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Cohen JR, Brych SR, Prabhu S, Bi V, Elbaradei A, Tokuda JM, Xiang C, Hokom M, Cui X, Ly C, Amos N, Sun J, Calamba D, Herskovitz J, Capili A, Nourbakhsh K, Merlo A, Carreon J, Wypych J, Narhi LO, Jawa V, Joubert MK. A High Threshold of Biotherapeutic Aggregate Numbers is Needed to Induce an Immunogenic Response In Vitro, In Vivo, and in the Clinic. Pharm Res 2024; 41:651-672. [PMID: 38519817 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is concern that subvisible aggregates in biotherapeutic drug products pose a risk to patient safety. We investigated the threshold of biotherapeutic aggregates needed to induce immunogenic responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Highly aggregated samples were tested in cell-based assays and induced cellular responses in a manner that depended on the number of particles. The threshold of immune activation varied by disease state (cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy), concomitant therapies, and particle number. Compared to healthy donors, disease state patients showed an equal or lower response at the late phase (7 days), suggesting they may not have a higher risk of responding to aggregates. Xeno-het mice were used to assess the threshold of immune activation in vivo. Although highly aggregated samples (~ 1,600,000 particles/mL) induced a weak and transient immunogenic response in mice, a 100-fold dilution of this sample (~ 16,000 particles/mL) did not induce immunogenicity. To confirm this result, subvisible particles (up to ~ 18,000 particles/mL, containing aggregates and silicone oil droplets) produced under representative administration practices (created upon infusion of a drug product through an IV catheter) did not induce a response in cell-based assays or appear to increase the rate of adverse events or immunogenicity during phase 3 clinical trials. CONCLUSION The ability of biotherapeutic aggregates to elicit an immune response in vitro, in vivo, and in the clinic depends on high numbers of particles. This suggests that there is a high threshold for aggregates to induce an immunogenic response which is well beyond that seen in standard biotherapeutic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Cohen
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
| | - Stephen R Brych
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Siddharth Prabhu
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Vivian Bi
- The Department of Biosimilars, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Ahmed Elbaradei
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Joshua M Tokuda
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cathie Xiang
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Martha Hokom
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Xiaohong Cui
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Claudia Ly
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Nathan Amos
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jilin Sun
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Dominador Calamba
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Allyson Capili
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kimya Nourbakhsh
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Anthony Merlo
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Julia Carreon
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Jette Wypych
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Linda O Narhi
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- The Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Marisa K Joubert
- The Department of Process Development, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA.
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Talbot JJ, Calamba D, Pai M, Ma M, Thway TM. Measurement of Free Versus Total Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody in Pharmacokinetic Assessment is Modulated by Affinity, Incubation Time, and Bioanalytical Platform. AAPS J 2015; 17:1446-54. [PMID: 26265093 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Decisions about efficacy and safety of therapeutic proteins (TP) designed to target soluble ligands are made in part by their ex vivo quantification. Ligand binding assays (LBAs) are critical tools in measuring serum TP levels in pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and pharmacodynamic studies. This study evaluated the impact of reagent antibody affinities, assay incubation times, and analytical platform on free or total TP quantitation. An ELISA-based LBA that measures monoclonal anti-sclerostin antibody (TPx) was used as the model system. To determine whether the method measures free or total TPx, the effects of K on, K off, and K D were determined. An 8:1 molar ratio of sclerostin (Scl) to TPx compared to a 1:1 molar ratio produced by rabbit polyclonal antibodies to TPx was required to achieve IC50, a measure of TPx interference effectiveness, making it unclear whether the ELISA truly measured free TPx. Kinetic analysis revealed that Scl had a rapid dissociation rate (K off) from TPx and that capture and detection antibodies had significantly higher binding affinities (K D) to TPx. These kinetic limitations along with long ELISA incubation times lead to the higher molar ratios (8:1) required for achieving 50% inhibition of TPx. However, a microfluidic platform with the same reagent pairs required shorter incubations to achieve a lower Scl IC50 molar ratio (1:1). The findings from this study provide the bioanalytical community with a deeper understanding of how reagent and platform selection for LBAs can affect what a particular method measures, either free or total TP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Talbot
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA.,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 81 Columbia Turnpike, Rensselaer, New York, 12144, USA
| | - Dominador Calamba
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Melody Pai
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark Ma
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Theingi M Thway
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA.
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Wu B, Johnson J, Soto M, Ponce M, Calamba D, Sun YN. Investigation of the mechanism of clearance of AMG 386, a selective angiopoietin-1/2 neutralizing peptibody, in splenectomized, nephrectomized, and FcRn knockout rodent models. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1057-65. [PMID: 22189693 PMCID: PMC3296951 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the mechanisms of clearance of AMG 386, an investigational recombinant peptide-Fc fusion protein (peptibody) that blocks tumor angiogenesis by neutralizing the interaction between angiopoietin-1 and -2 and the Tie2 receptor. Methods The role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in AMG 386 clearance was assessed in wild-type and FcRn-knockout mice; the roles of the spleen and kidneys were assessed in splenectomized and 5/6th nephrectomized rats, respectively, compared with sham-operated rats. Animals were administered AMG 386 as a single intravenous dose of 3 or 10 mg/kg. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected periodically throughout a 504-hour postdose period. Results Compared with wild-type mice, AMG 386 clearance in FcRn-knockout mice was 18-fold faster at the 3-mg/kg dose (FcRn knockout, 13.2 mL/h/kg; wild-type, 0.728 mL/h/kg) and 14-fold faster at the 10-mg/kg dose (FcRn knockout, 10.7 mL/h/kg; wild-type, 0.777 mL/h/kg). Clearance in nephrectomized rats was slower than in sham-operated rats at both the 3-mg/kg dose (nephrectomized, 1.23 mL/h/kg; sham-operated, 1.75 mL/h/kg) and the 10-mg/kg dose (nephrectomized, 1.14 mL/h/kg; sham-operated, 1.65 mL/h/kg). Splenectomy had no apparent effect on the pharmacokinetics of AMG 386. Conclusions The FcRn is integral to maintaining circulating levels of AMG 386 in mice. Renal clearance contributed approximately 30% to total AMG 386 clearance in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 28-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Thway TM, Eschenberg M, Calamba D, Macaraeg C, Ma M, DeSilva B. Assessment of incurred sample reanalysis for macromolecules to evaluate bioanalytical method robustness: effects from imprecision. AAPS J 2011; 13:291-8. [PMID: 21461973 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) is recommended by regulatory agencies to demonstrate reproducibility of validated methods and provide confidence that methods used in pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic assessments give reproducible results. For macromolecules to pass ISR, regulatory recommendations require that two thirds of ISR samples be within 30% of the average of original and reanalyzed values. A modified Bland-Altman (mBA) analysis was used to evaluate whether total error (TE), the sum of precision and accuracy, was predictive of a method's passing ISR and to identify potential contributing parameters for ISR success. Simulated studies determined minimum precision requirements for methods to have successful ISR and evaluated the relationship between precision and the probability of a method's passing ISR acceptance criteria. The present analysis evaluated ISRs conducted for 37 studies involving ligand-binding assays (LBAs), with TEs ranging from 15% to 30%. An mBA approach was used to assess accuracy and precision of ISR, each with a threshold of 30%. All ISR studies met current regulatory criteria; using mBA, all studies met the accuracy threshold of 30% or less, but two studies (5%) failed to meet the 30% precision threshold. Simulation results showed that when an LBA has ≤15% imprecision, the ISR criteria for both the regulatory recommendation and mBA would be met in 99.9% of studies. Approximately 71% of samples are expected to be within 1.5 times the method imprecision. Therefore, precision appears to be a critical parameter in LBA reproducibility and may also be useful in identifying methods that have difficulty passing ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theingi M Thway
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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