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Vilhena LS, de Azevedo da Silva AC, Dias da Silva DM, Pinto DP, Coelho EF, de Araújo JFGM, da Silveira GPE, Pereira HM, da Silva LDSFV, Estrela Marins RDCE, Bortolini RG, Souza TML, Dos Santos VGV, de Assis Nascimento V, Amendoeira FC, da Fonseca LB. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir and its major metabolite (GS-331007) in blood plasma and cerebrospinal and seminal fluid: Application to a pilot clinical trial with a focus on Zika. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5606. [PMID: 36797051 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Zika still poses a threat to global health owing to its association with serious neurological conditions and the absence of a vaccine and treatment. Sofosbuvir, an anti-hepatitis C drug, has shown anti-Zika effects in animal and cell models. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate novel LC-MS/MS methods for the quantification of sofosbuvir and its major metabolite (GS-331007) in human plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) and seminal fluid (SF), and apply the methods to a pilot clinical trial. The samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction and separated using isocratic mode on Gemini C18 columns. Analytical detection was performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. The validated ranges for sofosbuvir were 0.5-2,000 ng/mL (plasma) and 0.5-100 ng/mL (CSF and SF), while for the metabolite they were 2.0-2,000 ng/mL (plasma), 5.0-200 ng/mL (CSF) and 10-1,500 ng/mL (SF). The intra-day and inter-day accuracies (90.8-113.8%) and precisions (1.4-14.8%) were within the acceptance range. The developed methods fulfilled all validation parameters concerning selectivity, matrix effect, carryover, linearity, dilution integrity, precision, accuracy and stability, confirming the suitability of the method for the analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Schiavo Vilhena
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Medeiros Dias da Silva
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Estephane Fernandes Coelho
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Heliana Martins Pereira
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Elias Estrela Marins
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-580, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ghilosso Bortolini
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane de Assis Nascimento
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Coelho Amendoeira
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Physiology, National Institute for Quality Assurance in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Equivalence and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Daher A, Pinto DP, da Fonseca LB, Pereira HM, da Silva DMD, da Silva LDSFV, Esteves AL, Soares Medeiros JJ, Mendonça JS. Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and primaquine in healthy volunteers. Malar J 2022; 21:16. [PMID: 34998391 PMCID: PMC8742557 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vivax malaria is a neglected disease. There is an irrefutable need for better treatments with higher acceptability and efficacy. The treatment efficacy is influenced by many factors, including bioavailability. Hence, a straightforward strategy to improve vivax malaria treatment efficacy is the deployment of good quality formulations of primaquine and chloroquine. As these treatments were developed more than 70 years ago, many of the available data on blood levels of both drugs are based on obsolete analytical methodologies or pharmaceutical formulations, which are not available anymore. Herein, the results of three bioequivalence studies are presented, providing individual pharmacokinetic data on chloroquine and primaquine of more than a hundred healthy volunteers and using up-to-date analytical methods. Methods Three trials were designed as a single centre, randomized, single dose, open label, fasting, crossover bioequivalence studies comparing a new coated chloroquine tablet to the uncoated tablet, and 5 and 15 mg primaquine formulations to either an international reference product or the currently distributed tablets. Plasma concentrations of chloroquine and primaquine were measured using a validated HPLC–MS/MS method in accordance with current international regulatory requirements for bio-analytical methods. Results In total, a hundred eleven healthy volunteers of both genders were included in the three studies (n = 32; 30 and 56 respectively). No serious adverse events occurred. Drugs levels were measured in 5,520 blood samples. The estimated ratio of the geometric means of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf of test and reference drugs and their 90% CI for chloroquine 150 mg, primaquine 15 mg and primaquine 5 mg were: 95.33% (89.18; 101.90), 86. 85% (82.61; 91.31), and 84.45% (76.95; 92.67); 93.28% (81.76; 106.41), 94.52% (86.13; 103.73) and 93.93% (85.83; 102.79); 97.44% (90.60; 104.78), 93.70% (87.04; 100.87) and 91.36% (85.27; 97.89), respectively. As Cmax and AUC0-t 90% CI were within the acceptance interval of 80–125% in all cases, the formulations tested were bioequivalent. Conclusions In conclusion, the three studies provided detailed chloroquine and primaquine pharmacokinetic data in accordance with current regulatory standards. Together with other open data initiatives, this individual data may increase the accuracy of pharmacokinetic models guiding best dose, new combinations, regimens and formulations to optimize the current chloroquine and primaquine treatments for vivax malaria. The data presented here may support the deployment of high-quality drugs and evidence-based public health policies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-04035-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Daher
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4036, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heliana Martins Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana J Soares Medeiros
- Institute of Drug Technology (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Souza Mendonça
- Institute of Drug Technology (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Pinto DP, Coutinho DDS, Carvalho KIMD, Ferrero MR, Silva LVD, Silveira GPE, Silva DMD, Araújo JFG, Silva ACA, Pereira HM, Fonseca LBD, Faria RX, Souza MVND, Silva ETD, Santos-Filho OA, Costa JCSD, Amendoeira FC, Martins MA. Pharmacological profiling of JME-173, a novel mexiletine derivative combining dual anti-inflammatory/anti-spasmodic functions and limited action in Na + channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173367. [PMID: 32750364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that the local anaesthetic mexiletine can be beneficial for patients with asthma. However, caution is required since anaesthesia of the airways inhibits protective bronchodilator neuronal reflexes, limiting applications in conditions of hyperirritable airways. Here, we describe the synthesis of a new series of mexiletine analogues, which were screened for reduced activity in Na+ channels and improved smooth muscle relaxant effects, that were evaluated using the patch-clamp technique and an isolated tracheal organ bath, respectively. JME-173 (1-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine) was the most effective among the four mexiletine analogues investigated. JME-173 was then studied in vivo using a murine model of lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and in vitro using neutrophil chemotaxis and mast cell degranulation assays. Finally, the JME-173 pharmacokinetic profile was assessed using HPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method. JME-173 directly inhibited IL-8 (CXCL8)- and FMLP-induced human neutrophil chemotaxis and allergen-induced mast cell degranulation. After oral administration 1 h before CS exposure, JME-173 (50 mg/kg) strongly reduced the increased number of macrophages and neutrophils recovered in the bronchoalveolar effluent without altering lymphocyte counts. Pharmacokinetic experiments of JME-173 (10 mg/kg, orally) showed values of maximum concentration (Cmax), maximum time (Tmax), area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) and area under the blood concentration-time curve from 0-Inf (AUC0-inf) of 163.3 ± 38.3 ng/mL, 1.2 ± 0.3 h, 729.4 ± 118.3 ng*h/ml and 868.9 ± 117.1 ng*h/ml (means ± S.E.M.), respectively. Collectively, these findings suggest that JME-173 has the potential to be an effective oral treatment for diseases associated with bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego de Sá Coutinho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maximiliano R Ferrero
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vallim da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Medeiros da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Garcia Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline C A Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heliana Martins Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratory of Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoans, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Technology in Drugs, Farmanguinhos - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Teixeira da Silva
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Technology in Drugs, Farmanguinhos - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Andrade Santos-Filho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Computational Structural Biology, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais - Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Coelho Amendoeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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4
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Daher A, Aljayyoussi G, Pereira D, Lacerda MVG, Alexandre MAA, Nascimento CT, Alves JC, da Fonseca LB, da Silva DMD, Pinto DP, Rodrigues DF, Silvino ACR, de Sousa TN, de Brito CFA, Ter Kuile FO, Lalloo DG. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of chloroquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy with primaquine. Malar J 2019; 18:325. [PMID: 31547827 PMCID: PMC6757423 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of hypnozoites of vivax malaria causes multiple clinical relapses, which contribute to the Plasmodium vivax burden and continuing transmission. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is effective against blood-stage P. vivax but requires co-administration with primaquine to achieve radical cure. The therapeutic efficacy of primaquine depends on the generation of a therapeutically active metabolite via cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Impaired CYP2D6 metabolism has been associated with primaquine treatment failure. This study investigated the association between impaired CYP2D6 genotypes, drug-exposure to the long-acting ACT component (schizonticidal drugs) and tolerance and efficacy. Methods Adult patients with acute vivax malaria were enrolled in a recently completed trial and treated with artesunate–mefloquine, chloroquine or artemether–lumefantrine. All received concomitant primaquine (0.5 mg/kg/day for 7–9 days). The association between efficacy and safety and drug exposure was explored using area-under-the-curve (AUC) and half-life (t1/2) estimates obtained by non-compartmental analysis of the long half-life drugs. Parasite recurrences by day 63 were categorized as related relapses or re-infections/unrelated hypnozoite activation by genotyping three microsatellite loci and two polymorphic loci of merozoite surface antigen-1. The CYP2D6 genotype was identified with Taqman assays by real-time PCR to 9 polymorphisms (8 SNPs and one deletion). Impaired CYP2D6 activity was inferred using the Activity Score System. Results Most recurrences in the ASMQ (67%), CQ (80%) and AL (85%) groups were considered related relapses. Eight of nine (88.9%) of the patients with impaired CYP2D6 activity relapsed with related parasite compared to 18/25 (72%) with normal activity (RR = 1.23, 0.88; 1.72, p = 0.40). There were no associations between the measured PK parameters and recurrence. Patients with longer chloroquine half-lives had more pruritus (RR = 1.09, 1.03; 1.14, p = 0.001). Higher CQ AUCs were associated with reduced falls in haemoglobin by day 14 (Coef − 0.02, − 0.005; − 0.03, p = 0.01). All regimens were well tolerated. Conclusion Genotyping of P. vivax showed that activation of related (homologous) hypnozoites was the most frequent cause of recurrence. The high proportion of the impaired CYP2D6 activity among patients with recurrent infections suggests that slow primaquine metabolism might influence related relapse rates in Brazil among patients receiving primaquine for radical cure, although confirmatory studies are needed. There was no association between drug exposure of the long-acting ACT component (schizonticidal drugs) and risk of related relapse. ACT was well tolerated. These results provide further re-assurance about the safety and efficacy of ACT when combined with short course primaquine to treat uncomplicated malaria vivax in Brazil. Trial registration RBR-79s56s (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-79s56s/)
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Affiliation(s)
- André Daher
- Institute of Drug Technology (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Vice-presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Dhelio Pereira
- Tropical Medicine Research Center of Rondonia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil.,Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR), Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Research Institute Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil.,Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio Castro Alves
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics (SEFAR), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Gardinali NR, Guimarães JR, Melgaço JG, Kevorkian YB, Bottino FDO, Vieira YR, da Silva ACDA, Pinto DP, da Fonseca LB, Vilhena LS, Uiechi E, da Silva MCC, Moran J, Marchevsky RS, Cruz OG, Otonel RAA, Alfieri AA, de Oliveira JM, Gaspar AMC, Pinto MA. Cynomolgus monkeys are successfully and persistently infected with hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) after long-term immunosuppressive therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174070. [PMID: 28328941 PMCID: PMC5362194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies found that hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) infection was associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the host immunosuppressive status and the occurrence of HEV-related chronic hepatitis. Here we describe a successful experimental study, using cynomolgus monkeys previously treated with tacrolimus, a potent calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant, and infected with a Brazilian HEV-3 strain isolated from naturally infected pigs. HEV infected monkeys were followed up during 160 days post infection (dpi) by clinical signs; virological, biochemical and haematological parameters; and liver histopathology. The tacrolimus blood levels were monitored throughout the experiment. Immunosuppression was confirmed by clinical and laboratorial findings, such as: moderate weight loss, alopecia, and herpes virus opportunistic infection. In this study, chronic HEV infection was characterized by the mild increase of liver enzymes serum levels; persistent RNA viremia and viral faecal shedding; and liver histopathology. Three out of four immunosuppressed monkeys showed recurrent HEV RNA detection in liver samples, evident hepatocellular ballooning degeneration, mild to severe macro and microvesicular steatosis (zone 1), scattered hepatocellular apoptosis, and lobular focal inflammation. At 69 dpi, liver biopsies of all infected monkeys revealed evident ballooning degeneration (zone 3), discrete hepatocellular apoptosis, and at most mild portal and intra-acinar focal inflammation. At 160 dpi, the three chronically HEV infected monkeys showed microscopic features (piecemeal necrosis) corresponding to chronic hepatitis in absence of fibrosis and cirrhosis in liver parenchyma. Within 4-months follow up, the tacrolimus-immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys infected with a Brazilian swine HEV-3 strain exhibited more severe hepatic lesions progressing to chronic hepatitis without liver fibrosis, similarly as shown in tacrolimus-immunosuppressed solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The cause-effect relationship between HEV infection and tacrolimus treatment was confirmed in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana Rodrigues Guimarães
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yohan Britto Kevorkian
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Bottino
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Rangel Vieira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Campos de Azevedo da Silva
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Schiavo Vilhena
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Carlan da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (Virologia Molecular), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas-CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC-UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Moran
- Dr. Julio Moran Laboratories, Ebmatingen, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Sérgio Marchevsky
- Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Coimbra Gaspar
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Pinto DP, Chivittz CC, Bergmann FB, Tozetti AM. Microhabitat use by three species of egret (Pelecaniformes, Ardeidae) in southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 73:791-6. [PMID: 24789395 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the role of different habitat components and their relationship with microhabitat use by three species of egret: Cocoi heron (Ardea cocoi), Great egret (Ardea alba), and Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), in wetlands of southern Brazil. Ardea alba and A. cocoi were not habitat-specific (e.g. vegetation cover and flooding level). Conversely, B. ibis was associated with drier microhabitats. Relative air humidity and air temperature were the main variables which correlated with the occurrence of these species and supported the plasticity of B. ibis and its predominance in drier habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Pinto
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Avenida Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - C C Chivittz
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Avenida Itália, km 8, CEP 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - F B Bergmann
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Avenida Roraima, s/n°, CEP: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - A M Tozetti
- UNISINOS, Avenida Unisinos, 950, CEP 93022-000, São Leopoldo, UNISINOS, Avenida Unisinos, 950, CEP 93022-000, São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil
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7
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Bergmann FB, Amaral HLC, Pinto DP, Chivittz CC, Tozetti AM. Foraging activity of the snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis (Aves: Accipitridae) in wetlands of southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 73:245-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) is widely distributed in the American continent. Its specialised diet consists mostly of the gastropod mollusk Pomacea sp and its foraging strategy probably varies depending on the season, prey availability, and climate factors, which can be reflected in its semi-nomad behaviour. This study was aimed at examining the hunting strategy of the snail kite, and its association with climate factors and habitat heterogeneity. Direct observations of birds between January 2010 and March 2011 in southernmost Brazil revealed that hunting was still the predominant foraging strategy (79% of records) to capture mollusks. Despite morphological specialisations to extract mollusks from the shells, the handling time (average = 92.4 s) was twice as much the time between prey search and capture (average = 55 s). The increase in the number of mollusks ingested apparently occurs when the resting time on perches or any other substrates near the hunting sites decreases between successive unsuccessful attempts. The correlation between the number of consumed preys and the climatic variables examined was low. Regarding habitat heterogeneity, our findings suggest that birds forage preferentially in marshes with low vegetation, which may increase the access to mollusks. The hunting efficiency of the snail kite was high (76 % successful attempts) compared to those of other birds of prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- FB Bergmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Brazil
| | - HLC Amaral
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel, Brazil
| | - DP Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Brazil
| | - CC Chivittz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Brazil
| | - AM Tozetti
- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, Brazil
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Marques MAS, Soares ADS, Pinto OW, Barroso PTW, Pinto DP, Ferreira-Filho M, Werneck-Barroso E. Simple and rapid method determination for metformin in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:308-16. [PMID: 17331818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method for quantitation of metformin (MET) in human plasma by HPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated. The sample preparation consists of plasma deproteinization using acetonitrile. The mobile phase consisted of water-acetonitrile and formic acid (55/45/0.048, v/v/%) and the run time was 3 min. A pursuit C(18) (100 mm x 2.0 mm i.d., 3 microm) column connected to a guard column MS-pursuit (0.20 mm x 0.20 mm i.d., 5 microm) was used. The range of the calibration curve was from 20 to 5000 ng/mL, the limit of quantitation being 20 ng/mL. The detection was performed on a mass spectrometer (ESI+), using metoprolol as internal standard. The calibration curves have r(2) values of 0.995 (CV=0.24%, n=10). The accuracy and precision were between 90.74 and 106.7% and coefficients of variations (CV) of 1.10 and 4.35%, respectively. The method was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters: C(max) (1667.25 ng/mL) and T(max) (3.89 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlice A Sípoli Marques
- Serviço de Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Instituto de Pesquisa Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), CEP 21040360 RJ, Brazil
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Rolla VC, da Silva Vieira MA, Pereira Pinto D, Lourenço MC, de Jesus CDS, Gonçalves Morgado M, Ferreira Filho M, Werneck-Barroso E. Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir 400mg/Saquinavir 400mg Twice Daily plus Rifampicin Combined Therapy in HIV Patients with Tuberculosis. Clin Drug Investig 2006; 26:469-79. [PMID: 17163279 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200626080-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the drug concentrations, efficacy and safety of concomitant use of rifampicin and regimens containing ritonavir/saquinavir (400mg/400mg twice daily) in tuberculosis-HIV treatment-naive patients. DESIGN AND METHODS This was an open-label, non-randomised, multiple-dose study. On study day (D)1, tuberculosis treatment (rifampicin 600mg/isoniazid 400mg per day fasting plus pyrazinamide 2 g/day) was introduced in 30 patients. On D31, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) consisting of two nucleoside analogues plus ritonavir/saquinavir 400mg/400mg twice daily was initiated (n = 20). The pharmacokinetics were assayed with a validated reversed-phase HPLC method before the introduction of HAART on D30 (for rifampicin), after 30 days of HAART at D60 (for rifampicin plus ritonavir/saquinavir), and at the end of the study (without rifampicin) on D210 (for ritonavir/saquinavir). Clinical evaluations were performed on a monthly basis. CD4 counts and viral load were collected on D30, D60 and D180. Genotyping test for HIV was collected at baseline and at D180. Primary endpoints were drug concentration and viral load at D180 (<80 copies/mL). Secondary endpoints were presence of grade 3 and serious adverse events, clinical improvement, CD4 count and genotypic resistance to ritonavir/saquinavir. RESULTS Ten patients dropped out of the study during tuberculosis therapy alone. Mean (+/- SD) baseline CD4 count (on D30) was 151.89 (+/- 146.77) cells/mm(3) and viral load was 5.34 (+/- 0.4) log. During the antiretroviral therapy, 15 patients dropped out, 14 because of adverse events. One patient (of five) presented a viral load of <80 copies/mL at D180. All but one patient increased CD4 counts from baseline. No genotypic resistance was detected. Clinical improvement was evident in all five patients who tolerated the therapy. Serum concentrations of ritonavir/saquinavir and rifampicin remained within the therapeutic range. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic concentrations of the studied drugs and reduction of viral load were achieved; adverse events are the main limitation of use of a ritonavir/saquinavir regimen in treatment-naive patients, but its clinical benefits were evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cavalcanti Rolla
- Reference Center of Tuberculosis, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute (IPEC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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