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Guo Y, Gao Z, LaGory EL, Kristin LW, Gupte J, Gong Y, Rardin MJ, Liu T, Nguyen TT, Long J, Hsu YH, Murray JK, Lade J, Jackson S, Zhang J. Liver-specific mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (Mtarc1) knockdown protects the liver from diet-induced MASH in multiple mouse models. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0419. [PMID: 38696369 PMCID: PMC11068142 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic studies have identified several mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (MTARC1) variants as protective against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. The MTARC1 variants are associated with decreased plasma lipids and liver enzymes and reduced liver-related mortality. However, the role of mARC1 in fatty liver disease is still unclear. METHODS Given that mARC1 is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, we developed an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated mouse Mtarc1 siRNA, applying it in multiple in vivo models to investigate the role of mARC1 using multiomic techniques. RESULTS In ob/ob mice, knockdown of Mtarc1 in mouse hepatocytes resulted in decreased serum liver enzymes, LDL-cholesterol, and liver triglycerides. Reduction of mARC1 also reduced liver weight, improved lipid profiles, and attenuated liver pathological changes in 2 diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mouse models. A comprehensive analysis of mARC1-deficient liver from a metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis mouse model by metabolomics, proteomics, and lipidomics showed that Mtarc1 knockdown partially restored metabolites and lipids altered by diet. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, reducing mARC1 expression in hepatocytes protects against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in multiple murine models, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for this chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Guo
- Research Biomarkers, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhengyu Gao
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward L. LaGory
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lewis Wilson Kristin
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jamila Gupte
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew J. Rardin
- Discovery Technology Platforms, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thong T. Nguyen
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Long
- RNA Therapeutics, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin K. Murray
- RNA Therapeutics, Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Julie Lade
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon Jackson
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Kudo T, Zhao ML, Jeknić S, Kovary KM, LaGory EL, Covert MW, Teruel MN. Context-dependent regulation of lipid accumulation in adipocytes by a HIF1α-PPARγ feedback network. Cell Syst 2023; 14:1074-1086.e7. [PMID: 37995680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF1α triggers adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese patients. HIF1α closely interacts with PPARγ, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, but there are conflicting results regarding how this interaction controls the excessive lipid accumulation that drives adipocyte dysfunction. To directly address these conflicts, we established a differentiation system that recapitulated prior seemingly opposing observations made across different experimental settings. Using single-cell imaging and coarse-grained mathematical modeling, we show how HIF1α can both promote and repress lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Our model predicted and our experiments confirmed that the opposing roles of HIF1α are isolated from each other by the positive-feedback-mediated upregulation of PPARγ that drives adipocyte differentiation. Finally, we identify three factors: strength of the differentiation cue, timing of hypoxic perturbation, and strength of HIF1α expression changes that, when considered together, provide an explanation for many of the previous conflicting reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kudo
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael L Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stevan Jeknić
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Kovary
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Markus W Covert
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Mary N Teruel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry and the Drukier Institute of Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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3
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Klasson TD, LaGory EL, Zhao H, Huynh SK, Papandreou I, Moon EJ, Giaccia AJ. ACSL3 regulates lipid droplet biogenesis and ferroptosis sensitivity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:14. [PMID: 36192773 PMCID: PMC9528056 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the predominant subtype of kidney cancer, possesses characteristic alterations to multiple metabolic pathways, including the accumulation of cytosolic lipid droplets. However, the pathways that drive lipid droplet accumulation in ccRCC cells and their importance to cancer biology remain poorly understood. Methods We sought to identify the carbon sources necessary for lipid droplet accumulation using Oil red O staining and isotope-tracing lipidomics. The role of the acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) family members, an important group of lipid metabolic enzymes, was investigated using siRNA and drug mediated inhibition. CTB and XTT assays were performed to determine the effect of ACSL3 knockdown and lipid starvation on ccRCC cell viability and shRNA was used to study the effect of ACSL3 in an orthotopic mouse model. The relationship between ferroptosis susceptibility of ccRCC and ACSL3 controlled lipid metabolism was examined using CTB and FACS-based assays. The importance of 5-LOX in ferroptosis susceptibility in ccRCC was shown with XTT survival assays, and the expression level and predictive value of 5-LOX in TCGA ccRCC data was assessed. Results We found that ccRCC cells obtain the necessary substrates for lipid droplet accumulation by metabolizing exogenous serum derived lipids and not through de novo lipogenesis. We show that this metabolism of exogenous fatty acids into lipid droplets requires the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSL3) and not other ACSL family proteins. Importantly, genetic or pharmacologic suppression of ACSL3 is cytotoxic to ccRCC cells in vitro and causes a reduction of tumor weight in an orthotopic mouse model. Conversely, ACSL3 inhibition decreases the susceptibility of ccRCC cells to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death involving lipid peroxidation. The sensitivity of ccRCC to ferroptosis is also highly dependent on the composition of exogenous fatty acids and on 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a leukotriene producing enzyme which produces lipid peroxides that have been implicated in other cancers but not in ccRCC. Conclusions ACSL3 regulates the accumulation of lipid droplets in ccRCC and is essential for tumor growth. In addition, ACSL3 also modulates ferroptosis sensitivity in a manner dependent on the composition of exogenous fatty acids. Both functions of ACSL3 could be exploited for ccRCC therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-022-00290-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Klasson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Star K Huynh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building (ORCRB), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building (ORCRB), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Jiang Z, Elsarrag SZ, Duan Q, LaGory EL, Wang Z, Alexanian M, McMahon S, Rulifson IC, Winchester S, Wang Y, Vaisse C, Brown JD, Quattrocelli M, Lin CY, Haldar SM. KLF15 cistromes reveal a hepatocyte pathway governing plasma corticosteroid transport and systemic inflammation. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj2917. [PMID: 35263131 PMCID: PMC8906731 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Circulating corticosteroids orchestrate stress adaptation, including inhibition of inflammation. While pathways governing corticosteroid biosynthesis and intracellular signaling are well understood, less is known about mechanisms controlling plasma corticosteroid transport. Here, we show that hepatocyte KLF15 (Kruppel-like factor 15) controls plasma corticosteroid transport and inflammatory responses through direct transcriptional activation of Serpina6, which encodes corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Klf15-deficient mice have profoundly low CBG, reduced plasma corticosteroid binding capacity, and heightened mortality during inflammatory stress. These defects are completely rescued by reconstituting CBG, supporting that KLF15 works primarily through CBG to control plasma corticosterone homeostasis. To understand transcriptional mechanisms, we generated the first KLF15 cistromes using newly engineered Klf153xFLAG mice. Unexpectedly, liver KLF15 is predominantly promoter enriched, including Serpina6, where it binds a palindromic GC-rich motif, opens chromatin, and transactivates genes with minimal associated direct gene repression. Overall, we provide critical mechanistic insight into KLF15 function and identify a hepatocyte-intrinsic transcriptional module that potently regulates systemic corticosteroid transport and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiang
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Selma Z. Elsarrag
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiming Duan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Zhe Wang
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Sarah McMahon
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Wang
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christian Vaisse
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charles Y. Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Kronos Bio Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Saptarsi M. Haldar
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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5
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Chang ACY, Pardon G, Chang ACH, Wu H, Ong SG, Eguchi A, Ancel S, Holbrook C, Ramunas J, Ribeiro AJS, LaGory EL, Wang H, Koleckar K, Giaccia A, Mack DL, Childers MK, Denning C, Day JW, Wu JC, Pruitt BL, Blau HM. Increased tissue stiffness triggers contractile dysfunction and telomere shortening in dystrophic cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2169-2181. [PMID: 34019816 PMCID: PMC8452491 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare X-linked recessive disease that is associated with severe progressive muscle degeneration culminating in death due to cardiorespiratory failure. We previously observed an unexpected proliferation-independent telomere shortening in cardiomyocytes of a DMD mouse model. Here, we provide mechanistic insights using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Using traction force microscopy, we show that DMD hiPSC-CMs exhibit deficits in force generation on fibrotic-like bioengineered hydrogels, aberrant calcium handling, and increased reactive oxygen species levels. Furthermore, we observed a progressive post-mitotic telomere shortening in DMD hiPSC-CMs coincident with downregulation of shelterin complex, telomere capping proteins, and activation of the p53 DNA damage response. This telomere shortening is blocked by blebbistatin, which inhibits contraction in DMD cardiomyocytes. Our studies underscore the role of fibrotic stiffening in the etiology of DMD cardiomyopathy. In addition, our data indicate that telomere shortening is progressive, contraction dependent, and mechanosensitive, and suggest points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Y Chang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, A419, Bldg #2, 115 Jinzun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200125, China; Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Gaspard Pardon
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Mechanical Engineering and Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C H Chang
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haodi Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Asuka Eguchi
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
| | - Sara Ancel
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
| | - Colin Holbrook
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
| | - John Ramunas
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
| | - Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Honghui Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, A419, Bldg #2, 115 Jinzun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Kassie Koleckar
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
| | - Amato Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David L Mack
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin K Childers
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris Denning
- Division of Cancer & Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, UK
| | - John W Day
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Mechanical Engineering and Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CCSR Room 4215, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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Cui L, Gouw AM, LaGory EL, Guo S, Attarwala N, Tang Y, Qi J, Chen YS, Gao Z, Casey KM, Bazhin AA, Chen M, Hu L, Xie J, Fang M, Zhang C, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Giaccia AJ, Gambhir SS, Zhu W, Felsher DW, Pegram MD, Goun EA, Le A, Rao J. Mitochondrial copper depletion suppresses triple-negative breast cancer in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:357-367. [PMID: 33077961 PMCID: PMC7956242 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of mitochondrial copper, which shifts metabolism from respiration to glycolysis and reduces energy production, is known to be effective against cancer types that depend on oxidative phosphorylation. However, existing copper chelators are too toxic or ineffective for cancer treatment. Here we develop a safe, mitochondria-targeted, copper-depleting nanoparticle (CDN) and test it against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We show that CDNs decrease oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation, cause a metabolic switch to glycolysis and reduce ATP production in TNBC cells. This energy deficiency, together with compromised mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated oxidative stress, results in apoptosis. CDNs should be less toxic than existing copper chelators because they favorably deprive copper in the mitochondria in cancer cells instead of systemic depletion. Indeed, we demonstrate low toxicity of CDNs in healthy mice. In three mouse models of TNBC, CDN administration inhibits tumor growth and substantially improves survival. The efficacy and safety of CDNs suggest the potential clinical relevance of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cui
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shenghao Guo
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nabeel Attarwala
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhou Gao
- Genetics Bioinformatics Service Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kerriann M Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiy A Bazhin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leeann Hu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jinghang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingxi Fang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qihua Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Pegram
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena A Goun
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Le
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, and ChemBE, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Ye J, Li Y, Gruber JJ, Litzenburger UM, Zhou Y, Miao YR, LaGory EL, Li AM, Hu Z, Hart LS, Maris JM, Chang HY, Giaccia AJ. Abstract 5708: Deciphering Warburg effect: hypoxia inhibits tumor cell differentiation through reducing acetyl-CoA generation and chromatin accessibility. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Warburg effect is a metabolic hallmark of all cancer cells, characterized by increased glucose uptake and glycolysis for lactate generation. The generation and excretion of lactate would appear be a waste of carbon backbone and energy that is needed for proliferation. It was proposed by Warburg that the cause and consequence of the Warburg effect were the injury of respiration and cell dedifferentiation, respectively. One common factor that damages mitochondrial respiration is hypoxia, which is a metabolic stress that blocks cell differentiation and promotes cancer progression. The underlying mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood, and no effective therapeutic strategy has been developed to overcome this resistance to differentiation. Using a neuroblastoma (NB) differentiation model, we have discovered that hypoxia represses the differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA) as demonstrated by loss of neuron differentiation markers and changes in cell morphology, associated with reduction of global histone acetylation, that are caused by the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). PDKs phosphorylate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), thereby blocking pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle, reducing acetyl-CoA generation, and promoting the Warburg effect. Genetic and pharmaceutical inhibition of PDK restores histone acetylation and NB cell differentiation morphology. Acetate supplementation restores histone acetylation, along with differentiation markers expression and neuron differentiation. In addition, ATAC-Seq analysis demonstrated that hypoxia treatment significantly reduces chromatin accessibility at RAR/RXR binding sites, which can be restored by acetate supplementation. These findings suggest that (1) combining RA and acetate supplementation represents a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma treatment; (2) diverting pyruvate away from acetyl-CoA generation is a key mechanism by which the Warburg effect blocks cell differentiation.
Citation Format: Jiangbin Ye, Yang Li, Joshua J. Gruber, Ulrike M. Litzenburger, Yiren Zhou, Yu R. Miao, Edward L. LaGory, Albert M. Li, Zhen Hu, Lori S. Hart, John M. Maris, Howard Y. Chang, Amato J. Giaccia. Deciphering Warburg effect: hypoxia inhibits tumor cell differentiation through reducing acetyl-CoA generation and chromatin accessibility [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Ye
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Yang Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Yiren Zhou
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Yu R. Miao
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Albert M. Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhen Hu
- 2Olivia Consulting Service, CA
| | - Lori S. Hart
- 3Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John M. Maris
- 3Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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Klockow JL, Hettie KS, LaGory EL, Moon EJ, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE, Chin FT. An Activatable NIR Fluorescent Rosol for Selectively Imaging Nitroreductase Activity. Sens Actuators B Chem 2020; 306:127446. [PMID: 32265579 PMCID: PMC7138224 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.127446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia (pO2 ≤ ~1.5%) is an important characteristic of tumor microenvironments that directly correlates with resistance against first-line therapies and tumor proliferation/infiltration. The ability to accurately identify hypoxic tumor cells/tissue could afford tailored therapeutic regimens for personalized treatment, development of more-effective therapies, and discerning the mechanisms underlying disease progression. Fluorogenic constructs identifying aforesaid cells/tissue operate by targeting the bioreductive activity of primarily nitroreductases (NTRs), but collectively present photophysical and/or physicochemical shortcomings that could limit effectiveness. To overcome these limitations, we present the rational design, development, and evaluation of the first activatable ultracompact xanthene core-based molecular probe (NO 2 -Rosol) for selectively imaging NTR activity that affords an "OFF-ON" near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence response (> 700 nm) alongside a remarkable Stokes shift (> 150 nm) via NTR activity-facilitated modulation to its energetics whose resultant interplay discontinues an intramolecular d-PET fluorescence-quenching mechanism transpiring between directly-linked electronically-uncoupled π-systems comprising its components. DFT calculations guided selection of a suitable fluorogenic scaffold and nitroaromatic moiety candidate that when adjoined could (i) afford such photophysical response upon bioreduction by upregulated NTR activity in hypoxic tumor cells/tissue and (ii) employ a retention mechanism strategy that capitalizes on an inherent physical property of the NIR fluorogenic scaffold for achieving signal amplification. NO 2 -Rosol demonstrated 705 nm NIR fluorescence emission and 157 nm Stokes shift, selectivity for NTR over relevant bioanalytes, and a 28-/12-fold fluorescence enhancement in solution and between cells cultured under different oxic conditions, respectively. In establishing feasibility for NO 2 -Rosol to provide favorable contrast levels in solutio/vitro, we anticipate NO 2 -Rosol doing so in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth S. Hettie
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Corresponding author: Kenneth S. Hettie, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, , Frederick T. Chin, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Room 2129, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
| | - Edward L. LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward E. Graves
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Frederick T. Chin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Corresponding author: Kenneth S. Hettie, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, , Frederick T. Chin, Ph.D., 3165 Porter Drive, Room 2129, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
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9
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Li Y, Gruber JJ, Litzenburger UM, Zhou Y, Miao YR, LaGory EL, Li AM, Hu Z, Yip M, Hart LS, Maris JM, Chang HY, Giaccia AJ, Ye J. Acetate supplementation restores chromatin accessibility and promotes tumor cell differentiation under hypoxia. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32029721 PMCID: PMC7005271 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that Otto H. Warburg discovered the Warburg effect almost one hundred years ago, why cancer cells waste most of the glucose carbon as lactate remains an enigma. Warburg proposed a connection between the Warburg effect and cell dedifferentiation. Hypoxia is a common tumor microenvironmental stress that induces the Warburg effect and blocks tumor cell differentiation. The underlying mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood, and no effective therapeutic strategy has been developed to overcome this resistance to differentiation. Using a neuroblastoma differentiation model, we discovered that hypoxia repressed cell differentiation through reducing cellular acetyl-CoA levels, leading to reduction of global histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility. The metabolic switch triggering this global histone hypoacetylation was the induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1 and PDK3). Inhibition of PDKs using dichloroacetate (DCA) restored acetyl-CoA generation and histone acetylation under hypoxia. Knocking down PDK1 induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation, highlighting the critical role of PDK1 in cell fate control. Importantly, acetate or glycerol triacetate (GTA) supplementation restored differentiation markers expression and neuron differentiation under hypoxia. Moreover, ATAC-Seq analysis demonstrated that hypoxia treatment significantly reduced chromatin accessibility at RAR/RXR binding sites, which can be restored by acetate supplementation. In addition, hypoxia-induced histone hypermethylation by increasing 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and reducing α-ketoglutarate (αKG). αKG supplementation reduced histone hypermethylation upon hypoxia, but did not restore histone acetylation or differentiation markers expression. Together, these findings suggest that diverting pyruvate flux away from acetyl-CoA generation to lactate production is the key mechanism that Warburg effect drives dedifferentiation and tumorigenesis. We propose that combining differentiation therapy with acetate/GTA supplementation might represent an effective therapy against neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joshua J Gruber
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ulrike M Litzenburger
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yiren Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Albert M Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhen Hu
- Olivia Consulting Service, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Michaela Yip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lori S Hart
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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10
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Chen X, Litzenburger UM, Wei Y, Schep AN, LaGory EL, Choudhry H, Giaccia AJ, Greenleaf WJ, Chang HY. Joint single-cell DNA accessibility and protein epitope profiling reveals environmental regulation of epigenomic heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4590. [PMID: 30389926 PMCID: PMC6214962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce Protein-indexed Assay of Transposase Accessible Chromatin with sequencing (Pi-ATAC) that combines single-cell chromatin and proteomic profiling. In conjunction with DNA transposition, the levels of multiple cell surface or intracellular protein epitopes are recorded by index flow cytometry and positions in arrayed microwells, and then subject to molecular barcoding for subsequent pooled analysis. Pi-ATAC simultaneously identifies the epigenomic and proteomic heterogeneity in individual cells. Pi-ATAC reveals a casual link between transcription factor abundance and DNA motif access, and deconvolute cell types and states in the tumor microenvironment in vivo. We identify a dominant role for hypoxia, marked by HIF1α protein, in the tumor microvenvironment for shaping the regulome in a subset of epithelial tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Chen
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulrike M Litzenburger
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yuning Wei
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alicia N Schep
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Dept of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Dept of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Lentiviruses are used very widely to generate stable expression mammalian cell lines. They are used for both gene down-regulation (by using shRNA) or for gene up-regulation (by using ORF of gene of interest). The technique of generating stable cell lines using 3rd generation lentivirus is very robust and it typically takes about 1-2 weeks to get stable expression for most mammalian cell lines. The advantage of using the 3rd generation lentivirus are that are very safe and they are replication incompetent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tandon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward L LaGory
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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Abstract
Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is a hallmark of cancer that influences cancer cell function, but is also an important component of the tumour microenvironment as it alters the extracellular matrix, modulates the tumour immune response and increases angiogenesis. Here we discuss the regulation and role of hypoxia and its key transcriptional mediators, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors, in the tumour microenvironment and stromal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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13
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LaGory EL, Wu C, Taniguchi CM, Ding CKC, Chi JT, von Eyben R, Scott DA, Richardson AD, Giaccia AJ. Suppression of PGC-1α Is Critical for Reprogramming Oxidative Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2015; 12:116-127. [PMID: 26119730 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long believed to be a byproduct of malignant transformation, reprogramming of cellular metabolism is now recognized as a driving force in tumorigenesis. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), frequent activation of HIF signaling induces a metabolic switch that promotes tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that PGC-1α, a central regulator of energy metabolism, is suppressed in VHL-deficient ccRCC by a HIF/Dec1-dependent mechanism. In VHL wild-type cells, PGC-1α suppression leads to decreased expression of the mitochondrial transcription factor Tfam and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Conversely, PGC-1α expression in VHL-deficient cells restores mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress. ccRCC cells expressing PGC-1α exhibit impaired tumor growth and enhanced sensitivity to cytotoxic therapies. In patients, low levels of PGC-1α expression are associated with poor outcome. These studies demonstrate that suppression of PGC-1α recapitulates key metabolic phenotypes of ccRCC and highlight the potential of targeting PGC-1α expression as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colleen Wu
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chien-Kuang Cornelia Ding
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Scott
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam D Richardson
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Wu C, Rankin EB, Castellini L, Alcudia JF, LaGory EL, Andersen R, Rhodes SD, Wilson TLS, Mohammad KS, Castillo AB, Guise TA, Schipani E, Giaccia AJ. Corrigendum: Oxygen-sensing PHDs regulate bone homeostasis through the modulation of osteoprotegerin. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1202. [PMID: 26063577 PMCID: PMC4470287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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15
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Wu C, Rankin EB, Castellini L, Alcudia JF, Fernandez-Alcudia J, LaGory EL, Andersen R, Rhodes SD, Wilson TLS, Mohammad KS, Castillo AB, Guise TA, Schipani E, Giaccia AJ. Oxygen-sensing PHDs regulate bone homeostasis through the modulation of osteoprotegerin. Genes Dev 2015; 29:817-31. [PMID: 25846796 PMCID: PMC4403258 DOI: 10.1101/gad.255000.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone microenvironment is composed of niches that house cells across variable oxygen tensions. However, the contribution of oxygen gradients in regulating bone and blood homeostasis remains unknown. Here, we generated mice with either single or combined genetic inactivation of the critical oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes (PHD1-3) in osteoprogenitors. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation associated with Phd2 and Phd3 inactivation drove bone accumulation by modulating osteoblastic/osteoclastic cross-talk through the direct regulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG). In contrast, combined inactivation of Phd1, Phd2, and Phd3 resulted in extreme HIF signaling, leading to polycythemia and excessive bone accumulation by overstimulating angiogenic-osteogenic coupling. We also demonstrate that genetic ablation of Phd2 and Phd3 was sufficient to protect ovariectomized mice against bone loss without disrupting hematopoietic homeostasis. Importantly, we identify OPG as a HIF target gene capable of directing osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis to regulate bone homeostasis. Here, we show that coordinated activation of specific PHD isoforms fine-tunes the osteoblastic response to hypoxia, thereby directing two important aspects of bone physiology: cross-talk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts and angiogenic-osteogenic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Wu
- Division of Cancer and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Division of Cancer and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura Castellini
- Division of Cancer and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Edward L LaGory
- Division of Cancer and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca Andersen
- Division of Cancer and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Steven D Rhodes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Tremika L S Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Alesha B Castillo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Cancer and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
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16
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Taniguchi CM, Finger EC, Krieg AJ, Wu C, Diep AN, LaGory EL, Wei K, McGinnis LM, Yuan J, Kuo CJ, Giaccia AJ. Cross-talk between hypoxia and insulin signaling through Phd3 regulates hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism and ameliorates diabetes. Nat Med 2013; 19:1325-30. [PMID: 24037093 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling initiated by hypoxia and insulin powerfully alters cellular metabolism. The protein stability of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (Hif-1α) and Hif-2α is regulated by three prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein isoforms (Phd1, Phd2 and Phd3). Insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) is a critical mediator of the anabolic effects of insulin, and its decreased expression contributes to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and diabetes. Although Hif regulates many metabolic pathways, it is unknown whether the Phd proteins regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. Here, we show that acute deletion of hepatic Phd3, also known as Egln3, improves insulin sensitivity and ameliorates diabetes by specifically stabilizing Hif-2α, which then increases Irs2 transcription and insulin-stimulated Akt activation. Hif-2α and Irs2 are both necessary for the improved insulin sensitivity, as knockdown of either molecule abrogates the beneficial effects of Phd3 knockout on glucose tolerance and insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Augmenting levels of Hif-2α through various combinations of Phd gene knockouts did not further improve hepatic metabolism and only added toxicity. Thus, isoform-specific inhibition of Phd3 could be exploited to treat type 2 diabetes without the toxicity that could occur with chronic inhibition of multiple Phd isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen M Taniguchi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford, California, USA
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17
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LaGory EL, Giaccia AJ. A low-carb diet kills tumor cells with a mutant p53 tumor suppressor gene: the Atkins diet suppresses tumor growth. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:718-9. [PMID: 23422857 PMCID: PMC3610718 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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LaGory EL, Sitailo LA, Denning MF. The protein kinase Cdelta catalytic fragment is critical for maintenance of the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1879-87. [PMID: 19917613 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.055392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) is an essential component of the intrinsic apoptotic program. Following DNA damage, such as exposure to UV radiation, PKCdelta is cleaved in a caspase-dependent manner, generating a constitutively active catalytic fragment (PKCdelta-cat), which is necessary and sufficient for keratinocyte apoptosis. We found that in addition to inducing apoptosis, expression of PKCdelta-cat caused a pronounced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest in both primary human keratinocytes and immortalized HaCaT cells. Consistent with a G(2)/M arrest, PKCdelta-cat induced phosphorylation of Cdk1 (Tyr(15)), a critical event in the G(2)/M checkpoint. Treatment with the ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine was unable to prevent PKCdelta-cat-induced G(2)/M arrest, suggesting that PKCdelta-cat is functioning downstream of ATM/ATR in the G(2)/M checkpoint. To better understand the role of PKCdelta and PKCdelta-cat in the cell cycle response to DNA damage, we exposed wild-type and PKCdelta null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to UV radiation. Wild-type MEFs underwent a pronounced G(2)/M arrest, Cdk1 phosphorylation, and induction of apoptosis following UV exposure, whereas PKCdelta null MEFs were resistant to these effects. Expression of PKCdelta-green fluorescent protein, but not caspase-resistant or kinase-inactive PKCdelta, was able to restore G(2)/M checkpoint integrity in PKCdelta null MEFs. The function of PKCdelta in the DNA damage-induced G(2)/M cell cycle checkpoint may be a critical component of its tumor suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LaGory
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Program, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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