1
|
Liu Y, Guerrero DQ, Lechuga-Ballesteros D, Tan M, Ahmad F, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth EL, Chen B, Chua MS, So S. Lipid-Based Self-Microemulsion of Niclosamide Achieved Enhanced Oral Delivery and Anti-Tumor Efficacy in Orthotopic Patient-Derived Xenograft of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2639-2653. [PMID: 38500681 PMCID: PMC10946447 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s442143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously identified niclosamide as a promising repurposed drug candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. However, it is poorly water soluble, limiting its tissue bioavailability and clinical application. To overcome these challenges, we developed an orally bioavailable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system encapsulating niclosamide (Nic-SMEDDS). Methods Nic-SMEDDS was synthesized and characterized for its physicochemical properties, in vivo pharmacokinetics and absorption mechanisms, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-HCC mouse model. Niclosamide ethanolamine salt (NEN), with superior water solubility, was used as a positive control. Results Nic-SMEDDS (5.6% drug load) displayed favorable physicochemical properties and drug release profiles in vitro. In vivo, Nic-SMEDDS displayed prolonged retention time and plasma release profile compared to niclosamide or NEN. Oral administration of Nic-SMEDDS to non-tumor bearing mice improved niclosamide bioavailability and Cmax by 4.1- and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to oral niclosamide. Cycloheximide pre-treatment blocked niclosamide absorption from orally administered Nic-SMEDDS, suggesting that its absorption was facilitated through the chylomicron pathway. Nic-SMEDDS (100 mg/kg, bid) showed greater anti-tumor efficacy compared to NEN (200 mg/kg, qd); this correlated with higher levels (p < 0.01) of niclosamide, increased caspase-3, and decreased Ki-67 in the harvested PDX tissues when Nic-SMEDDS was given. Biochemical analysis at the treatment end-point indicated that Nic-SMEDDS elevated lipid levels in treated mice. Conclusion We successfully developed an orally bioavailable formulation of niclosamide, which significantly enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy in an HCC PDX mouse model. Our data support its clinical translation for the treatment of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Quintanar Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnologías Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, CP, 54745, Mexico
| | | | - Mingdian Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Edmund Lee Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mei-Sze Chua
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel So
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boyer FE, Vara Prasad JV, Domagala JM, Ellsworth EL, Gajda C, Hagen SE, Markoski LJ, Tait BD, Lunney EA, Palovsky A, Ferguson D, Graham N, Holler T, Hupe D, Nouhan C, Tummino PJ, Urumov A, Zeikus E, Zeikus G, Gracheck SJ, Sanders JM, VanderRoest S, Brodfuehrer J, Iyer K, Sinz M, Gulnik SV. 5,6-Dihydropyran-2-ones possessing various sulfonyl functionalities: potent nonpeptidic inhibitors of HIV protease. J Med Chem 2000; 43:843-58. [PMID: 10715152 DOI: 10.1021/jm990281p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of previous SAR findings and molecular modeling studies, a series of compounds were synthesized which possessed various sulfonyl moieties substituted at the 4-position of the C-3 phenyl ring substituent of the dihydropyran-2-one ring system. The sulfonyl substituents were added in an attempt to fill the additional S(3)' pocket and thereby produce increasingly potent inhibitors of the target enzyme. Racemic and enantiomerically resolved varieties of selected compounds were synthesized. All analogues in the study displayed decent binding affinity to HIV protease, and several compounds were shown to possess very good antiviral efficacy and safety margins. X-ray crystallographic structures confirmed that the sulfonamide and sulfonate moieties were filling the S(3)' pocket of the enzyme. However, the additional substituent did not provide improved enzymatic inhibitory or antiviral activity as compared to the resolved unsubstituted aniline. The addition of the sulfonyl moiety substitution does not appear to provide favorable pharamacokinectic parameters. Selected inhibitors were tested for antiviral activity in clinical isolates and exhibited similar antiviral activity against all of the HIV-1 strains tested as they did against the wild-type HIV-1. In addition, the inhibitors exhibited good antiviral efficacies against HIV-1 strains that displayed resistance to the currently marketed protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F E Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prasad JV, Boyer FE, Domagala JM, Ellsworth EL, Gajda C, Hamilton HW, Hagen SE, Markoski LJ, Steinbaugh BA, Tait BD, Humblet C, Lunney EA, Pavlovsky A, Rubin JR, Ferguson D, Graham N, Holler T, Hupe D, Nouhan C, Tummino PJ, Urumov A, Zeikus E, Zeikus G, Gracheck SJ, Erickson JW. Nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors possessing excellent antiviral activities and therapeutic indices. PD 178390: a lead HIV protease inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2775-800. [PMID: 10658583 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the insight generated by the availability of X-ray crystal structures of various 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones bound to HIV PR, inhibitors possessing various alkyl groups at the 6-position of 5,6-dihydropyran-2-one ring were synthesized. The inhibitors possessing a 6-alkyl group exhibited superior antiviral activities when compared to 6-phenyl analogues. Antiviral efficacies were further improved upon introduction of a polar group (hydroxyl or amino) on the 4-position of the phenethyl moiety as well as the polar group (hydroxymethyl) on the 3-(tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenylthio) moiety. The polar substitution is also advantageous for decreasing toxicity, providing inhibitors with higher therapeutic indices. The best inhibitor among this series, (S)-6-[2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethyl]-(3-(2-tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenylsulfa nyl)-4-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-5,6-dihydro-pyran-2-one (34S), exhibited an EC50 of 200 nM with a therapeutic index of > 1000. More importantly, these non-peptidic inhibitors, 16S and 34S, appear to offer little cross-resistance to the currently marketed peptidomimetic PR inhibitors. The selected inhibitors tested in vitro against mutant HIV PR showed a very small increase in binding affinities relative to wild-type HIV PR. Cmax and absolute bioavailability of 34S were higher and half-life and time above EC95 were longer compared to 16S. Thus 34S, also known as PD 178390, which displays good antiviral efficacy, promising pharmacokinetic characteristics and favorable activity against mutant enzymes and CYP3A4, has been chosen for further preclinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vara Prasad JV, Markoski LJ, Boyer FE, Domagala JM, Ellsworth EL, Gajda C, Hagen SE, Tait BD, Lunney EA, Tummino PJ, Ferguson D, Holler T, Hupe D, Nouhan C, Gracheck SJ, VanderRoest S, Saunders J, Iyer K, Sinz M. Nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors: 6-alkyl-5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones possessing a novel and achiral 3-(2-t-butyl-5-methyl-4-sulfamate)phenylthio moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2217-22. [PMID: 10465549 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyran-2-ones possessing a sulfamate moiety at the 4-position of the thiophenyl ring were designed to reach S3' pocket of the HIV protease. Synthetic routes for the preparation of thiotosylates possessing 3-(2-t-butyl-5-methyl-4-sulfamate) phenylthio moiety were established. SAR of various sulfamate analogs including HIV protease binding affinities, antiviral activities and therapeutic indices will be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Vara Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ellsworth EL, Domagala J, Prasad JV, Hagen S, Ferguson D, Holler T, Hupe D, Graham N, Nouhan C, Tummino PJ, Zeikus G, Lunney EA. 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones.3. Bicyclic and hetero-aromatic ring systems as 3-position scaffolds to bind to S1' and S2' of the HIV-1 protease enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2019-24. [PMID: 10450973 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease, which bind to the S1, S2, S1', and S2' pockets and have a unique binding mode with the catalytic aspartyl groups and the flap region of the enzyme. Efforts to explore 3-position heterocyclic scaffolds that bind to the S1' and S2' pockets have provided a number of selected analogs that display high HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity. reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Ellsworth
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division of the Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vara Prasad JV, Boyer FE, Domagala JM, Ellsworth EL, Gajda C, Hagen SE, Markoski LJ, Tait BD, Lunney EA, Tummino PJ, Ferguson D, Holler T, Hupe D, Nouhan C, Gracheck SJ, VanderRoest S, Saunders J, Iyer K, Sinz M, Brodfuehrer J. Nonpeptidic HIV protease inhibitors: 6-alkyl-5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones possessing achiral 3-(4-amino/carboxamide-2-t-butyl,5-methylphenyl thio) moiety: antiviral activities and pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1481-6. [PMID: 10386921 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyran-2-ones possessing amino and carboxamide functionalities on 3-SPh (2-tert-butyl, 5-methyl) ring were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities. Both the enantiomers of inhibitor 15 were synthesized. The in vitro resistance profile, inhibitory activities against cytochrome P450 isozymes and pharmacokinetic properties of inhibitor 15S will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Vara Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hagen SE, Prasad JV, Boyer FE, Domagala JM, Ellsworth EL, Gajda C, Hamilton HW, Markoski LJ, Steinbaugh BA, Tait BD, Lunney EA, Tummino PJ, Ferguson D, Hupe D, Nouhan C, Gracheck SJ, Saunders JM, VanderRoest S. Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as HIV-1 protease inhibitors: the profound effect of polarity on antiviral activity. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3707-11. [PMID: 9371233 DOI: 10.1021/jm970522y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S E Hagen
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tait BD, Hagen S, Domagala J, Ellsworth EL, Gajda C, Hamilton HW, Prasad JV, Ferguson D, Graham N, Hupe D, Nouhan C, Tummino PJ, Humblet C, Lunney EA, Pavlovsky A, Rubin J, Gracheck SJ, Baldwin ET, Bhat TN, Erickson JW, Gulnik SV, Liu B. 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones. 2. Potent non-peptide inhibitors of HIV protease. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3781-92. [PMID: 9371244 DOI: 10.1021/jm970615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrone template was utilized as a flexible scaffolding from which to build potent active site inhibitors of HIV protease. Dihydropyrone 1c (5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-[(2-phenylethyl)thio]-2H-pyran-2-one) was modeled in the active site of HIV protease utilizing a similar binding mode found for the previously reported 4-hydroxybenzopyran-2-ones. Our model led us to pursue the synthesis of 6,6-disubstituted dihydropyrones with the aim of filling S1 and S2 and thereby increasing the potency of the parent dihydropyrone 1c which did not fill S2. Toward this end we attached various hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains at the 6-position of the dihydropyrone to mimic the natural and unnatural amino acids known to be effective substrates at P2 and P2'. Parent dihydropyrone 1c (IC50 = 2100 nM) was elaborated into compounds with greater than a 100-fold increase in potency [18c, IC50 = 5 nM, 5-(3,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-[2-phenylethyl)thio] -2H-pyran-2-yl)pentanoic acid and 12c, IC50 = 51 nM, 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-6-(2-phenylethyl)-3- [(2-phenyl-ethyl)thio]-2H-pyran-2-one]. Optimization of the 3-position fragment to fill S1' and S2' afforded potent HIV protease inhibitor 49 [IC50 = 10 nM, 3-[(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-5,6-dihydro-4 -hydroxy-6-phenyl-6-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-pyran-2-one]. The resulting low molecular weight compounds (< 475) have one or no chiral centers and are readily synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tait BD, Domagala J, Ellsworth EL, Ferguson D, Gajda C, Hupe D, Lunney EA, Tummino PJ. Inhibitors of HIV protease: unique non-peptide active site templates. J Mol Recognit 1996; 9:139-42. [PMID: 8877805 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199603)9:2%3c139::aid-jmr249%3e3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
New templates were designed and prepared which straddle the active site of HIV-1 protease. These templates were designed to be "flexible scaffolds' upon which substituents could be appended to fill the pockets of HIV protease. The new templates prepared and analysed were 4-hydroxy-5H-furan-2-ones, 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones, 3-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-enones, and 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinones, of which the 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones were found to be the most potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division of the Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schoen I, Ellsworth EL. The disposable glass culture tube as a cuvette. J Clin Pathol 1970; 23:825. [PMID: 5504379 PMCID: PMC476909 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.23.9.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|