak
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Chang Fu Dee
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Morgan Madhuku
- iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Science (LABS), Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Ishaq Ahmad
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials and Defect Engineering, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Edward Yi Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hung Wei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Dilla Duryha Berhanuddin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Kean Ping L, Mohamed MA, Kumar Mondal A, Mohamad Taib MF, Samat MH, Berhanuddin DD, Menon PS, Bahru R. First-Principles Studies for Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Strontium Doped β-Ga 2O 3. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12040348. [PMID: 33804978 PMCID: PMC8063963 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure, electron charge density, band structure, density of states, and optical properties of pure and strontium (Sr)-doped β-Ga2O3 were studied using the first-principles calculation based on the density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE). The reason for choosing strontium as a dopant is due to its p-type doping behavior, which is expected to boost the material’s electrical and optical properties and maximize the devices’ efficiency. The structural parameter for pure β-Ga2O3 crystal structure is in the monoclinic space group (C2/m), which shows good agreement with the previous studies from experimental work. Bandgap energy from both pure and Sr-doped β-Ga2O3 is lower than the experimental bandgap value due to the limitation of DFT, which will ignore the calculation of exchange-correlation potential. To counterbalance the current incompatibilities, the better way to complete the theoretical calculations is to refine the theoretical predictions using the scissor operator’s working principle, according to literature published in the past and present. Therefore, the scissor operator was used to overcome the limitation of DFT. The density of states (DOS) shows the hybridization state of Ga 3d, O 2p, and Sr 5s orbital. The bonding population analysis exhibits the bonding characteristics for both pure and Sr-doped β-Ga2O3. The calculated optical properties for the absorption coefficient in Sr doping causes red-shift of the absorption spectrum, thus, strengthening visible light absorption. The reflectivity, refractive index, dielectric function, and loss function were obtained to understand further this novel work on Sr-doped β-Ga2O3 from the first-principles calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loh Kean Ping
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.K.P.); (A.K.M.); (D.D.B.); (P.S.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.K.P.); (A.K.M.); (D.D.B.); (P.S.M.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-8911-8558
| | - Abhay Kumar Mondal
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.K.P.); (A.K.M.); (D.D.B.); (P.S.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.F.M.T.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Mohd Hazrie Samat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.F.M.T.); (M.H.S.)
- Ionic Materials & Devices (iMADE) Research Laboratory, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dilla Duryha Berhanuddin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.K.P.); (A.K.M.); (D.D.B.); (P.S.M.); (R.B.)
| | - P. Susthitha Menon
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.K.P.); (A.K.M.); (D.D.B.); (P.S.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Raihana Bahru
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.K.P.); (A.K.M.); (D.D.B.); (P.S.M.); (R.B.)
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Haron MH, Berhanuddin DD, Majlis BY, Md Zain AR. Double-peak one-dimensional photonic crystal cavity in parallel configuration for temperature self-compensation in sensing. Appl Opt 2021; 60:1667-1673. [PMID: 33690503 DOI: 10.1364/ao.418646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We designed and demonstrated a double-peak one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PhC) cavity device by integrating two 1D PhCs cavities in a parallel configuration. The device design is proposed so that it can be used for bio-sensing purposes and has a self-compensation ability to reduce the measurement error caused by the change of the surrounding temperature. By combining two light resonances, two resonance peaks are obtained. The peak's separation, which gives the initial value for a sensing system, can be controlled by varying the cavity length difference (Δc) between the first and second 1D PhCs in parallel. Then, by making one arm of the device as the reference arm and the other arm as the sensing arm, the temperature self-compensation device can be realized. The design and simulation of this device are done by using Lumerical software, which are Lumerical MODE, Lumerical finite-difference time-domain, and Lumerical Interconnect. Electron-beam-lithography and deep reactive-ion-etching processes were used for device fabrication. The experimental results show the controllable peaks' separation, which solves the double-peak requirement for a temperature self-compensated bio-sensor design.
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Abdul Razak NE, Madhuku M, Ahmad I, Majlis BY, Chang FD, Berhanuddin DD. Structural and Photoluminescence Analysis on the Implantation of Carbon and Proton for the Creation of Damage-Assisted Emission in Silicon. SAINS MALAYS 2020. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2020-4912-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We study the induced defects in the depth profiling of the silicon structure after being implanted with carbon and followed by high energy proton irradiation. It has been reported before that the formation of the optically active point-defect, specifically the G-centre is due to the implantation and irradiation of carbon and proton, respectively. It is crucial to quantify the diffusional broadening of the implanted ion profile especially for proton irradiation process so that the radiation damage evolution can be maximized at the point-defect formation region. Profiling analysis was carried out using computational Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) and Surrey University Sputter Profile Resolution from Energy Deposition (SUSPRE) simulation. The energies of carbon ions adopted for this investigation are 10, 20, 30, and 50 keV, while proton irradiation energy was kept at 2 MeV. Photoluminescence measurements on silicon implanted with carbon at different energies were carried out to study the interrelation between the numbers of vacancies produced during the damage event and the peak emission intensities.
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Menon PS, Mulyanti B, Jamil NA, Wulandari C, Nugroho HS, Gan SM, Zainul Abidin NF, Hasanah L, Pawinanto RE, Berhanuddin DD. Refractive Index and Sensing of Glucose Molarities determined using Au-Cr K-SPR at 670/785 nm Wavelength. SAINS MALAYS 2019. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2019-4806-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Menon PS, Said FA, Mei GS, Berhanuddin DD, Umar AA, Shaari S, Majlis BY. Urea and creatinine detection on nano-laminated gold thin film using Kretschmann-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201228. [PMID: 30052647 PMCID: PMC6063434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) response of 50-nm thick nano-laminated gold film using Kretschmann-based biosensing for detection of urea and creatinine in solution of various concentrations (non-enzymatic samples). Comparison was made with the presence of urease and creatininase enzymes in the urea and creatinine solutions (enzymatic samples), respectively. Angular interrogation technique was applied using optical wavelengths of 670 nm and 785 nm. The biosensor detects the presence of urea and creatinine at concentrations ranging from 50–800 mM for urea samples and 10–200 mM for creatinine samples. The purpose of studying the enzymatic sample was mainly to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor towards urea and creatinine in the samples. Upon exposure to 670 nm optical wavelength, the sensitivity of 1.4°/M was detected in non-enzymatic urea samples and 4°/M in non-enzymatic creatinine samples. On the other hand, sensor sensitivity as high as 16.2°/M in urea-urease samples and 10°/M in creatinine-creatininase samples was detected. The enhanced sensitivity possibly attributed to the increase in refractive index of analyte sensing layer due to urea-urease and creatinine-creatininase coupling activity. This work has successfully proved the design and demonstrated a proof-of-concept experiment using a low-cost and easy fabrication of Kretschmann based nano-laminated gold film SPR biosensor for detection of urea and creatinine using urease and creatininase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Susthitha Menon
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Fairus Atida Said
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gan Siew Mei
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dilla Duryha Berhanuddin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akrajas Ali Umar
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sahbudin Shaari
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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