1
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Forman DA, Alizadeh S, Button DC, Holmes MW. The Use of Elastic Resistance Bands to Reduce Dynamic Knee Valgus in Squat-Based Movements: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1206-1217. [PMID: 37795322 PMCID: PMC10547095 DOI: 10.26603/001c.87764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An elastic band wrapped around the distal thighs has recently been proposed as a method for reducing dynamic knee valgus (medial movement of the knee joint in the frontal/coronal plane) while performing squats. The rationale behind this technique is that, by using an external force to pull the knees into further knee valgus, the band both exaggerates the pre-existing movement and provides additional local proprioceptive input, cueing individuals to adjust their knee alignment. If these mechanisms are true, then elastic bands might indeed reduce dynamic knee valgus, which could be promising for use in injury prevention as excessive knee valgus may be associated with a greater risk of sustaining an ACL rupture and/or other knee injuries. Due to this possibility, certain athletic populations have already adopted the use of elastic bands for training and/or rehab, despite a limited number of studies showing beneficial findings. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine current literature that has assessed lower limb muscle activity and/or lower limb kinematics performance on squat-based movements with or without an elastic band(s). Importantly, this paper will also discuss the key limitations that exist in this area, propose suggestions for future research directions, and provide recommendations for training implementations. Level of Evidence 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland
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2
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Ghoseiri K, Rastkhadiv MY, Allami M, Page P, Andersen LL, Button DC. The association of the localized pain sensitivity in the residual limb and prosthesis use in male veterans with transtibial amputation. Assist Technol 2023; 35:358-366. [PMID: 35594305 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2022.2079763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of localized pain sensitivity in the residual limb and prosthesis use has clinical implications, however, rarely been assessed. This study aimed to investigate pain sensitivity and explore its range, variability, and association with prosthesis use alongside other demographic and clinical characteristics of veterans with transtibial amputation. Pain sensitivity was determined as pressure pain threshold (PPT) and pressure tolerance (PT) in 19 male veterans with a mean age of 49.5 years using pressure algometry at 12 anatomical locations on the residual limb. A comparison of pain sensitivity at each location, and among anatomical locations and participants was explored using independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. Pain sensitivity range (PSR), the difference between PT and PPT, was significantly different (p < 0.05) at mid-patellar tendon, medial tibial flare, and the distal end of the tibia. The lowest PPT and PT (20.5 and 33 Ncm-2, p = 0.13) were recorded at the distal end of the residual limb, and the highest PPT and PT (73.4 and 94.3 Ncm-2, p = 0.03) were recorded at the mid-patellar tendon. Pain sensitivity was significantly different among anatomical locations and participants. The correlation tests (Pearson and partial eta squared) showed non-significant associations of pain sensitivity with participants' demographic and clinical characteristics except for daily prosthesis use. The mid-patellar tendon, medial tibial flare, and distal end of the tibia revealed the lowest pain hypersensitivity due to higher PSR. Longer daily prosthesis use was associated with increased pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Ghoseiri
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
- Biomedical Instruments Department, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yusuf Rastkhadiv
- Biomedical Instruments Department, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Allami
- Biomedical Instruments Department, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Phillip Page
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, School of Health Professions, Franciscan University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lars L Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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3
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Lockyer EJ, Alizadeh S, Compton CT, Button DC, Power KE. Two weeks of arm cycling sprint interval training enhances spinal excitability to the biceps brachii. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1422-1437. [PMID: 37102697 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00367.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether a 2-week arm cycling sprint interval training (SIT) program modulated corticospinal pathway excitability in healthy, neurologically intact participants. We employed a pre-post study design with two groups: 1) an experimental SIT group and 2) a non-exercising control group. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid electrical stimulation (TMES) of corticospinal axons were used at baseline and post-training to provide indices of corticospinal and spinal excitability, respectively. Stimulus-response curves (SRCs) recorded from the biceps brachii were elicited for each stimulation type during two submaximal arm cycling conditions ((25 watts (W) and 30% peak power output (PPO)). All stimulations were delivered during the mid-elbow flexion phase of cycling. Compared to baseline, performance on the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at post-testing was improved for members of the SIT group but was not altered for controls, suggesting that SIT improved exercise performance. There were no changes in the area under the curve (AUC) for TMS-elicited SRCs for either group. However, the AUC for TMES-elicited cervicomedullary motor evoked potential SRCs were significantly larger at post-testing in the SIT group only (25W: p=0.012, d=0.870; 30% PPO: p=0.016, d=0.825). This data shows that overall corticospinal excitability is unchanged following SIT, while spinal excitability is enhanced. While the precise mechanisms underlying these findings during arm cycling at post-SIT are unknown, it is suggested that the enhanced spinal excitability may represent a neural adaptation to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Chris T Compton
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Power KE, Lockyer EJ, Botter A, Vieira T, Button DC. Endurance-exercise training adaptations in spinal motoneurones: potential functional relevance to locomotor output and assessment in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1367-1381. [PMID: 35226169 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is clear from non-human animal work that spinal motoneurones undergo endurance training (chronic) and locomotor (acute) related changes in their electrical properties and thus their ability to fire action potentials in response to synaptic input. The functional implications of these changes, however, are speculative. In humans, data suggests that similar chronic and acute changes in motoneurone excitability may occur, though the work is limited due to technical constraints. To examine the potential influence of chronic changes in human motoneurone excitability on the acute changes that occur during locomotor output, we must develop more sophisticated recording techniques or adapt our current methods. In this review, we briefly discuss chronic and acute changes in motoneurone excitability arising from non-human and human work. We then discuss the potential interaction effects of chronic and acute changes in motoneurone excitability and the potential impact on locomotor output. Finally, we discuss the use of high-density surface electromyogram recordings to examine human motor unit firing patterns and thus, indirectly, motoneurone excitability. The assessment of single motor units from high-density recording is mainly limited to tonic motor outputs and minimally dynamic motor output such as postural sway. Adapting this technology for use during locomotor outputs would allow us to gain a better understanding of the potential functional implications of endurance training-induced changes in human motoneurone excitability on motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Power
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alberto Botter
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Taian Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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5
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Lockyer EJ, Compton CT, Forman DA, Pearcey GE, Button DC, Power KE. Moving forward: methodological considerations for assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output in humans. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:181-194. [PMID: 34133230 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the excitability of the central nervous system to further understand the neural control of human movement is expansive. The majority of the work performed to-date has assessed corticospinal excitability either at rest or during relatively simple isometric contractions. The results from this work are not easily extrapolated to rhythmic, dynamic motor outputs, given that corticospinal excitability is task-, phase-, intensity-, direction-, and muscle-dependent (Power KE, Lockyer EJ, Forman DA, Button DC. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 1176-1185, 2018). Assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output, however, involves technical challenges that are to be overcome, or at the minimum considered, when attempting to design experiments and interpret the physiological relevance of the results. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the research examining corticospinal excitability during a rhythmic motor output and, importantly, to provide recommendations regarding the many factors that must be considered when designing and interpreting findings from studies that involve limb movement. To do so, the majority of work described herein refers to work performed using arm cycling (arm pedaling or arm cranking) as a model of a rhythmic motor output used to examine the neural control of human locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Chris T Compton
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Davis A Forman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory E Pearcey
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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6
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Ahmadi H, Herat N, Alizadeh S, Button DC, Granacher U, Behm DG. Effect of an inverted seated position with upper arm blood flow restriction on measures of elbow flexors neuromuscular performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245311. [PMID: 34010275 PMCID: PMC8133415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of the investigation was to determine the concomitant effects of upper arm blood flow restriction (BFR) and inversion on elbow flexors neuromuscular responses. Methods Randomly allocated, 13 volunteers performed four conditions in a within-subject design: rest (control, 1-min upright position without BFR), control (1-min upright with BFR), 1-min inverted (without BFR), and 1-min inverted with BFR. Evoked and voluntary contractile properties, before, during and after a 30-s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) exercise intervention were examined as well as pain scale. Results Inversion induced significant pre-exercise intervention decreases in elbow flexors MVC (21.1%, ηp2 = 0.48, p = 0.02) and resting evoked twitch forces (29.4%, ηp2 = 0.34, p = 0.03). The 30-s MVC induced significantly greater pre- to post-test decreases in potentiated twitch force ( ηp2 = 0.61, p = 0.0009) during inversion (↓75%) than upright (↓65.3%) conditions. Overall, BFR decreased MVC force 4.8% ( ηp2 = 0.37, p = 0.05). For upright position, BFR induced 21.0% reductions in M-wave amplitude ( ηp2 = 0.44, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences for electromyographic activity or voluntary activation as measured with the interpolated twitch technique. For all conditions, there was a significant increase in pain scale between the 40–60 s intervals and post-30-s MVC (upright<inversion, and without BFR<BFR). Conclusion The concomitant application of inversion with elbow flexors BFR only amplified neuromuscular performance impairments to a small degree. Individuals who execute forceful contractions when inverted or with BFR should be cognizant that force output may be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadi
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nehara Herat
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lockyer EJ, Buckle NCM, Collins BW, Button DC. Neuromuscular fatigue of the elbow flexors during repeated maximal arm cycling sprints: the effects of forearm position. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:606-616. [PMID: 33296273 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) is often used to induce neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). It is currently not known whether NMF is influenced by different forearm positions during arm cycling RSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a pronated versus supinated forearm position on elbow flexor NMF during arm cycling RSE. Participants (n = 12) completed ten 10-s maximal arm cycling sprints interspersed by 60 s of rest on 2 separate days using either a pronated or supinated forearm position. All sprints were performed on an arm cycle ergometer in a reverse direction. Prior to and following RSE, NMF measurements (i.e., maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), potentiated twitch (PT), electromyography median frequencies) were recorded. Sprint performance measures, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain were also recorded. Irrespective of forearm position, sprint performance decreased as sprint number increased. These decreases were accompanied by significant increases in RPE (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.869) and pain (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.745). Participants produced greater power output during pronated compared with supinated sprinting (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.728). At post-sprinting, the percentage decrease in elbow flexor MVC and PT force from pre-sprinting was significantly greater following supinated than pronated sprinting (p < 0.001), suggesting greater peripheral fatigue occurred in this position. The data suggest that supinated arm cycling RSE results in inferior performance and greater NMF compared with pronated arm cycling RSE. Novelty: NMF of the elbow flexors is influenced by forearm position during arm cycling RSE. Supinated arm cycling sprints resulted in worse repeated sprint performance and also greater NMF than pronated RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Natasha C M Buckle
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Brandon W Collins
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - D C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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8
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Kumar RI, Forman GN, Forman DA, Mugnosso M, Zenzeri J, Button DC, Holmes MWR. Dynamic Wrist Flexion and Extension Fatigue Induced via Submaximal Contractions Similarly Impairs Hand Tracking Accuracy in Young Adult Males and Females. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:574650. [PMID: 33345137 PMCID: PMC7739657 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.574650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of muscle fatigue on hand-tracking performance in young adults. Differences were quantified between wrist flexion and extension fatigability, and between males and females. Participants were evaluated on their ability to trace a pattern using a 3-degrees-of-freedom robotic manipulandum before (baseline) and after (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mins) a submaximal-intensity fatigue protocol performed to exhaustion that isolated the wrist flexors or extensors on separate days. Tracking tasks were performed at all time points, while maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) were performed at baseline, and 2, 6-, and 10-mins post-task termination. We evaluated movement smoothness (jerk ratio, JR), shape reproduction (figural error, FE), and target tracking accuracy (tracking error, TE). MVC force was significantly lower in females (p < 0.05), lower than baseline for all timepoints after task termination (p < 0.05), with no muscle group-dependent differences. JR did not return to baseline until 10-mins post-task termination (most affected), while FE returned at 4-mins post-task termination, and TE at 1-min post-task termination. Males tracked the target with significantly lower JR (p < 0.05), less TE (p < 0.05), and less FE (p < 0.05) than females. No muscle group-dependent changes in hand-tracking performance were observed. Based on this work, hand tracking accuracy is similarly impaired following repetitive submaximal dynamic wrist flexion or extension. The differences between male and female fatigability was independent of the changes in our tracking metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I. Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Garrick N. Forman
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Davis A. Forman
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Maddalena Mugnosso
- Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jacopo Zenzeri
- Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael W. R. Holmes
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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9
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Lockyer EJ, Hosel K, Nippard AP, Button DC, Power KE. Corticospinal-Evoked Responses from the Biceps Brachii during Arm Cycling across Multiple Power Outputs. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080205. [PMID: 31430879 PMCID: PMC6721304 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We examined corticospinal and spinal excitability across multiple power outputs during arm cycling using a weak and strong stimulus intensity. Methods: We elicited motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) in the biceps brachii using magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex and electrical stimulation of corticospinal axons during arm cycling at six different power outputs (i.e., 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 W) and two stimulation intensities (i.e., weak vs. strong). Results: In general, biceps brachii MEP and CMEP amplitudes (normalized to maximal M-wave (Mmax)) followed a similar pattern of modulation with increases in cycling intensity at both stimulation strengths. Specifically, MEP and CMEP amplitudes increased up until ~150 W and ~100 W when the weak and strong stimulations were used, respectively. Further increases in cycling intensity revealed no changes on MEP or CMEP amplitudes for either stimulation strength. Conclusions: In general, MEPs and CMEPs changed in a similar manner, suggesting that increases and subsequent plateaus in overall excitability are likely mediated by spinal factors. Interestingly, however, MEP amplitudes were disproportionately larger than CMEP amplitudes as power output increased, despite being initially matched in amplitude, particularly with strong stimulation. This suggests that supraspinal excitability is enhanced to a larger degree than spinal excitability as the power output of arm cycling increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Katarina Hosel
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anna P Nippard
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
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10
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Lockyer EJ, Stefanelli L, Collins BW, Snow NJ, Crocker J, Kent C, Holmes M, Power KE, Button DC. The Interactive Effect of DOMS and Topical Analgesic on Corticospinal Excitability of the Biceps Brachii. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561665.28968.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Button DC, Kalmar JM. Understanding exercise-dependent plasticity of motoneurons using intracellular and intramuscular approaches. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1125-1133. [PMID: 31075205 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal motoneurons (MN) exhibit exercise-dependent adaptations to increased activity, such as exercise and locomotion, as well as decreased activity associated with disuse, spinal cord injury, and aging. The development of several experimental approaches, in both human and animal models, has contributed significantly to our understanding of this plasticity. The purpose of this review is to summarize how intracellular recordings in an animal model and motor unit recordings in a human model have, together, contributed to our current understanding of exercise-dependent MN plasticity. These approaches and techniques will allow neuroscientists to continue to advance our understanding of MN physiology and the plasticity of the "final common path" of the motor system, and to design experiments to answer the critical questions that are emerging in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jayne M Kalmar
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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12
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Forman DA, Forman GN, Button DC, Holmes MWR. THERABAND® CLX gold reduces knee-width index and range of motion during overhead, barbell squatting. Sports Biomech 2018; 20:198-212. [PMID: 30526370 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1537371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of the TherabandTM CLX gold band on lower-limb muscle activity and kinematics during an overhead barbell squat. Participants performed two sets (band and no-band) of 12 repetitions of overhead barbell squats at 25% bodyweight. Three-dimensional kinematics were measured using motion capture with rigid bodies placed bilaterally on the foot, shank, thigh and thorax. Electromyography was collected from seven, bilateral muscles of the lower-limb and was unchanged for all muscles between conditions. Medial knee collapse was calculated using a knee-width index (KWI) ratio of the distance between the lateral epicondyles of the femur and the lateral malleoli. Average KWI was smaller during the band condition for the concentric (No band: 0.99 ± 0.05, Band: 0.97 ± 0.06, p < 0.05) and eccentric phases (No band: 1.00 ± 0.06, Band: 0.97 ± 0.05, p < 0.05). KWI was significantly smaller with the use of the TherabandTM CLX. As the gold band is the strongest of the CLX offerings, any benefit of increased proprioception may have been lost due to the high resistance of the band. Further research examining the dose-response of elastic band resistance to knee alignment may be needed to inform proper exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Forman
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Garrick N Forman
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University , St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael W R Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Collins BW, Pearcey GE, Buckle NC, Power KE, Button DC. Neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise: underlying physiology and methodological considerations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1166-1175. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue occurs when an individual’s capacity to produce force or power is impaired. Repeated sprint exercise requires an individual to physically exert themselves at near-maximal to maximal capacity for multiple short-duration bouts, is extremely taxing on the neuromuscular system, and consequently leads to the rapid development of neuromuscular fatigue. During repeated sprint exercise the development of neuromuscular fatigue is underlined by a combination of central and peripheral fatigue. However, there are a number of methodological considerations that complicate the quantification of the development of neuromuscular fatigue. The main goal of this review is to synthesize the results from recent investigations on the development of neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise. Hence, we summarize the overall development of neuromuscular fatigue, explain how recovery time may alter the development of neuromuscular fatigue, outline the contributions of peripheral and central fatigue to neuromuscular fatigue, and provide some methodological considerations for quantifying neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W. Collins
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Gregory E.P. Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Natasha C.M. Buckle
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Abstract
In quadrupeds, special circuity located within the spinal cord, referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs), is capable of producing complex patterns of activity such as locomotion in the absence of descending input. During these motor outputs, the electrical properties of spinal motoneurones are modulated such that the motoneurone is more easily activated. Indirect evidence suggests that like quadrupeds, humans also have spinally located CPGs capable of producing locomotor outputs, albeit descending input is considered to be of greater importance. Whether motoneurone properties are reconfigured in a similar manner to those of quadrupeds is unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current state of knowledge regarding the modulation of motoneurone excitability during CPG-mediated motor outputs using animal models. This will be followed by more recent work initially aimed at understanding changes in motoneurone excitability during CPG-mediated motor outputs in humans, which quickly expanded to also include supraspinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Evan J. Lockyer
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Davis A. Forman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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15
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Lockyer EJ, Benson RJ, Hynes AP, Alcock LR, Spence AJ, Button DC, Power KE. Intensity matters: effects of cadence and power output on corticospinal excitability during arm cycling are phase and muscle dependent. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2908-2921. [PMID: 30354778 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00358.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of cadence and power output on corticospinal excitability to the biceps (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) during arm cycling. Supraspinal and spinal excitability were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid electrical stimulation (TMES) of the corticospinal tract, respectively. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS and cervicomedullary motor-evoked potentials (CMEPs) elicited by TMES were recorded at two positions during arm cycling corresponding to mid-elbow flexion and mid-elbow extension (i.e., 6 and 12 o'clock made relative to a clock face, respectively). Arm cycling was performed at combinations of two cadences (60 and 90 rpm) at three relative power outputs (20, 40, and 60% peak power output). At the 6 o'clock position, BB MEPs increased ~11.5% as cadence increased and up to ~57.2% as power output increased ( P < 0.05). In the TB, MEPs increased ~15.2% with cadence ( P = 0.013) but were not affected by power output, while CMEPs increased with cadence (~16.3%) and power output (up to ~19.1%, P < 0.05). At the 12 o'clock position, BB MEPs increased ~26.8% as cadence increased and up to ~96.1% as power output increased ( P < 0.05), while CMEPs decreased ~29.7% with cadence ( P = 0.013) and did not change with power output ( P = 0.851). In contrast, TB MEPs were not different with cadence or power output, while CMEPs increased ~12.8% with cadence and up to ~23.1% with power output ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that the "type" of intensity differentially modulates supraspinal and spinal excitability in a manner that is phase- and muscle dependent. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is currently little information available on how changes in locomotor intensity influence excitability within the corticospinal pathway. This study investigated the effects of arm cycling intensity (i.e., alterations in cadence and power output) on corticospinal excitability projecting to the biceps and triceps brachii during arm cycling. We demonstrate that corticospinal excitability is modulated differentially by cadence and power output and that these modulations are dependent on the phase and the muscle examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - R J Benson
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - A P Hynes
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - L R Alcock
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - A J Spence
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - D C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - K E Power
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
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Halperin I, Collins BW, Monks M, Compton CT, Yetman JD, Loucks-Atkinson A, Basset F, Button DC. Upper and lower body responses to repeated cyclical sprints. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1468485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Halperin
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Brandon W. Collins
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Michael Monks
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Chris T. Compton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Joseph D. Yetman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Angela Loucks-Atkinson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Fabien Basset
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
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17
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Collins BW, Button DC. The effect of shoulder position on motor evoked and maximal muscle compound action potentials of the biceps brachii. Neurosci Lett 2018; 665:206-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grover G, Ploughman M, Philpott DT, Kelly LP, Devasahayam AJ, Wadden K, Power KE, Button DC. Environmental temperature and exercise modality independently impact central and muscle fatigue among people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2018; 3:2055217317747625. [PMID: 29318030 PMCID: PMC5753932 DOI: 10.1177/2055217317747625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat sensitivity and fatigue limit the ability of multiple sclerosis patients to participate in exercise. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal aerobic exercise parameters (environmental temperature and exercise modality) to limit exercise-induced central and muscle fatigue among people with multiple sclerosis. Methods Fourteen people with multiple sclerosis with varying levels of disability completed four randomized exercise sessions at 65% of the maximal volume of oxygen: body-weight supported treadmill cool (16°C), body-weight supported treadmill room (21°C), total-body recumbent stepper cool and total-body recumbent stepper room. Maximum voluntary contraction, electromyography, and evoked contractile properties were collected from the more affected plantar flexors along with subjective levels of fatigue, body temperature and perceived level of exertion. Results Exercise in cooler room temperature increased maximum voluntary contraction force (p = 0.010) and stabilized body temperature (p = 0.011) compared to standard room temperature. People with multiple sclerosis experienced greater peak twitch torque (p = 0.047), shorter time to peak twitch (p = 0.035) and a longer half relaxation time (p = 0.046) after total-body recumbent stepper suggestive of less muscle fatigue. Conclusion Cooling the exercise environment limits the negative effects of central fatigue during aerobic exercise and using total-body recumbent stepper (work distributed among four limbs) rather than body-weight supported treadmill lessens muscular fatigue. Therapists can titrate these two variables to help people with multiple sclerosis achieve sufficient exercise workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Grover
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | | | - Devin T Philpott
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
| | | | - Katie Wadden
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
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Collins BW, Cadigan EWJ, Stefanelli L, Button DC. Corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii is shoulder position dependent. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3242-3251. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00527.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of shoulder position on corticospinal excitability (CSE) of the biceps brachii during rest and a 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Participants ( n = 9) completed two experimental sessions with four conditions: 1) rest, 0° shoulder flexion; 2) 10% MVC, 0° shoulder flexion; 3) rest, 90° shoulder flexion; and 4) 10% MVC, 90° shoulder flexion. Transcranial magnetic, transmastoid electrical, and Erb’s point stimulation were used to induce motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs), and maximal muscle compound potentials (Mmax), respectively, in the biceps brachii in each condition. At rest, MEP, CMEP, and Mmax amplitudes increased ( P < 0.01) by 509.7 ± 118.3%, 113.3 ± 28.3%, and 155.1 ± 47.9%, respectively, at 90° compared with 0°. At 10% MVC, MEP amplitudes did not differ ( P = 0.08), but CMEP and Mmax amplitudes increased ( P < 0.05) by 32.3 ± 10.5% and 127.9 ± 26.1%, respectively, at 90° compared with 0°. MEP/Mmax increased ( P < 0.01) by 224.0 ± 99.1% at rest and decreased ( P < 0.05) by 51.3 ± 6.7% at 10% MVC at 90° compared with 0°. CMEP/Mmax was not different ( P = 0.22) at rest but decreased ( P < 0.01) at 10% MVC by 33.6 ± 6.1% at 90° compared with 0°. EMG increased ( P < 0.001) by 8.3 ± 2.0% at rest and decreased ( P < 0.001) by 21.4 ± 4.4% at 10% MVC at 90° compared with 0°. In conclusion, CSE of the biceps brachii was dependent on shoulder position, and the pattern of change was altered within the state in which it was measured. The position-dependent changes in Mmax amplitude, EMG, and CSE itself all contribute to the overall change in CSE of the biceps brachii. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that when the shoulder is placed into two common positions for determining elbow flexor force and activation, corticospinal excitability (CSE) of the biceps brachii is both shoulder position and state dependent. At rest, when the shoulder is flexed from 0° to 90°, supraspinal factors predominantly alter CSE, whereas during a slight contraction, spinal factors predominantly alter CSE. Finally, the normalization techniques frequently used by researchers to investigate CSE may under- and overestimate CSE when shoulder position is changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Wayne Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Edward W. J. Cadigan
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Lucas Stefanelli
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Cadigan EWJ, Collins BW, Philpott DTG, Kippenhuck G, Brenton M, Button DC. Maximal Voluntary Activation of the Elbow Flexors Is under Predicted by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Compared to Motor Point Stimulation Prior to and Following Muscle Fatigue. Front Physiol 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 28979211 PMCID: PMC5611415 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic (TMS) and motor point stimulation have been used to determine voluntary activation (VA). However, very few studies have directly compared the two stimulation techniques for assessing VA of the elbow flexors. The purpose of this study was to compare TMS and motor point stimulation for assessing VA in non-fatigued and fatigued elbow flexors. Participants performed a fatigue protocol that included twelve, 15 s isometric elbow flexor contractions. Participants completed a set of isometric elbow flexion contractions at 100, 75, 50, and 25% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) prior to and following fatigue contractions 3, 6, 9, and 12 and 5 and 10 min post-fatigue. Force and EMG of the bicep and triceps brachii were measured for each contraction. Force responses to TMS and motor point stimulation and EMG responses to TMS (motor evoked potentials, MEPs) and Erb's point stimulation (maximal M-waves, Mmax) were also recorded. VA was estimated using the equation: VA% = (1−SITforce/PTforce) × 100. The resting twitch was measured directly for motor point stimulation and estimated for both motor point stimulation and TMS by extrapolation of the linear regression between the superimposed twitch force and voluntary force. MVC force, potentiated twitch force and VA significantly (p < 0.05) decreased throughout the elbow flexor fatigue protocol and partially recovered 10 min post fatigue. VA was significantly (p < 0.05) underestimated when using TMS compared to motor point stimulation in non-fatigued and fatigued elbow flexors. Motor point stimulation compared to TMS superimposed twitch forces were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 50% MVC but similar at 75 and 100% MVC. The linear relationship between TMS superimposed twitch force and voluntary force significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with fatigue. There was no change in triceps/biceps electromyography, biceps/triceps MEP amplitudes, or bicep MEP amplitudes throughout the fatigue protocol at 100% MVC. In conclusion, motor point stimulation as opposed to TMS led to a higher estimation of VA in non-fatigued and fatigued elbow flexors. The decreased linear relationship between TMS superimposed twitch force and voluntary force led to an underestimation of the estimated resting twitch force and thus, a reduced VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W J Cadigan
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Brandon W Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Devin T G Philpott
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Garreth Kippenhuck
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mitchell Brenton
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada.,BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
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Foley RC, Bulbrook BD, Button DC, Holmes MW. EFFECTS OF A BAND LOOP ON LOWER EXTREMITY MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND KINEMATICS DURING THE BARBELL SQUAT. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2017; 12:550-559. [PMID: 28900561 PMCID: PMC5534145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial knee collapse can signal an underlying movement issue that, if uncorrected, can lead to a variety of knee injuries. Placing a band around the distal thigh may act as a proprioceptive aid to minimize medial collapse of the knee during squats; however, little is known about EMG and biomechanics in trained and untrained individuals during the squat with an elastic band added. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To investigate the effects of the TheraBand® Band Loop on kinematics and muscle activity of the lower extremity during a standard barbell back squat at different intensities in both trained and untrained individuals. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, repeated measures. METHODS Sixteen healthy, male, university aged-participants were split into two groups of eight, consisting of a trained and untrained group. Participants performed both a 3-repetition maximum (3-RM) and a bodyweight load squat for repetitions to failure. Lower extremity kinematics and surface electromyography of four muscles were measured bilaterally over two sessions, an unaided squat and a band session (band loop placed around distal thighs). Medial knee collapse, measured as a knee width index, and maximum muscle activity were calculated. RESULTS During the 3-RM, squat weight was unaffected by band loop intervention (p = 0.486) and the trained group lifted more weight than the untrained group (p<0.007). The trained group had a greater squat depth for both squat conditions, regardless of the band (p = 0.0043). Knee width index was not affected by the band during the eccentric phase of bodyweight squats in the trained (band: 0.76 ± 0.08, no band: 0.73 ± 0.08) or untrained group (band: 0.77 ± 0.70, no band: 0.75 ± 0.13) (p = 0.670). During the concentric phase, knee width index was significantly lower for 3-RM squats, regardless of group. CONCLUSION Despite minimal changes in kinematics for the untrained group, increased muscle activity with the band loop may suggest that a training aid may, over time, lead to an increase in barbell squat strength by increasing activation of agonist muscles more than traditional, un-banded squats. Greater maximal muscle activity in most muscles during band loop sessions may provide enhanced knee stability via increased activation of stabilizing muscles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C.A. Foley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany D. Bulbrook
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Collins BW, Lockyer EJ, Button DC. Prescribing cross-education of strength: Is it time? Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:684-685. [PMID: 28407340 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Collins BW, Forman DA, Rogers ME, Forman GN, Page P, Holmes MW, Button DC. A Consecutive Loop Elastic Band Placed Around the Distal End of the Thighs During an Overhead Barbell Squat Increases Medial Knee Collapse. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517951.62971.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rogers ME, Jimoh JM, Chekuri SV, Button DC. Effects Of Methol Gel On Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) In Sedentary Young Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519580.44883.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Collins BW, Gale LH, Buckle NCM, Button DC. Corticospinal excitability to the biceps brachii and its relationship to postactivation potentiation of the elbow flexors. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/8/e13265. [PMID: 28455452 PMCID: PMC5408290 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of a submaximal voluntary elbow flexor contraction protocol on measures of corticospinal excitability and postactivation potentiation of evoked muscle forces and if these measures were state‐dependent (rest vs. voluntary muscle contraction). Participants completed four experimental sessions where they rested or performed a 5% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the elbow flexors prior to, immediately, and 5 min following a submaximal contraction protocol. During rest or 5% MVC, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transmastoid electrical stimulation, electrical stimulation of biceps brachii motor point and Erb's point were elicited to induce motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs), cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs), potentiated twitch (PT) force, and maximal muscle compound action potential (Mmax), respectively prior to, immediately, and 5 min postcontraction protocol. MEP amplitudes increased (215 and 165%Mmax, P ≤ 0.03) only at 1 and 6s postcontraction protocol, respectively during rest but not 5% MVC. CMEP amplitudes decreased during rest and 5% MVC (range:21–58%Mmax, P ≤ 0.04) for up to 81 sec postcontraction protocol. Peak twitch force increased immediately postcontraction protocol and remained elevated for 90 sec (range:122–147% increase, P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between MEP and PT force during rest (r = 0.88, P = 0.01) and a negative correlation between CMEP and PT force during rest (r = −0.85, P < 0.02 and 5% MVC (r = −0.96, P < 0.01) immediately postcontraction protocol. In conclusion, the change in corticospinal and spinal excitability was state‐ and time‐dependent whereas spinal excitability and postactivation potentiation were time‐dependent following the contraction protocol. Changes in corticospinal excitability and postactivation potentiation correlated and were also state‐dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
| | - Laura H Gale
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
| | - Natasha C M Buckle
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada .,BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Casanova N, Reis JF, Vaz JR, Machado R, Mendes B, Button DC, Pezarat-Correia P, Freitas SR. Effects of roller massager on muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:56-63. [PMID: 28095747 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1280609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments (n = 10) were conducted to determine the effects of roller massager (RM) on ankle plantar flexor muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Experiment 1 examined both functional [i.e., ankle plantar flexion maximal isometric contraction and submaximal (30%) sustained force; ankle dorsiflexion maximal range of motion and resistance to stretch; and medial gastrocnemius pain pressure threshold] and morphological [cross-sectional area, thickness, fascicle length, and fascicle angle] variables, before and immediately, 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after an EIMD stimulus. Experiment 2 examined medial gastrocnemius deoxyhaemoglobin concentration kinetics before and 48 h after EIMD. Participants performed both experiments twice: with (RM) and without (no-roller massager; NRM) the application of a RM (6 × 45 s; 20-s rest between sets). RM intervention did not alter the functional impairment after EIMD, as well as the medial gastrocnemius morphology and oxygenation kinetics (P > 0.05). Although, an acute increase of ipsilateral (RM = + 19%, NRM = -5%, P = 0.032) and a strong tendency for contralateral (P = 0.095) medial gastrocnemius pain pressure threshold were observed. The present results suggest that a RM has no effect on plantar flexors performance, morphology, and oxygenation recovery after EIMD, except for muscle pain pressure threshold (i.e., a soreness).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Casanova
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal.,b Escola de Turismo, Desporto e Hospitalidade , Universidade Europeia , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal.,b Escola de Turismo, Desporto e Hospitalidade , Universidade Europeia , Lisboa , Portugal.,d Sport Lisboa e Benfica , Benfica LAB , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Rita Machado
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal
| | - Bruno Mendes
- d Sport Lisboa e Benfica , Benfica LAB , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Duane C Button
- c Memorial University , School of Human Kinetics and Recreation , St. John's , NL , Canada
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal.,d Sport Lisboa e Benfica , Benfica LAB , Lisboa , Portugal
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Spence AJ, Alcock LR, Lockyer EJ, Button DC, Power KE. Phase- and Workload-Dependent Changes in Corticospinal Excitability to the Biceps and Triceps Brachii during Arm Cycling. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6040060. [PMID: 27983685 PMCID: PMC5187574 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to examine corticospinal excitability (CSE) to antagonistic muscle groups during arm cycling. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid electrical stimulation (TMES) of the corticospinal tract were used to assess changes in supraspinal and spinal excitability, respectively. TMS induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and TMES induced cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs) were recorded from the biceps and triceps brachii at two positions, mid-elbow flexion and extension, while cycling at 5% and 15% of peak power output. While phase-dependent modulation of MEP and CMEP amplitudes occurred in the biceps brachii, there was no difference between flexion and extension for MEP amplitudes in the triceps brachii and CMEP amplitudes were higher during flexion than extension. Furthermore, MEP amplitudes in both biceps and triceps brachii increased with increased workload. CMEP amplitudes increased with higher workloads in the triceps brachii, but not biceps brachii, though the pattern of change in CMEPs was similar to MEPs. Differences between changes in CSE between the biceps and triceps brachii suggest that these antagonistic muscles may be under different neural control during arm cycling. Putative mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa-Joy Spence
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Lynsey R Alcock
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Monks MR, Compton CT, Yetman JD, Power KE, Button DC. Repeated sprint ability but not neuromuscular fatigue is dependent on short versus long duration recovery time between sprints in healthy males. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:600-605. [PMID: 27825551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During maximal intensity leg cycling sprints, previous research has shown that central and peripheral fatigue development occurs with various (<30s) short-duration recovery periods between sprints. The aim of the current study was to compare the development of neuromuscular fatigue during maximal intensity lower-body sprints interspersed with short and longer duration recovery periods. DESIGN Crossover study. METHODS Ten participants completed 10, 10s sprints interspersed with either 30 or 180s of recovery. Peak power outputs were measured for each sprint. Maximal force, voluntary activation (VA) and evoked contractile properties of the knee extensors were measured at pre-sprint 1, post-sprint 5 and post-sprint 10. Perceived pain was also measured immediately following each sprint. RESULTS Peak power output was significantly lower by 16.1±4.2% (p<0.001) during sprint 10 with 30 compared to 180s of recovery. Irrespective of recovery time, maximal force, VA and potentiated twitch force decreased by 26.7±7.2% (p<0.005), 5.8±1.2% (p=0.025), 38.7±6.1% (p=0.003) respectively, from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 10. MVC and PT decreased by 17±4% (p<0.003) and 23±9% (p<0.002) respectively, from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 5. CONCLUSIONS Although decreases in peak power and increases in perceived pain were greater when sprints were interspersed with 30 compared to 180s of recovery, the development of neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensors was similar. The results illustrate that peripheral fatigue developed early whereas central fatigue developed later in the sprint protocol, however the effect of recovery time on neuromuscular fatigue could be task specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Monks
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Chris T Compton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Joseph D Yetman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada; BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, Canada; BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, Canada.
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Monks MR, Compton CT, Yetman JD, Power KE, Button DC. Differences in Fatigue During Maximal Arm-Cycling Sprints Interspersed with 30s and 180s of Rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487124.59579.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Šambaher N, Aboodarda SJ, Silvey DB, Button DC, Behm DG. Effect of an Ankle Compression Garment on Fatigue and Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:326-35. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pearcey GE, Bradbury-Squires DJ, Monks M, Philpott D, Power KE, Button DC. Arm-cycling sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue of the elbow flexors and alter corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:199-209. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of arm-cycling sprints on maximal voluntary elbow flexion and corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii. Recreationally trained athletes performed ten 10-s arm-cycling sprints interspersed with 150 s of rest in 2 separate experiments. In experiment A (n = 12), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force of the elbow flexors was measured at pre-sprint 1, post-sprint 5, and post-sprint 10. Participants received electrical motor point stimulation during and following the elbow flexor MVCs to estimate voluntary activation (VA). In experiment B (n = 7 participants from experiment A), supraspinal and spinal excitability of the biceps brachii were measured via transcranial magnetic and transmastoid electrical stimulation that produced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs), respectively, during a 5% isometric MVC at pre-sprint 1, post-sprint 1, post-sprint 5, and post-sprint 10. In experiment A, mean power output, MVC force, potentiated twitch force, and VA decreased 13.1% (p < 0.001), 8.7% (p = 0.036), 27.6% (p = 0.003), and 5.6% (p = 0.037), respectively, from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 10. In experiment B, (i) MEPs decreased 42.1% (p = 0.002) from pre-sprint 1 to post-sprint 5 and increased 40.1% (p = 0.038) from post-sprint 5 to post-sprint 10 and (ii) CMEPs increased 28.5% (p = 0.045) from post-sprint 1 to post-sprint 10. Overall, arm-cycling sprints caused neuromuscular fatigue of the elbow flexors, which corresponded with decreased supraspinal and increased spinal excitability of the biceps brachii. The different post-sprint effects on supraspinal and spinal excitability may illustrate an inhibitory effect on supraspinal drive that reduces motor output and, therefore, decreases arm-cycling sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E.P. Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | | | - Michael Monks
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Devin Philpott
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Aboodarda SJ, Copithorne DB, Pearcey GE, Button DC, Power KE. Changes in supraspinal and spinal excitability of the biceps brachii following brief, non-fatiguing submaximal contractions of the elbow flexors in resistance-trained males. Neurosci Lett 2015; 607:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aboodarda SJ, Spence AJ, Button DC. Pain pressure threshold of a muscle tender spot increases following local and non-local rolling massage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:265. [PMID: 26416265 PMCID: PMC4587678 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to determine the acute effect of rolling massage on pressure pain threshold (PPT) in individuals with tender spots in their plantar flexor muscles. Methods In a randomized control trial and single blinded study, tender spots were identified in 150 participants’ plantar flexor muscles (gastrocnemius or soleus). Then participants were randomly assigned to one of five intervention groups (n = 30): 1) heavy rolling massage on the calf that exhibited the higher tenderness (Ipsi-R), 2) heavy rolling massage on the contralateral calf (Contra-R), 3) light stroking of the skin with roller massager on the calf that exhibited the higher tenderness (Sham), 4) manual massage on the calf that exhibited the higher tenderness (Ipsi-M) and 5) no intervention (Control). PPT was measured at 30 s and up to 15 min post-intervention via a pressure algometer. Results At 30 s post-intervention, the Ipsi-R (24 %) and Contra-R (21 %) demonstrated higher (p < 0.03) PPT values compared with Control and Sham. During 15 min post-intervention, PPT was higher (p < 0.05) following Ipsi-R (19.2 %), Contra-R (15.9 %) and Ipsi-M (10.9 %) compared with Control. There was no difference between the effects of three deep tissue massages (Ipsi-R, Ipsi-M and Contra-R) on PPT. Discussion Whereas the increased PPT following ipsilateral massage (Ipsi-R and Ipsi-M) might be attributed to the release of fibrous adhesions; the non-localized effect of rolling massage on the contralateral limb suggests that other mechanisms such as a central pain-modulatory system play a role in mediation of perceived pain following brief tissue massage. Conclusion Overall, rolling massage over a tender spot reduces pain perception. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02528812), August 19th, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Aboodarda
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - A J Spence
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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Forman DA, Philpott DTG, Button DC, Power KE. Cadence-dependent changes in corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii during arm cycling. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2285-94. [PMID: 26289462 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00418.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to report the influence of different cadences on the modulation of supraspinal and spinal excitability during arm cycling. Supraspinal and spinal excitability were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex and transmastoid electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract, respectively. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potentials and transmastoid electrical stimulation-induced cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii at two separate positions corresponding to elbow flexion and extension (6 and 12 o'clock relative to a clock face, respectively) while arm cycling at 30, 60 and 90 rpm. Motor evoked potential amplitudes increased significantly as cadence increased during both elbow flexion (P < 0.001) and extension (P = 0.027). CMEP amplitudes also increased with cadence during elbow flexion (P < 0.01); however, the opposite occurred during elbow extension (i.e., decreased CMEP amplitude; P = 0.01). The data indicate an overall increase in the excitability of corticospinal neurons which ultimately project to biceps brachii throughout arm cycling as cadence increased. Conversely, changes in spinal excitability as cadence increased were phase dependent (i.e., increased during elbow flexion and decreased during elbow extension). Phase- and cadence-dependent changes in spinal excitability are suggested to be mediated via changes in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input to the motor pool, as opposed to changes in the intrinsic properties of spinal motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Forman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and
| | - Devin T G Philpott
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; and Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The effects of long duration simulated motion on motor task and neuromuscular performance along with time frames required to recover from these effects are relatively unknown. This study aimed to determine (1) how simulated motion affects motor task and neuromuscular performance over one hour of motion and (2) the time course of recovery from any decrements. The dependent variables that were measured included: reaction time; visuomotor accuracy tracking; maximal voluntary contractions; voluntary activation; evoked contractile properties and biceps brachii electromyography of the elbow flexors. Reaction times and error rates of the visuomotor accuracy tracking task were compromised in motion, but maximal force, voluntary activation, evoked contractile properties and rmsEMG responses of the biceps brachii were unaffected by motion. It is concluded that motion causes an increase in attention demands, which have a greater effect on motor task rather than neuromuscular performance. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Minor delays or mistakes can separate life and death at sea. The safety and productivity of most vessels rely on error-free performance of motor tasks. This study demonstrates that human ability to perform motor tasks is compromised by ship motions and may aid in developing training and safety guidelines for seafarers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E P Pearcey
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Scott N MacKinnon
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada A1C 5S7
- b Faculty of Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Duane C Button
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada A1C 5S7
- c Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada A1C 5S7
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Pearcey GE, Murphy JR, Behm DG, Hay DC, Power KE, Button DC. Neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensors during repeated maximal intensity intermittent-sprints on a cycle ergometer. Muscle Nerve 2015; 51:569-79. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E.P. Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. 230 Elizabeth Avenue, John's NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Justin R. Murphy
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. 230 Elizabeth Avenue, John's NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. 230 Elizabeth Avenue, John's NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Dean C. Hay
- Schulich School of Education; Nipissing University North Bay; Ontario Canada
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. 230 Elizabeth Avenue, John's NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. 230 Elizabeth Avenue, John's NL Canada A1C 5S7
- Faculty of Medicine; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
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Philpott DT, Pearcey GE, Forman D, Power KE, Button DC. Chronic resistance training enhances the spinal excitability of the biceps brachii in the non-dominant arm at moderate contraction intensities. Neurosci Lett 2015; 585:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maddigan ME, Button DC, Behm DG. Lower-Limb and Trunk Muscle Activation With Back Squats and Weighted Sled Apparatus. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3346-53. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bradbury-Squires DJ, Noftall JC, Sullivan KM, Behm DG, Power KE, Button DC. Roller-massager application to the quadriceps and knee-joint range of motion and neuromuscular efficiency during a lunge. J Athl Train 2014; 50:133-40. [PMID: 25415414 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.5.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Roller massagers are used as a recovery and rehabilitative tool to initiate muscle relaxation and improve range of motion (ROM) and muscular performance. However, research demonstrating such effects is lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of applying a roller massager for 20 and 60 seconds on knee-joint ROM and dynamic muscular performance. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING University laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Ten recreationally active men (age = 26.6 ± 5.2 years, height = 175.3 ± 4.3 cm, mass = 84.4 ± 8.8 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed 3 randomized experimental conditions separated by 24 to 48 hours. In condition 1 (5 repetitions of 20 seconds) and condition 2 (5 repetitions of 60 seconds), they applied a roller massager to the quadriceps muscles. Condition 3 served as a control condition in which participants sat quietly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Visual analog pain scale, electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris during roller massage and lunge, and knee-joint ROM. RESULTS We found no differences in pain between the 20-second and 60-second roller-massager conditions. During 60 seconds of roller massage, pain was 13.5% (5.7 ± 0.70) and 20.6% (6.2 ± 0.70) greater at 40 seconds and 60 seconds, respectively, than at 20 seconds (P < .05). During roller massage, VL and biceps femoris root mean square (RMS) EMG was 8% and 7%, respectively, of RMS EMG recorded during maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Knee-joint ROM was 10% and 16% greater in the 20-second and 60-second roller-massager conditions, respectively, than the control condition (P < .05). Finally, average lunge VL RMS EMG decreased as roller-massage time increased (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Roller massage was painful and induced muscle activity, but it increased knee-joint ROM and neuromuscular efficiency during a lunge.
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Pearcey GEP, Bradbury-Squires DJ, Kawamoto JE, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG, Button DC. Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures. J Athl Train 2014; 50:5-13. [PMID: 25415413 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT After an intense bout of exercise, foam rolling is thought to alleviate muscle fatigue and soreness (ie, delayed-onset muscle soreness [DOMS]) and improve muscular performance. Potentially, foam rolling may be an effective therapeutic modality to reduce DOMS while enhancing the recovery of muscular performance. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of foam rolling as a recovery tool after an intense exercise protocol through assessment of pressure-pain threshold, sprint time, change-of-direction speed, power, and dynamic strength-endurance. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING University laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 8 healthy, physically active males (age = 22.1 ± 2.5 years, height = 177.0 ± 7.5 cm, mass = 88.4 ± 11.4 kg) participated. INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed 2 conditions, separated by 4 weeks, involving 10 sets of 10 repetitions of back squats at 60% of their 1-repetition maximum, followed by either no foam rolling or 20 minutes of foam rolling immediately, 24, and 48 hours postexercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Pressure-pain threshold, sprint speed (30-m sprint time), power (broad-jump distance), change-of-direction speed (T-test), and dynamic strength-endurance. RESULTS Foam rolling substantially improved quadriceps muscle tenderness by a moderate to large amount in the days after fatigue (Cohen d range, 0.59 to 0.84). Substantial effects ranged from small to large in sprint time (Cohen d range, 0.68 to 0.77), power (Cohen d range, 0.48 to 0.87), and dynamic strength-endurance (Cohen d = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Foam rolling effectively reduced DOMS and associated decrements in most dynamic performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E P Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to understand the effectiveness of foam rolling (FR) as a recovery tool after exercise-induced muscle damage, analyzing thigh girth, muscle soreness, range of motion (ROM), evoked and voluntary contractile properties, vertical jump, perceived pain while FR, and force placed on the foam roller. METHODS Twenty male subjects (≥3 yr of strength training experience) were randomly assigned into the control (n = 10) or FR (n = 10) group. All the subjects followed the same testing protocol. The subjects participated in five testing sessions: 1) orientation and one-repetition maximum back squat, 2) pretest measurements, 10 × 10 squat protocol, and POST-0 (posttest 0) measurements, along with measurements at 3) POST-24, 4) POST-48, and 5) POST-72. The only between-group difference was that the FR group performed a 20-min FR exercise protocol at the end of each testing session (POST-0, POST-24, and POST-48). RESULTS FR substantially reduced muscle soreness at all time points while substantially improving ROM. FR negatively affected evoked contractile properties with the exception of half relaxation time and electromechanical delay (EMD), with FR substantially improving EMD. Voluntary contractile properties showed no substantial between-group differences for all measurements besides voluntary muscle activation and vertical jump, with FR substantially improving muscle activation at all time points and vertical jump at POST-48. When performing the five FR exercises, measurements of the subjects' force placed on the foam roller and perceived pain while FR ranged between 26 and 46 kg (32%-55% body weight) and 2.5 and 7.5 points, respectively. CONCLUSION The most important findings of the present study were that FR was beneficial in attenuating muscle soreness while improving vertical jump height, muscle activation, and passive and dynamic ROM in comparison with control. FR negatively affected several evoked contractile properties of the muscle, except for half relaxation time and EMD, indicating that FR benefits are primarily accrued through neural responses and connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Z Macdonald
- 1School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, CANADA; and 2School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
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Forman D, Raj A, Button DC, Power KE. Corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii is higher during arm cycling than an intensity-matched tonic contraction. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1142-51. [PMID: 24899677 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00210.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies have not assessed corticospinal excitability of an upper-limb prime mover during arm cycling. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether supraspinal and/or spinal motoneuron excitability of the biceps brachii was different between arm cycling and an intensity-matched tonic contraction. We hypothesized that spinal motoneuron excitability would be higher during arm cycling than an intensity-matched tonic contraction. Supraspinal and spinal motoneuron excitability were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid electrical stimulation (TMES) of the corticospinal tract, respectively. TMS-induced motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and TMES-induced cervicomedullary-evoked potentials (CMEPs) were assessed at three separate positions (3, 6, and 12 o'clock relative to a clock face) during arm cycling and an intensity-matched tonic contraction. MEP amplitudes were 7.2 and 8.8% maximum amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (Mmax) larger during arm cycling compared with a tonic contraction at the 3 (P < 0.001) and 6 o'clock (P < 0.001) positions, respectively. There was no difference between tasks during elbow extension (12 o'clock). CMEP amplitudes were 5.2% Mmax larger during arm cycling compared with a tonic contraction at the 3 o'clock position (P < 0.001) with no differences seen at midflexion (6 o'clock) or extension (12 o'clock). The data indicate an increase in the excitability of corticospinal neurons, which ultimately project to biceps brachii during the elbow flexion portion of arm cycling, and increased spinal motoneuron excitability at the onset of elbow flexion during arm cycling. We conclude that supraspinal and spinal motoneuron excitability are phase- and task-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Forman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Amita Raj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada;
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Pearcey GEP, Power KE, Button DC. Differences in supraspinal and spinal excitability during various force outputs of the biceps brachii in chronic- and non-resistance trained individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98468. [PMID: 24875495 PMCID: PMC4038556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor evoked potentials (MEP) and cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEP) may help determine the corticospinal adaptations underlying chronic resistance training-induced increases in voluntary force production. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of chronic resistance training on corticospinal excitability (CE) of the biceps brachii during elbow flexion contractions at various intensities and the CNS site (i.e. supraspinal or spinal) predominantly responsible for any training-induced differences in CE. Fifteen male subjects were divided into two groups: 1) chronic resistance-trained (RT), (n = 8) and 2) non-RT, (n = 7). Each group performed four sets of ∼5 s elbow flexion contractions of the dominant arm at 10 target forces (from 10%-100% MVC). During each contraction, subjects received 1) transcranial magnetic stimulation, 2) transmastoid electrical stimulation and 3) brachial plexus electrical stimulation, to determine MEP, CMEP and compound muscle action potential (Mmax) amplitudes, respectively, of the biceps brachii. All MEP and CMEP amplitudes were normalized to Mmax. MEP amplitudes were similar in both groups up to 50% MVC, however, beyond 50% MVC, MEP amplitudes were lower in the chronic RT group (p<0.05). CMEP amplitudes recorded from 10-100% MVC were similar for both groups. The ratio of MEP amplitude/absolute force and CMEP amplitude/absolute force were reduced (p<0.012) at all contraction intensities from 10-100% MVC in the chronic-RT compared to the non-RT group. In conclusion, chronic resistance training alters supraspinal and spinal excitability. However, adaptations in the spinal cord (i.e. motoneurone) seem to have a greater influence on the altered CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. P. Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Halperin I, Aboodarda SJ, Button DC, Andersen LL, Behm DG. Roller massager improves range of motion of plantar flexor muscles without subsequent decreases in force parameters. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2014; 9:92-102. [PMID: 24567860 PMCID: PMC3924613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) has been linked to lower limb injuries. Improving limited ankle ROM may decrease injury rates. Static stretching (SS) is ubiquitously used to improve ROM but can lead to decreases in force and power if performed prior to the activity. Thus, alternatives to improve ROM without performance decrements are needed. OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE To compare the effects of SS and self massage (SM) with a roller massage of the calf muscles on ankle ROM, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force F100 (force produced in the first 100 ms of the MVC), electromyography (EMG of soleus and tibialis anterior) characteristics of the plantar flexors, and a single limb balance test. METHODS Fourteen recreationally trained subjects were tested on two separate occasions in a randomized cross-over design. After a warm up, subjects were assessed for passive dorsiflexion ROM, MVC, and a single-limb balance test with eyes closed. The same three measurements were repeated after 10 minutes (min) of rest and prior to the interventions. Following the pre-test, participants randomly performed either SS or SM for 3 sets of 30 seconds (s) with 10s of rest between each set. At one and 10 min post-interventions the participants repeated the three measurements, for a third and fourth cycle of testing. RESULTS Roller massage increased and SS decreased maximal force output during the post-test measurements, with a significant difference occurring between the two interventions at 10 min post-test (p < 0.05, ES = 1.23, 8.2% difference). Both roller massage (p < 0.05, ES = 0.26, ~4%) and SS (p < 0.05, ES = 0.27, ~5.2%) increased ROM immediately and 10 min after the interventions. No significant effects were found for balance or EMG measures. CONCLUSIONS Both interventions improved ankle ROM, but only the self-massage with a roller massager led to small improvements in MVC force relative to SS at 10 min post-intervention. These results highlight the effectiveness of a roller massager relative to SS. These results could affect the type of warm-up prior to activities that depend on high force and sufficient ankle ROM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Halperin
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Saied Jalal Aboodarda
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Lars L. Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105 DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
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Murphy JR, Button DC, Chaouachi A, Behm DG. Prepubescent males are less susceptible to neuromuscular fatigue following resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:825-35. [PMID: 24399111 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if prepubescent and adult males have similar fatigue profiles following high and lower intensity knee extensions. METHODS Ten male children and ten adults completed two sessions of three sets of high repetition (17 typical muscle endurance training) high repetition (High RM) or low repetition (seven typical strength training) maximum (Low RM) dynamic knee extensions. Voluntary and evoked contractile properties, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed before and after each knee extension RM. RESULTS Knee extension RM measures revealed that boys performed more (children set 2, 6.7 ± 0.5; set 3, 5.7 ± 0.5 vs. adult set 2, 5.2 ± 0.4; set 3, 3.5 ± 0.5; P < 0.001) repetitions, had a faster (children 39.9 ± 8.6 vs. adult 9.4 ± 3.7 bpm; P < 0.001) HR recovery and lower (6.4 ± 0.43; P < 0.001) RPE compared to adults (8.0 ± 0.4). Post-knee extension measures also revealed a smaller MVC force decrement (P < 0.001) with boys (94.3 % ± 6.1 vs. 76.3 % ± 4.1). Unlike adults, there were no significant decrements to children's evoked contractile properties or EMG. The greater boys' antagonist activation (children 125.7 % ± 9.2 vs. adult: 103.5 % ± 6.7; P < 0.001) post-knee extension would suggest muscle coordination changes as a primary mechanism for MVC force decrements. The lower RPE and similar agonist EMG activity may also indicate an inability of boys to perceive or produce a maximal effort. CONCLUSION Independent of High or Low RM knee extensions, boys had greater neuromuscular fatigue resistance and recovered faster than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Murphy
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada
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MacDonald GZ, Penney MDH, Mullaley ME, Cuconato AL, Drake CDJ, Behm DG, Button DC. An acute bout of self-myofascial release increases range of motion without a subsequent decrease in muscle activation or force. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:812-21. [PMID: 22580977 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825c2bc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foam rolling is thought to improve muscular function, performance, overuse, and joint range of motion (ROM); however, there is no empirical evidence demonstrating this. Thus, the objective of the study was to determine the effect of self-myofascial release (SMR) via foam roller application on knee extensor force and activation and knee joint ROM. Eleven healthy male (height 178.9 ± 3.5 cm, mass 86.3 ± 7.4 kg, age 22.3 ± 3.8 years) subjects who were physically active participated. Subjects' quadriceps maximum voluntary contraction force, evoked force and activation, and knee joint ROM were measured before, 2 minutes, and 10 minutes after 2 conditions: (a) 2, 1-minute trials of SMR of the quadriceps via a foam roller and (b) no SMR (Control). A 2-way analysis of variance (condition × time) with repeated measures was performed on all dependent variables recorded in the precondition and postcondition tests. There were no significant differences between conditions for any of the neuromuscular dependent variables. However, after foam rolling, subjects' ROM significantly (p < 0.001) increased by 10° and 8° at 2 and 10 minutes, respectively. There was a significant (p < 0.01) negative correlation between subjects' force and ROM before foam rolling, which no longer existed after foam rolling. In conclusion, an acute bout of SMR of the quadriceps was an effective treatment to acutely enhance knee joint ROM without a concomitant deficit in muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Z MacDonald
- School of human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Arora S, Button DC, Basset FA, Behm DG. The effect of double versus single oscillating exercise devices on trunk and limb muscle activation. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2013; 8:370-380. [PMID: 24175124 PMCID: PMC3812839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Proper strengthening of the core and upper extremities is important for muscular health, performance, and rehabilitation. Exercise devices have been developed that attempt to disrupt the center of gravity in order to activate the trunk stabilizing muscles. The objective of this study was to analyze the trunk and shoulder girdle muscle activation with double and single oscillating exercise devices (DOD and SOD respectively) in various planes. METHODS TWELVE MALE SUBJECTS PERFORMED THREE INTERVENTIONS USING BOTH DEVICES UNDER RANDOMIZED CONDITIONS: single-handed vertical orientation of DOD and SOD to produce 1) medio-lateral oscillation in the frontal plane 2) dorso-ventral oscillation in the sagittal plane and 3) single-handed horizontal orientation for superior and inferior oscillation in the transverse plane. Electromyographic (EMG) activity during the interventions of the anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, biceps brachii, forearm flexors as well as lower abdominal and back stabilizer muscles was collected, and were normalized to maximal voluntary contractions. A two way repeated measures ANOVA (2x3) was conducted to assess the influence of the devices and movement planes on muscle activation. RESULTS The DOD provided 35.9%, 40.8%, and 52.3% greater anterior deltoid, transverse abdominus (TA)/internal oblique (IO) and lumbo-sacral erector spinae (LSES) activation than did the SOD respectively. Effect size calculations revealed that these differences were of moderate to large magnitude (0.86, 0.48, and 0.61 respectively). There were no significant differences in muscular activation achieved between devices for the triceps brachii, biceps brachii and forearm flexor muscles. Exercise in the transverse plane resulted in 30.5%, 29.5%, and 19.5% greater activation than the sagittal and 21.8%, 17.2%, and 26.3% greater activation than the frontal plane for the anterior deltoid, TA/IO and LSES respectively. CONCLUSIONS A DOD demonstrated greater muscular activity for trunk and shoulder muscle activation but does not provide an advantage for limb activation. Overall, oscillating the devices in the transverse plane provided greater muscular activation of the anterior deltoid, TA/IO and LSES than use of the devices during frontal or sagittal plane movements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c: Outcomes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Arora
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Fabien A. Basset
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - David G. Behm
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Sullivan KM, Silvey DB, Button DC, Behm DG. Roller-massager application to the hamstrings increases sit-and-reach range of motion within five to ten seconds without performance impairments. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2013; 8:228-236. [PMID: 23772339 PMCID: PMC3679629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foam rollers are used to mimic myofascial release techniques and have been used by therapists, athletes, and the general public alike to increase range of motion (ROM) and alleviate pressure points. The roller-massager was designed to serve a similar purpose but is a more portable device that uses the upper body rather than body mass to provide the rolling force. OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE A roller massager was used in this study to examine the acute effects on lower extremity ROM and subsequent muscle length performance. METHODS Seven male and ten female volunteers took part in 4 trials of hamstrings roller-massager rolling (1 set - 5 seconds, 1 set - 10 seconds, 2 sets - 5 seconds, and 2 sets - 10 seconds) at a constant pressure (13 kgs) and a constant rate (120 bpm). A group of 9 participants (three male, six female) also performed a control testing session with no rolling intervention. A sit and reach test for ROM, along with a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and muscle activation of the hamstrings were measured before and after each session of rolling. RESULTS A main effect for testing time (p<0.0001) illustrated that the use of the roller-massager resulted in a 4.3% increase in ROM. There was a trend (p=0.069) for 10s of rolling duration to increase ROM more than 5s rolling duration. There were no significant changes in MVC force or MVC EMG activity after the rolling intervention. CONCLUSIONS The use of the roller-massager had no significant effect on muscle strength, and can provide statistically significant increases in ROM, particularly when used for a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duane C. Button
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - David G. Behm
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Johar P, Grover V, DiSanto MC, Button DC, Behm DG. A rapid rotation to an inverted seated posture inhibits muscle force, activation, heart rate and blood pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2005-13. [PMID: 23546453 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have demonstrated neuromuscular and cardiovascular changes with slow inversion rates, emergencies, such as overturned vehicles and helicopters can occur rapidly. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular and cardiovascular responses with rapid (1 s) and slower (3 s) transitions from upright to inverted seated positions. Twenty-two subjects performed separate and concurrent unilateral elbow flexion and leg extension maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) for 6 s in an upright seated position and when inverted with 1 and 3 s rotations. Elbow flexion and leg extension force; biceps, triceps, quadriceps and hamstrings electromyographic (EMG) activity, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Whether the elbow flexion or leg extension contractions occurred concurrently or individually, significant (p < 0.05) decreases in MVC force and EMG activity were found when inverted within 1 and 3 s rotations as compared to upright. Triceps and hamstrings EMG activity (p < 0.05) decreased when inverted within 1 s rotation as compared to upright. Following rotation, the maintenance of the inverted position (3-6 s timepoint) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in leg extension MVC as compared to the initial second of rotation to inversion. HR, SBP and DBP demonstrated (p < 0.001) decreases when inverted within 1 and 3 s rotations as compared to upright. In conclusion, this is the first study to show that irrespective of rotation speed, inversion inhibited neuromuscular and cardiovascular responses, similar to the more deliberate, slower rotation of previous inversion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Johar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Samson M, Button DC, Chaouachi A, Behm DG. Effects of dynamic and static stretching within general and activity specific warm-up protocols. J Sports Sci Med 2012; 11:279-285. [PMID: 24149201 PMCID: PMC3737866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of static and dynamic stretching protocols within general and activity specific warm-ups. Nine male and ten female subjects were tested under four warm-up conditions including a 1) general aerobic warm-up with static stretching, 2) general aerobic warm-up with dynamic stretching, 3) general and specific warm-up with static stretching and 4) general and specific warm-up with dynamic stretching. Following all conditions, subjects were tested for movement time (kicking movement of leg over 0.5 m distance), countermovement jump height, sit and reach flexibility and 6 repetitions of 20 metre sprints. Results indicated that when a sport specific warm-up was included, there was an 0.94% improvement (p = 0.0013) in 20 meter sprint time with both the dynamic and static stretch groups. No such difference in sprint performance between dynamic and static stretch groups existed in the absence of the sport specific warm-up. The static stretch condition increased sit and reach range of motion (ROM) by 2.8% more (p = 0.0083) than the dynamic condition. These results would support the use of static stretching within an activity specific warm-up to ensure maximal ROM along with an enhancement in sprint performance. Key pointsActivity specific warm-up may improve sprint performance.Static stretching was more effective than dynamic stretching for increasing static range of motion.There was no effect of the warm-up protocols on countermovement jump height or movement time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Samson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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