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Gervazoni LFO, Gonçalves-Ozorio G, Ferreira-Paes T, Silva ACA, Silveira GPE, Pereira HM, Pinto DP, Cunha-Junior EF, Almeida-Amaral EE. Analysis of 2′-hydroxyflavanone (2HF) in mouse whole blood by HPLC–MS/MS for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. Front Chem 2023; 11:1016193. [PMID: 36970405 PMCID: PMC10033538 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1016193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the lack of investments, structure, and difficulty of metabolite isolation, promising natural product studies do not progress to preclinical studies, such as pharmacokinetics. 2′-Hydroxyflavanone (2HF) is a flavonoid that has shown promising results in different types of cancer and leishmaniasis. For accurate quantification of 2HF in BALB/c mouse blood, a validated HPLC-MS/MS method was developed. Chromatographic analysis was performed using C18 (5μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm). The mobile phase consisted of water containing 0.1% formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol (35/52/13 v/v/v) at a flow rate and total running time of 0.8 mL/min and 5.50 min, respectively, with an injection volume of 20 µL. 2HF was detected by electrospray ionization in negative mode (ESI-) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The validated bioanalytical method showed satisfactory selectivity without significant interference for the 2HF and IS. In addition, the concentration range between 1 and 250 ng/mL showed good linearity (r = 0.9969). The method showed satisfactory results for the matrix effect. Precision and accuracy intervals varied between 1.89% and 6.76% and 95.27% and 100.77%, respectively, fitting the criteria. No degradation of 2HF in the biological matrix was observed since stability under freezing and thawing conditions, short duration, postprocessing, and long duration showed deviations less than 15%. Once validated, the method was successfully applied in a 2HF oral pharmacokinetic study with mouse blood, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. 2HF demonstrated a Cmax of 185.86 ng/mL, a Tmax of 5 min, and a half-life (T1/2) of 97.52 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza F. O. Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Gonçalves-Ozorio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiana Ferreira-Paes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline C. A. Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Heliana M. Pereira
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas P. Pinto
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edézio F. Cunha-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociên-cias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Elmo E. Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elmo E. Almeida-Amaral,
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2
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Pinto DP, Coutinho DDS, Carvalho KIMD, Ferrero MR, Silva LVD, Silveira GPE, Silva DMD, Araújo JFG, Silva ACA, Pereira HM, Fonseca LBD, Faria RX, Souza MVND, Silva ETD, Santos-Filho OA, Costa JCSD, Amendoeira FC, Martins MA. Pharmacological profiling of JME-173, a novel mexiletine derivative combining dual anti-inflammatory/anti-spasmodic functions and limited action in Na + channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173367. [PMID: 32750364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that the local anaesthetic mexiletine can be beneficial for patients with asthma. However, caution is required since anaesthesia of the airways inhibits protective bronchodilator neuronal reflexes, limiting applications in conditions of hyperirritable airways. Here, we describe the synthesis of a new series of mexiletine analogues, which were screened for reduced activity in Na+ channels and improved smooth muscle relaxant effects, that were evaluated using the patch-clamp technique and an isolated tracheal organ bath, respectively. JME-173 (1-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-amine) was the most effective among the four mexiletine analogues investigated. JME-173 was then studied in vivo using a murine model of lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and in vitro using neutrophil chemotaxis and mast cell degranulation assays. Finally, the JME-173 pharmacokinetic profile was assessed using HPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method. JME-173 directly inhibited IL-8 (CXCL8)- and FMLP-induced human neutrophil chemotaxis and allergen-induced mast cell degranulation. After oral administration 1 h before CS exposure, JME-173 (50 mg/kg) strongly reduced the increased number of macrophages and neutrophils recovered in the bronchoalveolar effluent without altering lymphocyte counts. Pharmacokinetic experiments of JME-173 (10 mg/kg, orally) showed values of maximum concentration (Cmax), maximum time (Tmax), area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) and area under the blood concentration-time curve from 0-Inf (AUC0-inf) of 163.3 ± 38.3 ng/mL, 1.2 ± 0.3 h, 729.4 ± 118.3 ng*h/ml and 868.9 ± 117.1 ng*h/ml (means ± S.E.M.), respectively. Collectively, these findings suggest that JME-173 has the potential to be an effective oral treatment for diseases associated with bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego de Sá Coutinho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maximiliano R Ferrero
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vallim da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Medeiros da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Garcia Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline C A Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heliana Martins Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Vice Presidency of Research and Innovation in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratory of Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoans, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Technology in Drugs, Farmanguinhos - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Teixeira da Silva
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Technology in Drugs, Farmanguinhos - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Andrade Santos-Filho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Computational Structural Biology, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais - Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Coelho Amendoeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Gardinali NR, Marchevsky RS, Oliveira JM, Pelajo-Machado M, Kugelmeier T, Castro MP, Silva ACA, Pinto DP, Fonseca LB, Vilhena LS, Pereira HM, Lima SMB, Miranda EH, Trindade GF, Linhares JHR, Silva SA, Melgaço JG, Alves AMB, Moran J, Silva MCC, Soares-Bezerra RJ, Soriano A, Bentes GA, Bottino FO, Salvador Castro Faria SB, Nudelman RF, Lopes CAA, Perea JAS, Sarges K, Andrade MCR, Motta MCVA, Freire MS, Souza TML, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Pinto MA. Sofosbuvir shows a protective effect against vertical transmission of Zika virus and the associated congenital syndrome in rhesus monkeys. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104859. [PMID: 32649965 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Brazil, 2015-2016, were associated with severe congenital malformations. Our translational study aimed to test the efficacy of the antiviral agent sofosbuvir (SOF) against vertical transmission of ZIKV and the associated congenital syndrome (CZS), using a rhesus monkey model. Eight pregnant macaques were successfully infected during the organogenesis phase with a Brazilian ZIKV strain; five of them received SOF from two to fifteen days post-infection. Both groups of dams showed ZIKV-associated clinical signals, detectable ZIKV RNA in several specimens, specific anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG antibodies, and maternal neutralizing antibodies. However, malformations occurred only among non-treated dam offspring. Compared to non-treated animals, all SOF-treated dams had a shorter ZIKV viremia and four of five neonates had undetectable ZIKV RNA in blood and tissue samples. These results support further clinical evaluations aiming for the prevention of CZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi R Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato S Marchevsky
- Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Kugelmeier
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio P Castro
- Centro de Diagnóstico Veterinário (CEVET), Avenida Rui Barbosa 29, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline C A Silva
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Douglas P Pinto
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lais B Fonseca
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Vilhena
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heliana M Pereira
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética (SEFAR), Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (VPPIS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sheila M B Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emily H Miranda
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisela F Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José H R Linhares
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephanie A Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ada M B Alves
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fisiologia de Infecções Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio Moran
- Dr. Julio Moran Laboratories, Vordergrüt 30, Herrliberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria C C Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal Do ABC, Avenida Dos Estados, 5001, São Bernardo Do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andreza Soriano
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gentil A Bentes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Bottino
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sarah Beatriz Salvador Castro Faria
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Nudelman
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia A A Lopes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Javier A S Perea
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klena Sarges
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia C R Andrade
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcia C V A Motta
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Freire
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago M L Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Gestão da Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT/IDN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Pitrez PM, Gualdi LP, Barbosa GL, Sudbrack S, Ponzi D, Cao RG, Silva ACA, Machado DC, Jones MH, Stein RT, Graeff-Teixeira C. Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response. Exp Parasitol 2015; 156:95-103. [PMID: 26093162 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is not currently clear whether different parasites have distinct effects on the airway inflammatory response in asthma and whether exposure in early life to helminths have a stronger impact in a potential inhibitory effect on asthma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exposure to different helminth extracts on the development of allergic pulmonary response in mice, including early-life exposure. Different helminth extracts (Angiostrongylus costaricensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Ascaris lumbricoides) were studied in female adult BALB/c and C57BL/6 IL-10-deficient mice in a protocol of murine asthma, injected intraperitoneally in different periods of exposure (early, pre-sensitization and post-sensitization). Cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) from lung tissue, cytokine levels from BAL/spleen cell cultures, and lung histology were analyzed. Airway cellular influx induced by OVA was significantly inhibited by extracts of A. cantonensis and A. lumbricoides. Extracts of A. lumbricoides and A. costaricensis led to a significant reduction of IL-5 in BAL (p < 0.001). Only the exposure to A. lumbricoides led to an increased production of IL-10 in the lungs (p < 0.001). In IL-10-deficient mice exposed to A. costaricensis pre-sensitization, eosinophil counts and IL-5 levels in BAL and EPO in lung tissue were significantly reduced. In the early exposure to A. cantonensis, lung inflammation was clearly inhibited. In conclusion, different helminth extracts inhibit allergic lung inflammation in mice. IL-10 may not play a central role in some helminth-host interactions. Early exposure to helminth extracts could be a potential strategy to explore primary prevention in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Pitrez
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - L P Gualdi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G L Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Sudbrack
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D Ponzi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R G Cao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A C A Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D C Machado
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Respiratory Diseases, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M H Jones
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R T Stein
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C Graeff-Teixeira
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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