Body Image, Social Physique Anxiety Levels and Self-Esteem among Adults Participating in Physical Activity Programs

(1) Background: individuals may benefit from being involved in physical and athletic activities in order to improve their body appearance and promote their physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate body image, body mass index (BMI) characteristics, social physique anxiety, self-esteem and possible correlations between the above factors. (2) Methods: 245 adults engaged in training programs in gyms, as well as in track and field, football and basketball athletic activities completed (a) a sociodemographic questionnaire which recorded their BMI values and utilized the (b) Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, (c) the Social Physique Anxiety Scale and (d) the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. (3) Results: Females and individuals with higher BMI reported statistically significant lower body-esteem and greater social physique anxiety levels compared to males and individuals with lower BMI, respectively (p < 0.05). A total of 25.3% of our participants were labeled as "overweight", while 20.4% had been overweight in the past. Significant differences were reported between body-esteem and social physique anxiety levels (p < 0.001); age (p = 0.001); BMI value (p < 0.001) and never having a problem with body weight (p = 0.008). Additionally, individuals with lower body-esteem and greater social physique anxiety levels presented lower global self-esteem (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: individuals' engagement in physical activity promotes physical as well as mental well-being, contributing to an improved quality of life, which may be the most important issue for health care professionals.

Job Satisfaction of Nurses Versus Other Mental Health Professionals Working in Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services

INTRODUCTION

The objectives of Psychiatric Reform were, on the one hand, psychiatric hospitals' shutting down and, on the other hand, the creation of Psychosocial Rehabilitation facilities, in order to provide appropriate care to individuals suffering from mental health problems in community. Therefore, mental health professionals' job satisfaction constitutes one of the fundamental factors leading either to success or failure of each reforming effort.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of professional satisfaction of nurses working in Psychosocial Rehabilitation facilities compared to other mental health professionals.

METHODOLOGY

Three hundred and sixty-seven mental health professionals, working in the field of psychosocial rehabilitation completed (a) a sociodemographic questionnaire, and (b) Spectοr's Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS).

RESULTS

Moderate levels of total professional satisfaction were observed. Low satisfaction rates were recorded in "Pay," "Promotion," and "Fringe Benefits" subscale. High satisfaction rates were recorded in "Supervision," "Cooperation between colleagues," and "Nature of work," while moderate satisfaction rates were reported in "Contingent rewards," "Operating procedures," and "Communication" within facilities. It is noteworthy that nurses were statistically significant less satisfied with the "Contingent rewards" (p = 0.028), the "Nature of work" (p = 0.001), and the "Communication" (p = 0.019), while they were statistically significant more satisfied with "Supervision" (p = 0.007) compared to the other specialties of mental health professionals.

CONCLUSIONS

The results can be used by those with administrative and scientific responsibilities in the field of mental health in order to recognize professionals' difficulties and solve their problems in psychosocial rehabilitation facilities. These interventions could improve their levels of job satisfaction, in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results for mentally ill and improve the quality of the services provided.

Sociodemographic and psychological parameters of adult’s commitment to exercise

Introduction

Motivation is an important indicator of predicting an adult’s commitment to exercise so it is important to explore the reasons that may lead a person to participate in physical activity programs.

Objectives

To investigate the socio-demographic and psychological parameters that motivate adults to participate in exercise programs and athletic activities.

Methods

245 adults, being engaged in physical activity programs were given a questionnaire to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, possible previous problems with body weight, type of exercise, frequency and main reason for their participation in exercise programs, as well as the somatometric characteristics of the participants.

Results

It is noteworthy that participants’ motive for exercise was pleasure (for 46.1% of the participants), championship (for 20.8% of the participants), health reasons (for 18.4% of the participants), weight loss (for 7.8% of the participants) and improvement of physical appearance (for 6.9% of the participants). A greater percentage of male compared to female participants were engaged to exercise due to championship reasons, while more women than men exercised to a statistically significant extent in order to improve their appearance and for health reasons.

Conclusions

Understanding the main factors that make individuals being engaged to physical activity may help health professionals to implement educational and counseling intervention programs regarding the positive effects of exercise on individuals’ mental and emotional health. Physical activity contributes to the improvement of their quality of life, which may be the most important issue for mental and public health.

Social physique anxiety and physical activity

Introduction

Social Physique Anxiety is defined as an emotional response that reflects individuals’ concerns regarding the way their body may be observed or judged by others.

Objectives

To explore the relationship between physical activity and social physique anxiety.

Methods

A literature review haw been made through pubmed database.

Results

Social Physique Anxiety is negatively related to participation in physical activity and commitment to exercise. Studies examining the relationship between motivation and social physique anxiety have shown that external motivations, such as improving muscle tone and body attractiveness, are directly linked to social physique anxiety. In addition, social physique anxiety is negatively related to self-efficacy. Individuals who believe that they will be judged by others to be ineffective are less likely to be engaged in physical activity programs. Social Physique Anxiety has been linked to negative effects on mental health such as low self-esteem, smoking and eating disorders.

Conclusions

Given all the negative effects of social physique anxiety, as it is responsible for a wide range of health-related behaviors, it is important to identify physical activity-related motivational mechanisms in order to reduce the impact of social physique anxiety.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Vitrified medical wastes bottom ash in cement clinkerization. Microstructural, hydration and leaching characteristics

The present investigation focuses on the utilization of medical wastes incineration bottom ash (MBA), vitrified with soda lime recycled glass (SLRG), as an alternative raw material in cement clinkerization. Bottom ash is recovered from the bottom of the medical wastes incineration chamber, after being cooled down through quenching. It corresponds to 10-15 wt% of the initial medical wastes weight and since it has been classified in the category of hazardous wastes, its safe management has become a major environmental concern worldwide. MBA glasses of various syntheses were initially obtained during the MBA vitrification simultaneously with various amounts of silica scrap (20, 25 and 30 wt% correspondingly). The produced MBA glasses were in turn used for the production of Portland cement clinker, after sintering at 1400 °C, thus substituting traditional raw materials. Both evaluation of vitrification and sintering products was carried out by chemical and mineralogical analyses along with microstructure examination. The final cements were prepared by clinkers co-grinding in a laboratory ball mill with appropriate amounts of gypsum (≈5.0 wt%) and the evaluation of their quality was carried out by determining setting times, standard consistency, expansibility and compressive strength at 2, 7, 28 and 90 days. Finally, the leaching behaviour of the vitrified MBA and hydrated cements, together with the corresponding of the "as received" MBA, was further examined using the standard leaching tests of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and the EN 12457-2. According to the obtained results, the quality of the produced cement clinkers was not affected by the addition of the vitrified MBA in the raw meal, with the trace elements detected in all leachates measured well below the corresponding regulatory limits.

The Long-Term Effect of Elastic Compression on the Venous Haemodynamics of the Leg

The long-term haemodynamic effect of elastic compression has been evaluated in 16 patients (20 limbs) with superficial venous incompetence. Ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) and pressure recovery time (RT90) were measured with foot vein canulation. Air-plethysmography was used to measure venous volume, venous reflux and the ejecting capacity of the calf muscle pump, before and after the application of graduated elastic stockings, for 4 weeks. Limbs were tested without the stockings.

Elastic compression for 4 weeks produced a significant reduction in the venous volume ( P < 0.01), a significant decrease in venous reflux and an increase in the ejecting capacity of the calf muscle pump ( P < 0.01). The above changes explain the significant reduction in AVP and prolongation of RT90 ( P < 0.01) which was observed.

The results indicate that there is a considerable improvement in venous haemodynamics after 4 weeks support with graduated elastic compression.

The Effect of Elastic Compression on Calf Muscle Pump Function

The haemodynamic effect of elastic compression has been evaluated in 23 patients (26 limbs) with superficial venous incompetence. Ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) and pressure recovery time (RT90) were measured with foot vein canulation. Also the functional venous volume (VV) (venous capacitance), venous reflux and the ejecting capacity of the calf muscle pump were measured with air-plethysmography. The above measurements were made with and without a graduated compression elastic stocking.

Elastic compression produced a significant reduction in VV ( P < 0.01). Also a significant decrease in venous reflux and increase in the ejecting capacity of the calf muscle pump ( P < 0.01). The above alterations explain the significant reduction in AVP and prolongation of RT90 ( P < 0.01) which was observed as a result of elastic compression.

The measurements made in this study demonstrate in an objective and quantitative way the beneficial effect of elastic stockings in patients with superficial venous incompetence and how this effect is achieved.

Descending phlebography in patients with venous ulceration: hemodynamic implications

AIM

The aim of this paper is to report on the hemodynamic significance of the various degrees reflux as demonstrated on descending phlebography, by comparing the phlebographic findings with ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) measurements.

METHOD

Thirty-two patients (45 affected limbs) with active or healed venous ulceration were admitted to the study. Descending phlebography with grading of reflux (0-4 using Herman's grading), AVP and refilling time 90 (RT90) were performed in all patients. In addition, the presence of deep to superficial reflux into the great saphenous vein at the sapheno-femoral junction, thigh incompetent perforating veins, small saphenous vein at the saphenopopliteal junction and incompetent calf perforating veins was recorded using ascending functional phlebography. The examined limbs were separated into two groups according to the Grade of reflux. Group I consisted of limbs in which popliteal valve incompetence was not demonstrated on descending phlebography, i.e., Grades 0-2 (18 limbs). Group II consisted of limbs with popliteal reflux as demonstrated by descending venography, i.e., grades 3 and 4 (27 limbs).

RESULTS

In Group I the mean AVP ± SD was 47.2 ± 9.3 mmHg (range 31-67 mmHg). After the application of the ankle tourniquet to exclude the effects of the superficial venous incompetence on the pressure recordings, the mean AVP ± SD became 28.1 ± 9.9 mmHg (range 11-44) (paired t test: P < 0.001). In Group II (limbs with incompetent popliteal valves) the mean AVP ± SD was 71.6 ± 12.7 mmHg (range 49-95 mmHg) before the tourniquet. This was significantly higher than in Group I (t test: P < 0.001). The application of the ankle tourniquet in this group produced a small but significant decrease in the AVP (mean AVP ± SD: 66 ± 14.5 mmHg) (paired t test: P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Incompetence of the femoral valves in the presence of competent popliteal valves adds very little to the hemodynamic abnormality produced by superficial venous reflux. In the majority of these patients, there is co-existing reflux from deep to superficial veins with associated superficial valve incompetence which is responsible for the venous hypertension, skin changes and ulceration. The hemodynamic changes which in the past had been associated with deep venous insufficiency (AVP >45 mmHg and RT90 < 14 seconds despite the application of an ankle tourniquet) occur only when there is popliteal incompetence.

Safe carotid artery angioplasty and stenting in patients unsuitable for transfemoral approach

AIM

The aim of this study was to use the maximum of all the protective measures to make carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) a safe procedure.

METHODS

Twenty patients with severe carotid disease have been treated. These patients were considered as high risk for carotid endarterectomy and not suitable for transfemoral CAS for anatomic reasons. Transcervical approach to the common carotid (CCA) and the internal jungular vein (IJV) has been used. The vessels were cannulated with introducing sheaths and the flow in the internal carotid (ICA) was reversed by occluding the proximal CCA and creating a fistula with the IJV by connecting the two sheaths. The carotid lesion was crossed under retrograde flow and a filter was positioned and opened in the distal ICA. Antegrade flow was then resumed and CAS was performed.

RESULTS

All procedures were successful and uneventful with the exception of transient hypotension in 3 patients. The mean time of flow reversal was less than 1.5 min. Seventeen patients were discharged the following morning and 3 on the subsequent day, because of hypotension.

CONCLUSION

The results of this preliminary study indicate that the combination of several protective measures for CAS is effective. Further series are required to confirm our findings.

Hemodynamic follow-up of iliofemoral venous thrombosis

AIM

The aim of this pilot study was to assess the venous hemodynamic changes after deep venous thrombosis (DVT) using air-plethysmography (APG) and to study the rate and magnitude of these changes in relation to those associated with the post-trombotic syndrome.

METHODS

Twenty limbs of 19 patients with acute iliofemoral thrombosis have been followed up with APG and Duplex scanning for 24 months. Patients were treated with anticoagulation and elastic stockings. The air-plethysmographic measurements of venous outflow and functional venous volume were measured on admission. These measurements, as well as venous reflux and calf muscle pump ejecting capacity, have been performer after one week, one month and 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The results were compared with similar measurements of 10 normal limbs and 10 post-thrombotic limbs with chronic venous ulcers. Duplex scanning was performed on admission, in six and 24 months.

RESULTS

Plethysmographic parameters showed a dramatic improvement in the first month, fast improvement after three months and slower improvement thereafter, with the exception of the development of marked venous reflux in five of the 20 limbs studied, in the first three months. Popliteal reflux was diagnosed in these limbs. Elastic compression protected the patent veins from overdistention and incompetence and contributed to the relatively good calf muscle pump function during the first year after DVT. By the end of the study no patient had post-thrombotic changes, but four patients needed elastic stockings in order to avoid edema.

CONCLUSIONS

The most important hemodynamic alterations occurred during the first three months after DVT. This is the crucial period during which conservative treatment needs to be improved. Further work is required in this field to study the effect of various newly emerging methods. The air-plethysmographic measurements described may become surrogate endpoints for testing different therapies.

S-shaped ilio-mesenteric bypass in a young high risk patient

Symptomatic chronic mesenteric ischemia is a rare condition. Several surgical and endovascular techniques have been described, but treatment is individualized according to the conditions of each patient. We report a successful superior mesenteric artery revascularization by using an S-shaped retrograde polytetrafluoroethylene ilio-mesenteric bypass graft in a young overweight patient with a history of two abdominal vascular operations and several comorbidities.

'On-line' alterations of contralateral jugular blood gas profile during carotid clamping

The aim of this work was to record the metabolic status of the brain (pH, PCO(2) and PO(2)) during carotid endarterectomy (CEA), with the use of an intravascular multiparameter sensor (Paratrend 7) via retrograde catheterization of the contralateral jugular vein. Twenty-four patients with ASA grades II and III scheduled for CEA were included in the study. After induction of anesthesia, the contralateral internal jugular vein was punctured retrogradely and the sensor was introduced. During clamping, pH became persistently more acidotic (7.34-7.31; p < 0.05), PCO(2) was elevated (43.2-46.8 mm Hg; p < 0.05) while most of the patients showed a non-significant decrease in PjvO(2)/SjvO(2) (jv = jugular venous). Correlation with clamping time or stump pressure was not significant. Unclamping was followed by a short period (5- 9 min) of decrease in pH and elevation of PCO(2) (7.30-7.22; p < 0.05, and 48.0-52.5 mm Hg; p < 0.05, respectively). PjvO(2) was significantly elevated (51.8-58.0 mm Hg; p < 0.001) after the restoration of flow. The study suggests that local CO(2) creates conditions for compensation of flow after the application of a carotid clamp. We consider that this monitoring technique, after further validation, may provide useful information.

Foam-sclerotherapy, surgery, sclerotherapy, and combined treatment for varicose veins: a 10-year, prospective, randomized, controlled, trial (VEDICO trial)

The study compared, by a prospective, randomized method, 6 treatment options: A: Sclerotherapy; B: High-dose sclerotherapy; C: Multiple ligations; D: Stab avulsion; E: Foam-sclerotherapy; F: Surgery (ligation) followed by sclerotherapy. Results were analyzed 10 years after inclusion and initial treatment. Endpoints of the study were variations in ambulatory venous pressure (AVP), refilling time (RT), presence of duplex-reflux, and number of recurrent or new incompetent venous sites. The number of patients, limbs, and treated venous segments were comparable in the 6 treatment groups, also comparable for age and sex distribution. The occurrence of new varicose veins at 5 years varied from 34% for group F (surgery + sclero) and ligation (C) to 44% for the foam + sclero group (E) and 48% for group A (dose 1 sclero). At 10 years the occurrence of new veins varied from 37% in F to 56% in A. At inclusion AVP was comparable in the different groups. At 10 years the decrease in AVP and the increase in RT (indicating decrease in reflux), was generally comparable in the different groups. Also at 10 years the number of new points of major incompetence was comparable in all treatment groups. These results indicate that, when correctly performed, all treatments may be similarly effective. "Standard," low-dose sclerotherapy appears to be less effective than high-dose sclero and foam-sclerotherapy which may obtain, in selected subjects, results comparable to surgery.

[Treatment of severe intermittent claudication: ORACLE-PGE1 short term study. A randomised 40-week study. Evaluation of efficacy and costs]

BACKGROUND

The efficacy and cost of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in severe intermittent claudication was studied comparing a long-term protocol (LTP) with a short-term protocol (STP) in a randomised 40-week study.

METHODS

Phase 1 was a 2-week run-in phase (no treatment) for both protocols. In LTP, phase 2 was the main treatment phase. Treatment was performed with 2-hour infusions (60 micro g PGE1, 5 days each week for 4 weeks. In phase 3 (4-week interval period), PGE1 was administered twice a week (same dosage). In phase 4 (40 weeks), no PGE1 were used. In STP, phase 2 treatment was performed in two days by a 2-hour infusion (60 micro g PGE1 twice a day in 2 days). The same cycle was repeated every 4 weeks. A treadmill test was performed at inclusion, at the beginning of each phase and at the end of weeks 12, 16, 20 32 and 40. A progressive training plan (walking) and reduction in risk factors plan was used in both groups.

RESULTS

Out of the 1276 included patients 1165 completed the study (606 in LTP group; 559 in the STP). Drop-outs were 111. The two groups were comparable in distribution, risk factors and smoking. Intention-to-treat analysis indicated an increase in pain free walking distance (PFWD). The absolute and percent increase in pain-free walking distance (PFWD) was comparable in both LTP and STP groups with a significative increase in TWD at 4 weeks. At 20 and 40 weeks increase was up to 219% in the LTP and 460% in the STP group (p<0.02). Comparable results concerning PFWD were obtained in the two groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. No side effect was observed. Local effects were observed in 8.5% of the treated subjects in the LTP and 4% in the STP. The average cost of the LTP protocol was 8786 Euro. For STP the costs was 946 (10.8% of LTP). For both protocols the cost of the infusion was 24% of the total for the LTP and 35% in the STP. Therefore 75% of the cost is not drug-related.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion between-group-analysis favours STP considering walking distance and costs. Results indicate good efficacy and tolerability of PGE1 treatment particularly STP.

'Real' epidemiology of varicose veins and chronic venous diseases: the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of venous diseases and the role of concomitant/risk factors for varicose veins (VV) or chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The study was based in San Valentino in Central Italy and was a real whole-population study. The study included 30,000 subjects in eight villages/towns evaluated with clinical assessment and duplex scanning. The global prevalence of VV was 7%; for CVI, the prevalence was 0.86% with 0.48% of ulcers. Incidence (new cases per year) was 0.22% for VV and 0.18% for CVI; 34% of patients with venous disease had never been seen or evaluated. The distribution of VV and CVI in comparison with duplex-detected incompetence (DI) indicates that 12% of subjects had only VV (no DI), 2% had DI but no VV, 7.5% had DI associated with VV, 2% apparent CVI without DI, 3% DI only (without CVI), and 1.6% both CVI and DI. VV associated with DI are rapidly progressive and CVI associated with DI often progresses to ulceration (22% in 6 years). VV without significant DI (3%) and venous dilatation without DI tend to remain at the same stage without progression for a lengthy time. New cases per year appear to have a greater increase in the working population (particularly CVI) possibly as a consequence of trauma during the working period. In older age (>80 years), the incidence of CVI tends to decrease. Ulcers increase in number with age. Only 22% of ulcers can be defined as venous (due to venous hypertension, increased ambulatory venous pressure, shorter refilling time, obstruction and DI). Medical advice for VV or CVI is requested in 164 subjects of 1,000 in the population. In 39 of 1,000, there is a problem but no medical advice is requested and in only 61 of 1,000, the venous problem is real. In VV in 78% of limbs, there is only reflux, in 8% only obstruction, and in 14% both. In CVI, 58% of limbs have reflux, 23% obstruction, and 19% both. In conclusion, VV and CVI are more common with increasing age. The increase with age is linear. There was no important difference between males and females. These results are the basis for future real, whole population studies to evaluate VV and CVI.

Continuous contralateral jugular acid-base and blood gas monitoring during carotid endarterectomy

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to evaluate the intravascular multiparameter sensor Paratrend 7 (P7) for continuous acid-base and blood gas monitoring after retrograde jugular catheterization during carotid endarterectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We studied 11 patients with history of smoking (72.7%), coronary artery disease (72.7%), hypertension (100%), diabetes mellitus (55.5%) and TIA's and/or nondisabling stroke (90.9%). The contralateral internal jugular vein was punctured retrogradely and the calibrated P7 sensor was introduced. The sensor was removed after surgery. The P7 provides continuous graphical display of pH, pCO2, and pO2, while temperature, oxygen saturation, HCO3 concentration and base excess are displayed numerically.

RESULTS

Mean duration of carotid cross-clamping was 17.0 +/- 6.2 min. Mean stump pressure was 50.2 +/- 12.9 mmHg. Intraluminal shunting was not used in any operation. All sensors were easily inserted. During clamping, pH became persistently more acidic (7.31 to 7.28; p < 0.05), pCO2 was elevated (44.7 to 49.8 mmHg; p < 0.05) while, in the majority of the patients, there was a non significant decrease in pjvO2/SjvO2. Declamping was followed by a short period of decrease of pH and elevation of pCO2 reminiscent of wash out phenomena. PjvO2 was significantly elevated (53.8 +/- 5.2 to 59.0 +/- 5.8 mmHg; p < 0.001) after the restoration of flow. In one case, P7 was diagnostic for unsuccessful endarterectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

P7 is useful during carotid endarterectomy providing continuous and "on-line" information on brain metabolism. It is a simple and powerful technique, which should be further investigated.

PGE(1) treatment of severe intermittent claudication (short-term versus long-term, associated with exercise)--efficacy and costs in a 20-week, randomized trial

The efficacy, safety, and cost of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the treatment of severe intermittent claudication was studied comparing a long-term treatment protocol (LTP) with a short-term treatment protocol (STP) in a randomized 20-week study. The study included 980 patients (883 completed the study) with an average total walking distance of 85.5 +/-10 m (range 22-119). Phase 1 was a 2-week run-in phase (no treatment) for both protocols. In LTP, phase 2 was the main treatment phase. In the LTP, treatment was performed with 2-hour infusions (60 microg PGE1, 5 days each week for 4 weeks. In phase 3 (4-week interval period) PGE1 was administered twice a week (same dosage). In phase 4 (monitoring lasting 3 months, from week 9 to 20) no drugs were used. In STP phase 2 treatment was performed in 2 days by a 2-hour infusion (first day: morning 20 microg, afternoon 40 microg; second day morning and afternoon 60 microg). The reduced dosage was used only at the first cycle (week 0) to evaluate tolerability or side effects. Full dosage (60 microg bid) was used for all other cycles. The same cycle was repeated at the beginning of weeks 4, 8, and 12. The observation period was between weeks 12 and 20. A treadmill test was performed at inclusion, at the beginning of each phase, and at the end of 20th week. A similar progressive physical training plan (based on walking) and a reduction in risk factors levels plan was used in both groups. Intention-to-treat analysis indicated an increase in walking distance, which improved at 4 weeks and at 20 weeks in the STP more than in the LTP group. At 4 weeks the variation (increase) in pain-free walking (PFWD) was 167.8% (of the initial value) in the LTP group and 185% in the STP group (p<0.05). At 4 weeks the variation (increase) in total walking distance (TWD) was 227.6% of the initial value in the LTP group and 289% in the STP group (p<0.05). At 20 weeks the increase in PFWD was 496% of the initial value in the LTP group vs 643% in the STP group (147% difference; p<0.02). The increase in TWD was 368% in the LTP group and 529% in the STP group (161% difference; p<0.02). In both groups there was a significant increase in PFWD and TWD at 4 and 20 weeks, but results obtained with STP are better considering both walking distances. No serious drug-related side effects were observed. Local, mild adverse reactions were seen in 6.3% of the treated subjects in the LTP and 3% in the STP. Average cost of LTP was 6,664 Euro; for STP the average costs was approximately 1,820 E. The cost to achieve an improvement in walking distance of 1 m was 45.8 E with the LTP and 8.5 E with the STP (18% of the LTP cost; p<0.02). For an average 100% increase in walking distance the LTP cost was 1,989 E vs. 421 E with STP (p<0.02). Between-group analysis favors STP considering walking distance and costs. Results indicate good efficacy and tolerability of PGE, treatment. With STP less time is spent in infusion and more in the exercise program. STP reduces costs, speeds rehabilitation, and may be easily used in a larger number of nonspecialized units.

Nomograms used to define the short-term treatment with PGE(1) in patients with intermittent claudication and critical ischemia. The ORACL.E (Occlusion Revascularization in the Atherosclerotic Critical Limb) Study Group. The European Study

Infusional, cyclic PGE1 treatment is effective in patients with intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia (CLI). One of the problems related to chronic PGE1 treatment in vascular diseases due to atherosclerosis is to evaluate the variations of clinical conditions due to treatment in order to establish the number of cycles per year or per period (in severe vascular disease reevaluation of patients should be more frequent) needed to achieve clinical improvement. In a preliminary pilot study a group of 150 patients (mean age 67+/-12 years) with intermittent claudication (walking range from 0 to 500 m) and a group of 100 patients with CLI (45% with rest pain, and 55% gangrene; mean age 68 +/-11 years) the number of PGE1 cycles according to the short-term protocol (STP) needed to produce significant clinical improvement was preliminarily evaluated. Considering these preliminary observations, the investigators established a research plan useful to produce nomograms indicating the number of cycles of PGE1-STP per year needed to improve the clinical condition (both in intermittent claudication and CLI). A significant clinical improvement was arbitrarily defined as the increase of at least 35% in walking distance (on treadmill) and/or the disappearance of signs and symptoms of critical ischemia in 6 months of treatment in at least 75% of the treated patients. With consideration of the results obtained with the preliminary nomograms a larger validation of the nomograms is now advisable. A cost-effectiveness analysis is also useful to define the efficacy of treatment on the basis of its costs. The publication of this report in two angiological journals (Angeiologie and Angiology) will open the research on nomograms to all centers willing to collaborate to the study. The data are being collected in the ORACL.E database and will be analyzed within 12 months after the publication of this report.

Endovascular sclerotherapy, surgery, and surgery plus sclerotherapy in superficial venous incompetence: a randomized, 10-year follow-up trial--final results

The study was planned to evaluate efficacy and costs of endovascular sclerotherapy (ES) in comparison with surgery and surgery associated with sclerotherapy in a prospective (10-year follow-up), good-clinical-practice study. Patients with varicose veins and pure, superficial venous incompetence were included. Of the patients randomized into the three groups 39 (group A) were treated with ES, 40 (B) with surgery + sclerotherapy, and 42 with surgery only (C). Surgery consisted of ligation of the SFJ (saphenofemoral junction) and of incompetent veins detected with color duplex. Of the preselected 150 patients, 121 subjects entered the study; 96 completed the 10-year follow-up (mean age 52.6 +/- 6 years; 51 men, 45 women). Dropouts were due to nonmedical problems. At 10 years no incompetence was observed in subjects treated with SPJ ligation (B and C). In the ES group 18.8% of the SFJs were patent and incompetent and in 43.8% of limbs the distal (below-knee) venous system was still incompetent [16.1% in the surgery + sclerotherapy group (p < 0.05) and 36% in the group treated with surgery only (p < 0.05 vs B and 0.05 vs A)]. Color duplex of the long saphenous vein indicated atrophy or obstruction of a segment (average 6.7 cm) after SFJ ligation (4.2 cm after ES). The cost of ES was 68% of surgery while the cost of surgery and sclerotherapy was 122% of surgery only. Endovascular sclerotherapy is an effective, cheaper treatment option, but surgery after 10 years is superior.

Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin, administered primarily at home, with unfractionated heparin, administered in hospital, and subcutaneous heparin, administered at home for deep-vein thrombosis

In this study, 294 patients with acute proximal DVT (deep venous thrombosis) were randomly assigned to receive intravenous standard heparin in the hospital (98 patients) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (nadroparin 0.1 mL [equivalent to 100 AXa IU] per kg of body weight subcutaneously twice daily) administered primarily at home (outpatients) or alternatively in hospital (97 patients) or subcutaneous calcium heparin (SCHep) (99 patients, 0.5 mL bid) administered directly at home. The study design allowed outpatients taking LMWH heparin to go home immediately and hospitalized patients taking LMWH to be discharged early. Patients treated with standard heparin or LMWH received the oral anticoagulant starting on the second day, and heparin was discontinued when the therapeutic range (INR 2-3) had been reached. Anticoagulant treatment was maintained for 3 months. Patients treated with SCHep were injected twice daily for 3 months without oral anticoagulants. Patients were evaluated for inclusion and follow-up with color duplex scanning. Venography was not used. In case of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) a ventilatory-perfusional lung scan was performed. Endpoints of the study were recurrent or extension of DVT, bleeding, the number of days spent in hospital, and costs of treatments. Of the 325 patients included, 294 completed the study. Dropouts totaled 31 (10.5%); six of the 325 included patients (1.8%) died from the related, neoplastic illness. Recurrence or extension of DVT was observed in 6.1% of patients in the LMWH group, in 6.2% in the standard heparin group, and in 7.1% in the SCHep group. Most recurrences (11/17) were in the first month in all groups. Bleedings were all minor, mostly during hospital stay. Hospital stay in patients treated with LMWH was 1.2+/-1.4 days in comparison with 5.4+/-1.2 in those treated with standard heparin. There was no hospital stay in the SCHep group. Average treatment costs in 3 months in the standard heparin group (US $2,760) were considered to be 100%; in comparison costs in the LMWH group was 28% of the standard heparin and 8% in the SCHep group. This study indicated that LMWH and SCHep can be used safely and effectively to treat patients with proximal DVT at home at a lower cost.

External femoral vein valvuloplasty with limited anterior plication (LAP): a 10-year randomized, follow-up study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects after 10 years of external valvuloplasty of the femoral vein (limited anterior plication or LAP). After informed consent patients with venous hypertension due to deep and superficial venous incompetence were randomized into two treatment groups. Both groups were treated with superficial vein surgery (ligation and section of the major incompetent superficial veins). Group 2 was treated with the same procedure and with LAP. External valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein was performed with plication of the anterior vein wall after limited dissection of the vein. Results were evaluated with color-duplex scanning and ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) measurements. Endpoints were AVP, refilling time (RT), presence/absence of reflux at the superficial femoral vein, the variation in the diameter of the vein, and quality of life score (QLS). No complications were observed. All femoral veins treated with LAP were competent after 10 years. Significantly lower AVP and longer RT were observed in the LAP group. Also the average diameter of the vein was smaller in the LAP group. Moreover, QLS was significantly better in the LAP group after 10 years. In conclusion, in selected subjects, with moderate deep venous incompetence, functional cusps, or incompetence mainly due to relative enlargement of the femoral vein, LAP may be an effective alternative to external valvuloplasty.

Treatment of severe intermittent claudication with PGE1--a short-term vs a long-term infusion plan--a 20 week, European randomized trial--analysis of efficacy and costs

The efficacy, safety, and cost of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the treatment of severe intermittent claudication was studied by comparing a long-term treatment protocol (LTP) with a short-term treatment protocol (STP) in a randomized 20-week study. The study included 109 patients (96 completed the study) with an average total walking distance of 65.5 +/- 8 m (range 20-109). Phase 1 was a 2-week run-in phase (no treatment) for both protocols. In LTP, phase 2 was the main treatment phase. In the LTP, treatment was performed with 2-hour infusions (60 microg PGE1, 5 days each week for 4 weeks). In phase 3 (4-week interval period) PGE1 was administered twice a week (same dosage). In phase 4 (monitoring lasting 3 months, from week 9 to 20) no drugs were used. In STP, phase 2 treatment was performed in 2 days by a 2-hour infusion (1st day: morning 20 microg, afternoon 40 microg; 2nd day morning and afternoon 60 microg). The reduced dosage was used only at the first cycle (week 0) to evaluate reduced tolerability or side effects. Full dosage (60 microg b.i.d.) was used for all other cycles. The same cycle was repeated at the beginning of weeks 4, 8, and 12. The observation period was between weeks 12 and 20. A treadmill test was performed at inclusion, at the beginning of each phase, and at the end of the 20th week. A similar progressive physical training plan (based on walking) and a reduction in risk factors levels plan was used in both groups. Intention-to-treat analysis indicated an increase in walking distance, which improved at 4 weeks (101.5% in STP vs 78.3% in LTP), at 8 weeks (260.9% STP vs 107.3% LTP), and at 20 weeks (351% STP vs 242% LTP). Comparable increases in pain-free walking distance were observed in the two groups. No serious drug-related side effects were observed. Local, mild adverse reactions were seen in 7% of the treated subjects in the LTP and 5% in the STP. Average cost of LTP was approximately 6,588 ECU; for STP the average cost was approximately 1,881 ECU. The cost to achieve an improvement in walking distance of 1 m was 35.6 ECU with the LTP and 9.45 ECU with the STP (26% of the LTP cost; p<0.02). For an average 100% increase in walking distance the LTP cost was 1,937 ECU vs 550 ECU with STP (p<0.02). The cost of PGE1 (including infusion and operative costs) was 25% of the total cost for LTP (24.9% for STP). In summary, between-group-analysis favors STP, in terms of walking distance and costs. Results indicate good efficacy and tolerability of PGE1 treatment. With STP less time is spent in infusion and more can be spent in the exercise program. STP reduces costs, speeds up rehabilitation, and may be used in a larger number of nonspecialized units available to follow the protocol.

The effect of iloprost in patients with rest pain

Thirty-four patients with ischaemic rest pain in 42 limbs and ankle pressure equal to or less than 50 mmHg have been treated with intravenous infusion of synthetic prostacyclin (iloprost) for eight days. Leg blood flow was measured with air plethysmography before treatment, on day 4 and day 8 of treatment. Total relief of pain for at least 6 weeks occurred in 91% of patients with leg blood flow > or = 40 ml/min, in 18% with leg flow 30-39 ml/min and in 11% with leg flow < 30 ml/min. Complete relief of pain for at least 6 weeks occurred in 92% of patients in whose limbs the blood flow on day 8 was greater than 50 ml/min but only in 6% with blood flow less than 50 ml/min. These results indicate that iloprost increases leg blood flow and that patients likely to respond can be identified from the baseline air plethysmographic measurement of leg blood flow.

The relation of venous ulceration with ambulatory venous pressure measurements

Two hundred thirty-six limbs of 220 unselected patients who were admitted with venous problems (83 with ulcers) were studied with continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography, duplex scanning, and ambulatory venous pressure measurements. Patients with evidence of deep venous disease because of reflux or obstruction in the deep veins on Doppler and duplex ultrasonic examination or with an ambulatory venous pressure greater than 45 mm Hg despite the ankle cuff had venography. One hundred fifty-three limbs had superficial venous disease (reflux in the superficial veins with competent popliteal valves), and 83 limbs had deep venous disease (popliteal reflux on duplex examination or deep venous obstruction on venography). No ulceration occurred in limbs with ambulatory venous pressure < 30 mm Hg, and there was a 100% incidence with ambulatory venous pressure > 90 mm Hg. A linear increase occurred from 14% in limbs with ambulatory venous pressure between 31 and 40 mm Hg to 100% in limbs with ambulatory venous pressure greater than 90 mm Hg (r = 0.79). In the groups studied, an increased incidence of ulceration was associated with an increase in ambulatory venous pressure irrespective of whether the venous problem was the result of superficial or deep venous disease. Ambulatory venous pressure has both diagnostic and prognostic significance in patients with venous disease.

The relation of venous ulceration with ambulatory venous pressure measurements

Two hundred thirty-six limbs of 220 unselected patients who were admitted with venous problems (83 with ulcers) were studied with continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography, duplex scanning, and ambulatory venous pressure measurements. Patients with evidence of deep venous disease because of reflux or obstruction in the deep veins on Doppler and duplex ultrasonic examination or with an ambulatory venous pressure greater than 45 mm Hg despite the ankle cuff had venography. One hundred fifty-three limbs had superficial venous disease (reflux in the superficial veins with competent popliteal valves), and 83 limbs had deep venous disease (popliteal reflux on duplex examination or deep venous obstruction on venography). No ulceration occurred in limbs with ambulatory venous pressure < 30 mm Hg, and there was a 100% incidence with ambulatory venous pressure > 90 mm Hg. A linear increase occurred from 14% in limbs with ambulatory venous pressure between 31 and 40 mm Hg to 100% in limbs with ambulatory venous pressure greater than 90 mm Hg (r = 0.79). In the groups studied, an increased incidence of ulceration was associated with an increase in ambulatory venous pressure irrespective of whether the venous problem was the result of superficial or deep venous disease. Ambulatory venous pressure has both diagnostic and prognostic significance in patients with venous disease.

Noninvasive tests in venous insufficiency

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is the result of outflow obstruction, reflux or a combination of both. Noninvasive tests detect an quantify obstruction and reflux if present and define the anatomic localisation of the abnormality. In evaluating CVI noninvasive tests combine physiologic and imaging techniques. These tests are widely available, simple, quick and cost-effective and therefore they are the methods of choice for initial objective evaluation. Different tests provide answers to different questions. The optimum clinically useful information can be now obtained using only three instruments: pocket Doppler, duplex or color duplex scanner and air plethysmography. The value of ambulatory venous pressure, photoplethysmography and light reflection reography, air plethysmography, duplex and color duplex scanning to assess reflux and the value of tests to assess out-flow obstruction are presented. Pooled data collected from large studies are also presented for reference. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of CVI are useful both for clinical assessment and to evaluate the effect of treatments.

[Non-invasive evaluation of venous obstruction. Reflux and function of the muscular mass of the calf with air plethysmography]

An study about the use of Air Plethysmography on venous occlusions is presented. Also, a comparison between Plethysmography and others non-invasive methods was made.

The combination of liquid crystal thermography and duplex scanning in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis

One hundred patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were studied by liquid crystal thermography (LCT), duplex scanning and venography. Liquid crystal thermography was found to have a negative predictive value of 97% if performed within 1 week of the onset of symptoms. Duplex scanning had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 91% for all thrombi (proximal and calf). On the basis of these results a plan of investigation has been formulated that would avoid duplex scanning and venography in 39 of the 100 patients. Duplex scanning alone would be appropriate in 56 of the remaining 61 patients. Only six patients would be unsuitable for duplex scanning because of a very tense tender leg and require venography. The plan would miss one calf thrombus and result in treating three patients unnecessarily. This policy would be not only effective but also cost-effective.

Natural history of chronic bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion

Chronic bilateral ICA occlusion was found in 15 of 3200 patients studied with duplex scanning during a six years period. Ten of these patients had a history of stroke. Mean follow-up was 28.9 months. Six patients died during follow-up, coexisting cardiac ischaemia being the major cause of death. Two patients suffered a stroke (one fatal) resulting in an annual stroke rate of 5.5%, three patients continued to have TIAs and 5 remained asymptomatic. Chronic bilateral ICA occlusion is not always associated with neurological deficit. Coronary ischaemia, more than stroke is the leading cause of death in these patients.

["Determination of venous hemodynamics". Contribution of air plethysmography]

Plethysmographic techniques based on the variation of a parameter linked to venous stasis, have permitted an approach to venous hemodynamics. The use of a new technique of air-plethysmography, which cold be quantified in volume variation, and permitting to study the progression of the venous stasis from a static as well as a dynamic standpoint, enable us to better assess the overall venous function. The first results obtained in healthy patients, are presented and the advantages of this new technique are discussed.

Pathogenesis of venous ulceration in relation to the calf muscle pump function

Air plethysmography has been used to quantitate venous reflux by measuring the average filling rate of the veins (venous filling index; in milliliters per second) on standing from the supine position, the ejection fraction of the calf muscle pump as a result of one tip-toe movement, and the residual volume fraction after 10 tip-toe movements. Thirty normal limbs, 110 limbs with primary varicose veins, 34 limbs with reflux in the deep veins but without occlusion, and 31 limbs with deep venous occlusion, with or without reflux, have been studied. An increase in the incidence of ulceration occurred with increasing values of reflux and decreasing values of the calf muscle pump ejection fraction. A poor ejection fraction was the primary cause of venous ulceration in limbs with minimal reflux. A good ejection fraction, however, significantly reduced the incidence of ulceration in limbs with marked reflux (p less than 0.05). The residual volume fraction, which expresses the combined effect of venous reflux and ejection fraction with rhythmic exercise, showed a good correlation with the incidence of ulceration and the measurements of ambulatory venous pressure (r = 0.81). The air-plethysmographic measurements completely assess the calf muscle pump function and provide an accurate method to identify the predominant hemodynamic factor (ejection fraction, reflux, or both) responsible for the clinical picture of the patient.

Rupture of a non-aneurysmal salmonella infected aorta

A 65-year-old man with salmonella bacteraemia developed a retroperitoneal collection as a result of infection and subsequent rupture of the abdominal aorta. Computed tomography (CT) showed the collection but there was no aneurysm on CT or at surgery. The main diagnostic feature of salmonella aortitis is the presence of an aneurysm; this report indicates that a non-aneurysmal infected aorta can rupture. The importance of considering a ruptured aorta as the cause of retroperitoneal collections is emphasised, even when the aorta is of normal calibre.

Number and anatomical distribution of incompetent thigh perforating veins

Although incompetent thigh perforating veins are considered to be a common cause of recurrence of varicose veins after high saphenous ligation, the number and distribution of such incompetent veins have not been reported. The aim of the study was to determine the number and anatomical distribution of incompetent thigh perforating veins. Sixty-five limbs in 48 patients with varicose veins who were found to have incompetent thigh perforating veins on ascending deep to superficial venography were studied. In 80 per cent of patients one incompetent thigh perforating vein was found and in 20 per cent more than one was found. Concomitant incompetent calf perforating veins were found in 92 per cent of the limbs studied. The incompetent thigh perforating veins were found to occur anywhere in the thigh, from the upper edge of the patella to a few centimetres below the saphenofemoral junction. The majority (71 per cent) were found in the middle third of the thigh. All incompetent thigh perforating veins were communicating with the long saphenous vein, including those in five patients with incomplete stripping. The surgeon should be aware of incompetent thigh perforating veins which may be multiple and occur at any site on the medial aspect of the thigh.

A perioperative technique for detection of retained valve cusps in the in situ vein graft

A problem of the in situ vein bypass technique is the retained value cusp. To ensure that maximum flow has been obtained through the vein graft after valvotomy, a simple perioperative technique has been developed. This consists of infusing normal saline solution into the vein and comparing the distal to proximal (antegrade) flow with the proximal to distal (retrograde) flow under the same conditions. Twelve consecutive in situ vein grafts have been assessed. Antegrade and retrograde flow measurements were similar in four of the grafts but different in eight (40% to 80% reduced retrograde flow). Valvotomy was repeated and subsequent measurements of retrograde flow were similar or greater than the antegrade. The technique described is simple, reproducible, inexpensive, and may prove useful for routine intraoperative evaluation of valvotomy of in situ vein grafts.

Objective noninvasive evaluation of venous surgical results

The hemodynamic effect of conventional surgery for varicose veins has been evaluated with a new method of air-plethysmography. The functional venous volume of the leg, venous reflux, and calf muscle pump-ejecting capacity have been measured in 42 legs with primary varicose veins. The patients were studied clinically, with Doppler ultrasound, duplex scanning, and phlebography preoperatively. Doppler ultrasound was repeated postoperatively. Air-plethysmography was performed one day before surgery and 8 to 10 days after surgery. A decrease of the functional venous volume of 16% has been observed (p less than 0.001). The abolition of venous reflux has been shown in all the patients. An improvement in the calf muscle pump-ejecting capacity has also been shown, with a 30% increase of the ejection fraction of the calf muscle pump and with a 43% decrease of the residual volume fraction after 10 tiptoe movements (p less than 0.001). The results indicate that this new method of air-plethysmography apart from its diagnostic value offers a new and unique technique for a noninvasive, objective, and quantitative evaluation of the results of established and experimental venous surgery.

Evaluation of the effects of elastic compression in patients with postphlebitic limbs by laser-Doppler flowmetry

Laser-Doppler flowmetry has been used to study the skin microcirculation in 20 normal limbs and 80 limbs of patients with venous hypertension and leg ulceration due to deep venous reflux. It was found that limbs with venous hypertension had a high skin resting blood flow (BRF) and an impaired veno-arteriolar reflex (VR). There was a marked improvement in both BRF and VR after elastic compression for three weeks and an association between this improvement and the rate of healing of the leg ulcers. The results indicate that elastic compression may affect the microcirculation even though it does not alter the venous pressure measurements when the elastic stockings are removed.

Noninvasive diagnosis and quantitation of popliteal reflux in the swollen and ulcerated leg

Air-plethysmography was used to study 25 normal legs (N), 25 legs with primary varicose veins (PVV) without sequelae of venous disease (chronic swelling, skin changes, ulceration), 32 legs with primary varicose veins with sequelae of venous disease (PVV/S) and 32 legs with reflux in the popliteal vein (PR). The blood volume that filled the leg veins on standing from recumbent position (venous volume [VV]) in ml and the time needed for 90% filling of the veins (venous filling time [VFT90]), in seconds were measured. The ratio 90% of VV/VFT90 was defined as venous filling index (VFI) in ml/sec. VFI is a measurement of reflux. The measurements were repeated with a 2.5 cm wide tourniquet (T) placed at the knee level to occlude the superficial veins only. The method, apart from its diagnostic accuracy, can measure reflux separately in the superficial and the deep venous system and has indicated that the magnitude of reflux is related to chronic swelling and ulceration of the leg, irrespective of whether it is in the superficial or deep system.

Venous reflux: quantification and correlation with the clinical severity of chronic venous disease

Air-plethysmography has been used to measure, in ml and in ml 100 ml-1 of tissue, the blood volume that filled the leg veins on changing posture from the recumbent position to standing. The venous filling index (VFI) (average filling range) was measured in ml s-1 and in ml 100 ml-1 min-1. We studied 24 normal legs (N), 21 with primary varicose veins without chronic swelling, skin changes (liposclerosis, eczema, pigmentation) or ulceration (PVV) and 59 with chronic swelling and/or skin changes and/or ulceration; of these 59 legs, 31 had primary varicose veins (PVV/S) and 28 had popliteal reflux (PR). The classification was done according to clinical examination, Duplex scanning, ambulatory venous pressure measurements and venography. There was an increased incidence of sequelae with increasing values of VFI. The incidence of these sequelae was irrespective of whether reflux was in the deep or in the superficial veins. VFI is a practical non-invasive measurement of reflux. It should be used to study the effect of therapy and particularly to evaluate new reconstructive procedures designed to abolish reflux in the deep veins.

Total parenteral nutrition by intraperitoneal feeding in rabbits

The possibility of intraperitoneal (IP) parenteral nutrition was suggested after the observation that glucose and amino acids pass from the peritoneal cavity into the systemic circulation. We used rabbits to study the characteristics of the transfer of glucose, lipids and amino acids. An IP injection of glucose 25% (1 g/kg) produced a peak level in the serum within 40 min. A 20% fat solution (1 g/kg) showed maximum serum levels of triglycerides and total lipid in 2.5 h, while a standard amino acid solution (1.5 g/kg) enriched with 25 14C-phenylalanine peaked serum levels in 16 min. The 4 rabbits survived for 28 days with IP glucose, amino acids and lipids as the only form of nutrition, apart from water. When sacrificed after 28 days histology of peritoneum, liver, spleen, gut and kidney showed no abnormality. We conclude that the basic nutritional components are adequately absorbed through the peritoneum, and that long-term nutritional support can be achieved uneventfully with IP administration of nutritional solutions.

Duplex scanning in the assessment of deep venous incompetence

A noninvasive method to evaluate deep venous incompetence by duplex scanning is presented. For this test, it was decided to have the patient standing so as to make the test less dependent on the need for patient cooperation and to allow gravity to produce reflux. Results were validated against ambulatory venous pressure measurements. The method described had a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 88%. Duplex scanning is a useful screening test for detecting the presence and site of incompetence in patients with deep venous disease.