1
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Gehrtz P, Marom S, Bührmann M, Hardick J, Kleinbölting S, Shraga A, Dubiella C, Gabizon R, Wiese JN, Müller MP, Cohen G, Babaev I, Shurrush K, Avram L, Resnick E, Barr H, Rauh D, London N. Optimization of Covalent MKK7 Inhibitors via Crude Nanomole-Scale Libraries. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10341-10356. [PMID: 35912476 PMCID: PMC9376956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput nanomole-scale synthesis allows for late-stage functionalization (LSF) of compounds in an efficient and economical manner. Here, we demonstrated that copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition could be used for the LSF of covalent kinase inhibitors at the nanoscale, enabling the synthesis of hundreds of compounds that did not require purification for biological assay screening, thus reducing experimental time drastically. We generated crude libraries of inhibitors for the kinase MKK7, derived from two different parental precursors, and analyzed them via the high-throughput In-Cell Western assay. Select inhibitors were resynthesized, validated via conventional biological and biochemical methods such as western blots and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) labeling, and successfully co-crystallized. Two of these compounds showed over 20-fold increased inhibitory activity compared to the parental compound. This study demonstrates that high-throughput LSF of covalent inhibitors at the nanomole-scale level can be an auspicious approach in improving the properties of lead chemical matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gehrtz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shir Marom
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mike Bührmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Hardick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Silke Kleinbölting
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amit Shraga
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christian Dubiella
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan N Wiese
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias P Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Galit Cohen
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Babaev
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Khriesto Shurrush
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Haim Barr
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Drug Discovery Hub Dortmund (DDHD) am Zentrum für integrierte Wirkstoffforschung (ZIW), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nir London
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Reddi RN, Rogel A, Resnick E, Gabizon R, Prasad PK, Gurwicz N, Barr H, Shulman Z, London N. Site-Specific Labeling of Endogenous Proteins Using CoLDR Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20095-20108. [PMID: 34817989 PMCID: PMC8662641 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
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Chemical modifications
of native proteins can affect their stability,
activity, interactions, localization, and more. However, there are
few nongenetic methods for the installation of chemical modifications
at a specific protein site in cells. Here we report a covalent ligand
directed release (CoLDR) site-specific labeling strategy, which enables
the installation of a variety of functional tags on a target protein
while releasing the directing ligand. Using this approach, we were
able to label various proteins such as BTK, K-RasG12C,
and SARS-CoV-2 PLpro with different tags. For BTK we have
shown selective labeling in cells of both alkyne and fluorophores
tags. Protein labeling by traditional affinity methods often inhibits
protein activity since the directing ligand permanently occupies the
target binding pocket. We have shown that using CoLDR chemistry, modification
of BTK by these probes in cells preserves its activity. We demonstrated
several applications for this approach including determining the half-life
of BTK in its native environment with minimal perturbation, as well
as quantification of BTK degradation by a noncovalent proteolysis
targeting chimera (PROTAC) by in-gel fluorescence. Using an environment-sensitive
“turn-on” fluorescent probe, we were able to monitor
ligand binding to the active site of BTK. Finally, we have demonstrated
efficient CoLDR-based BTK PROTACs (DC50 < 100 nM), which
installed a CRBN binder onto BTK. This approach joins very few available
labeling strategies that maintain the target protein activity and
thus makes an important addition to the toolbox of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambabu N Reddi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Rogel
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Pragati Kishore Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Gurwicz
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Haim Barr
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Nir London
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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3
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Jansen J, Reimer KC, Nagai JS, Varghese FS, Overheul GJ, de Beer M, Roverts R, Daviran D, Fermin LA, Willemsen B, Beukenboom M, Djudjaj S, von Stillfried S, van Eijk LE, Mastik M, Bulthuis M, Dunnen WD, van Goor H, Hillebrands JL, Triana SH, Alexandrov T, Timm MC, van den Berge BT, van den Broek M, Nlandu Q, Heijnert J, Bindels EM, Hoogenboezem RM, Mooren F, Kuppe C, Miesen P, Grünberg K, Ijzermans T, Steenbergen EJ, Czogalla J, Schreuder MF, Sommerdijk N, Akiva A, Boor P, Puelles VG, Floege J, Huber TB, van Rij RP, Costa IG, Schneider RK, Smeets B, Kramann R, Achdout H, Aimon A, Bar-David E, Barr H, Ben-Shmuel A, Bennett J, Boby ML, Borden B, Bowman GR, Brun J, BVNBS S, Calmiano M, Carbery A, Cattermole E, Chernychenko E, Choder JD, Clyde A, Coffland JE, Cohen G, Cole J, Contini A, Cox L, Cvitkovic M, Dias A, Donckers K, Dotson DL, Douangamath A, Duberstein S, Dudgeon T, Dunnett L, Eastman PK, Erez N, Eyermann CJ, Fairhead M, Fate G, Fearon D, Federov O, Ferla M, Fernandes RS, Ferrins L, Foster R, Foster H, Gabizon R, Garcia-Sastre A, Gawriljuk VO, Gehrtz P, Gileadi C, Giroud C, Glass WG, Glen R, Itai glinert, Godoy AS, Gorichko M, Gorrie-Stone T, Griffen EJ, Hart SH, Heer J, Henry M, Hill M, Horrell S, Hurley MF, Israely T, Jajack A, Jnoff E, Jochmans D, John T, De Jonghe S, Kantsadi AL, Kenny PW, Kiappes J, Koekemoer L, Kovar B, Krojer T, Lee AA, Lefker BA, Levy H, London N, Lukacik P, Macdonald HB, Maclean B, Malla TR, Matviiuk T, McCorkindale W, McGovern BL, Melamed S, Michurin O, Mikolajek H, Milne BF, Morris A, Morris GM, Morwitzer MJ, Moustakas D, Nakamura AM, Neto JB, Neyts J, Nguyen L, Noske GD, Oleinikovas V, Oliva G, Overheul GJ, Owen D, Psenak V, Pai R, Pan J, Paran N, Perry B, Pingle M, Pinjari J, Politi B, Powell A, Puni R, Rangel VL, Reddi RN, Reid SP, Resnick E, Ripka EG, Robinson MC, Robinson RP, Rodriguez-Guerra J, Rosales R, Rufa D, Schofield C, Shafeev M, Shaikh A, Shi J, Shurrush K, Sing S, Sittner A, Skyner R, Smalley A, Smilova MD, Solmesky LJ, Spencer J, Strain-Damarell C, Swamy V, Tamir H, Tennant R, Thompson W, Thompson A, Thompson W, Tomasia S, Tumber A, Vakonakis I, van Rij RP, van Geel L, Varghese FS, Vaschetto M, Vitner EB, Voelz V, Volkamer A, von Delft F, von Delft A, Walsh M, Ward W, Weatherall C, Weiss S, White KM, Wild CF, Wittmann M, Wright N, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Zaidmann D, Zidane H, Zitzmann N. SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:217-231.e8. [PMID: 35032430 PMCID: PMC8709832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kidney failure is frequently observed during and after COVID-19, but it remains elusive whether this is a direct effect of the virus. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects kidney cells and is associated with increased tubule-interstitial kidney fibrosis in patient autopsy samples. To study direct effects of the virus on the kidney independent of systemic effects of COVID-19, we infected human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived kidney organoids with SARS-CoV-2. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicated injury and dedifferentiation of infected cells with activation of profibrotic signaling pathways. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection also led to increased collagen 1 protein expression in organoids. A SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor was able to ameliorate the infection of kidney cells by SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect kidney cells and induce cell injury with subsequent fibrosis. These data could explain both acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients and the development of chronic kidney disease in long COVID. COVID-19 patients present tubulo-interstitial kidney fibrosis compared with controls SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates profibrotic signaling in human kidney organoids SARS-CoV-2 infection can be inhibited by a protease blocker in human kidney organoids
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4
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Dubiella C, Pinch BJ, Koikawa K, Zaidman D, Poon E, Manz TD, Nabet B, He S, Resnick E, Rogel A, Langer EM, Daniel CJ, Seo HS, Chen Y, Adelmant G, Sharifzadeh S, Ficarro SB, Jamin Y, Martins da Costa B, Zimmerman MW, Lian X, Kibe S, Kozono S, Doctor ZM, Browne CM, Yang A, Stoler-Barak L, Shah RB, Vangos NE, Geffken EA, Oren R, Koide E, Sidi S, Shulman Z, Wang C, Marto JA, Dhe-Paganon S, Look T, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, Sears RC, Chesler L, Gray NS, London N. Sulfopin is a covalent inhibitor of Pin1 that blocks Myc-driven tumors in vivo. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:954-963. [PMID: 33972797 PMCID: PMC9119696 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, Pin1, is exploited in cancer to activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressors. However, despite considerable efforts, Pin1 has remained an elusive drug target. Here, we screened an electrophilic fragment library to identify covalent inhibitors targeting Pin1's active site Cys113, leading to the development of Sulfopin, a nanomolar Pin1 inhibitor. Sulfopin is highly selective, as validated by two independent chemoproteomics methods, achieves potent cellular and in vivo target engagement and phenocopies Pin1 genetic knockout. Pin1 inhibition had only a modest effect on cancer cell line viability. Nevertheless, Sulfopin induced downregulation of c-Myc target genes, reduced tumor progression and conferred survival benefit in murine and zebrafish models of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma, and in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. Our results demonstrate that Sulfopin is a chemical probe suitable for assessment of Pin1-dependent pharmacology in cells and in vivo, and that Pin1 warrants further investigation as a potential cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dubiella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benika J Pinch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Koikawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Zaidman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evon Poon
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Theresa D Manz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuning He
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Rogel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ellen M Langer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Colin J Daniel
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shabnam Sharifzadeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yann Jamin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Mark W Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaolan Lian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shin Kibe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shingo Kozono
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zainab M Doctor
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Browne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richa B Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas E Vangos
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ezekiel A Geffken
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roni Oren
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eriko Koide
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Sidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nir London
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Zaidman D, Gehrtz P, Filep M, Fearon D, Gabizon R, Douangamath A, Prilusky J, Duberstein S, Cohen G, Owen CD, Resnick E, Strain-Damerell C, Lukacik P, Barr H, Walsh MA, von Delft F, London N. An automatic pipeline for the design of irreversible derivatives identifies a potent SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitor. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1795-1806.e5. [PMID: 34174194 PMCID: PMC8228784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Designing covalent inhibitors is increasingly important, although it remains challenging. Here, we present covalentizer, a computational pipeline for identifying irreversible inhibitors based on structures of targets with non-covalent binders. Through covalent docking of tailored focused libraries, we identify candidates that can bind covalently to a nearby cysteine while preserving the interactions of the original molecule. We found ∼11,000 cysteines proximal to a ligand across 8,386 complexes in the PDB. Of these, the protocol identified 1,553 structures with covalent predictions. In a prospective evaluation, five out of nine predicted covalent kinase inhibitors showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values between 155 nM and 4.5 μM. Application against an existing SARS-CoV Mpro reversible inhibitor led to an acrylamide inhibitor series with low micromolar IC50 values against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The docking was validated by 12 co-crystal structures. Together these examples hint at the vast number of covalent inhibitors accessible through our protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zaidman
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Gehrtz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mihajlo Filep
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daren Fearon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alice Douangamath
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jaime Prilusky
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shirly Duberstein
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Galit Cohen
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - C David Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Petra Lukacik
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | | | - Haim Barr
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin A Walsh
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Nir London
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
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6
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Reddi R, Resnick E, Rogel A, Rao BV, Gabizon R, Goldenberg K, Gurwicz N, Zaidman D, Plotnikov A, Barr H, Shulman Z, London N. Tunable Methacrylamides for Covalent Ligand Directed Release Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4979-4992. [PMID: 33761747 PMCID: PMC8041284 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors are an important class of drugs and chemical probes. However, relatively few electrophiles meet the criteria for successful covalent inhibitor design. Here we describe α-substituted methacrylamides as a new class of electrophiles suitable for targeted covalent inhibitors. While typically α-substitutions inactivate acrylamides, we show that hetero α-substituted methacrylamides have higher thiol reactivity and undergo a conjugated addition-elimination reaction ultimately releasing the substituent. Their reactivity toward thiols is tunable and correlates with the pKa/pKb of the leaving group. In the context of the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, these electrophiles showed lower intrinsic thiol reactivity than the unsubstituted ibrutinib acrylamide. This translated to comparable potency in protein labeling, in vitro kinase assays, and functional cellular assays, with improved selectivity. The conjugate addition-elimination reaction upon covalent binding to their target cysteine allows functionalizing α-substituted methacrylamides as turn-on probes. To demonstrate this, we prepared covalent ligand directed release (CoLDR) turn-on fluorescent probes for BTK, EGFR, and K-RasG12C. We further demonstrate a BTK CoLDR chemiluminescent probe that enabled a high-throughput screen for BTK inhibitors. Altogether we show that α-substituted methacrylamides represent a new and versatile addition to the toolbox of targeted covalent inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambabu
N. Reddi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Rogel
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Boddu Venkateswara Rao
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Kim Goldenberg
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Department
of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Gurwicz
- Department
of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniel Zaidman
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Plotnikov
- Wohl
Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel
National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Haim Barr
- Wohl
Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel
National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department
of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Nir London
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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7
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Douangamath A, Fearon D, Gehrtz P, Krojer T, Lukacik P, Owen CD, Resnick E, Strain-Damerell C, Aimon A, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Brandão-Neto J, Carbery A, Davison G, Dias A, Downes TD, Dunnett L, Fairhead M, Firth JD, Jones SP, Keeley A, Keserü GM, Klein HF, Martin MP, Noble MEM, O'Brien P, Powell A, Reddi RN, Skyner R, Snee M, Waring MJ, Wild C, London N, von Delft F, Walsh MA. Crystallographic and electrophilic fragment screening of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5047. [PMID: 33028810 PMCID: PMC7542442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, lacks effective therapeutics. Additionally, no antiviral drugs or vaccines were developed against the closely related coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1 or MERS-CoV, despite previous zoonotic outbreaks. To identify starting points for such therapeutics, we performed a large-scale screen of electrophile and non-covalent fragments through a combined mass spectrometry and X-ray approach against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, one of two cysteine viral proteases essential for viral replication. Our crystallographic screen identified 71 hits that span the entire active site, as well as 3 hits at the dimer interface. These structures reveal routes to rapidly develop more potent inhibitors through merging of covalent and non-covalent fragment hits; one series of low-reactivity, tractable covalent fragments were progressed to discover improved binders. These combined hits offer unprecedented structural and reactivity information for on-going structure-based drug design against SARS-CoV-2 main protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Douangamath
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Daren Fearon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Paul Gehrtz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Petra Lukacik
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - C David Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Anthony Aimon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - José Brandão-Neto
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Anna Carbery
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Gemma Davison
- Cancer Research UK Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alexandre Dias
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Thomas D Downes
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Louise Dunnett
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Fairhead
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James D Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - S Paul Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Aaron Keeley
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György M Keserü
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hanna F Klein
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mathew P Martin
- Cancer Research UK Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Martin E M Noble
- Cancer Research UK Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ailsa Powell
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Rambabu N Reddi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Rachael Skyner
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Matthew Snee
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael J Waring
- Cancer Research UK Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Conor Wild
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Nir London
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Martin A Walsh
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
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8
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Abstract
Aims: The post-translational oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) is a reversible process, enabling the repair of oxidative damage to proteins and the use of sulfoxidation as a regulatory switch. MetSO reductases catalyze the stereospecific reduction of MetSO. One of the mammalian MetSO reductases, MsrB3, has a signal sequence for entry into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, MsrB3 is expected to encounter a distinct redox environment compared with its paralogs in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. We sought to determine the location and arrangement of MsrB3 redox-active cysteines, which may couple MsrB3 activity to other redox events in the ER. Results: We determined the human MsrB3 structure by using X-ray crystallography. The structure revealed that a disulfide bond near the protein amino terminus is distant in space from the active site. Nevertheless, biochemical assays showed that these amino-terminal cysteines are oxidized by the MsrB3 active site after its reaction with MetSO. Innovation: This study reveals a mechanism to shuttle oxidizing equivalents from the primary MsrB3 active site toward the enzyme surface, where they would be available for further dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Conclusion: Conformational changes must occur during the MsrB3 catalytic cycle to transfer oxidizing equivalents from the active site to the amino-terminal redox-active disulfide. The accessibility of this exposed disulfide may help couple MsrB3 activity to other dithiol-disulfide redox events in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Javitt
- Department of Structural Biology and Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhenbo Cao
- Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, CMVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neil J Bulleid
- Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, CMVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology and Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Guo J, Douangamath A, Song W, Coker AR, Chan AE, Wood SP, Cooper JB, Resnick E, London N, Delft FV. In crystallo-screening for discovery of human norovirus 3C-like protease inhibitors. J Struct Biol X 2020; 4:100031. [PMID: 32743543 PMCID: PMC7365090 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of human epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis are mainly caused by noroviruses. Viral replication requires a 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) which processes the 200 kDa viral polyprotein into six functional proteins. The 3CLpro has attracted much interest due to its potential as a target for antiviral drugs. A system for growing high-quality crystals of native Southampton norovirus 3CLpro (SV3CP) has been established, allowing the ligand-free crystal structure to be determined to 1.3 Å in a tetrameric state. This also allowed crystal-based fragment screening to be performed with various compound libraries, ultimately to guide drug discovery for SV3CP. A total of 19 fragments were found to bind to the protease out of the 844 which were screened. Two of the hits were located at the active site of SV3CP and showed good inhibitory activity in kinetic assays. Another 5 were found at the enzyme's putative RNA-binding site and a further 11 were located in the symmetric central cavity of the tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Guo
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alice Douangamath
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Weixiao Song
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alun R. Coker
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A.W. Edith Chan
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Steve P. Wood
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan B. Cooper
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nir London
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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10
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Resnick E, Bradley A, Gan J, Douangamath A, Krojer T, Sethi R, Geurink PP, Aimon A, Amitai G, Bellini D, Bennett J, Fairhead M, Fedorov O, Gabizon R, Gan J, Guo J, Plotnikov A, Reznik N, Ruda GF, Díaz-Sáez L, Straub VM, Szommer T, Velupillai S, Zaidman D, Zhang Y, Coker AR, Dowson CG, Barr HM, Wang C, Huber KVM, Brennan PE, Ovaa H, von Delft F, London N. Rapid Covalent-Probe Discovery by Electrophile-Fragment Screening. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8951-8968. [PMID: 31060360 PMCID: PMC6556873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covalent probes can display unmatched potency, selectivity, and duration of action; however, their discovery is challenging. In principle, fragments that can irreversibly bind their target can overcome the low affinity that limits reversible fragment screening, but such electrophilic fragments were considered nonselective and were rarely screened. We hypothesized that mild electrophiles might overcome the selectivity challenge and constructed a library of 993 mildly electrophilic fragments. We characterized this library by a new high-throughput thiol-reactivity assay and screened them against 10 cysteine-containing proteins. Highly reactive and promiscuous fragments were rare and could be easily eliminated. In contrast, we found hits for most targets. Combining our approach with high-throughput crystallography allowed rapid progression to potent and selective probes for two enzymes, the deubiquitinase OTUB2 and the pyrophosphatase NUDT7. No inhibitors were previously known for either. This study highlights the potential of electrophile-fragment screening as a practical and efficient tool for covalent-ligand discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bradley
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K.,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | | | - Alice Douangamath
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | | | - Ritika Sethi
- Structural Biology Research Center , VIB , Brussels , Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Paul P Geurink
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology , Leiden University Medical Center , Einthovenweg 20 , 2333 ZC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Aimon
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K.,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | | | - Dom Bellini
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Jin Gan
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology , Leiden University Medical Center , Einthovenweg 20 , 2333 ZC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jingxu Guo
- Division of Medicine , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alun R Coker
- Division of Medicine , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul E Brennan
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , U.K.,Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute , University of Oxford , NDMRB, Roosevelt Drive , Oxford OX3 7FZ , U.K
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology , Leiden University Medical Center , Einthovenweg 20 , 2333 ZC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Johannesburg , Auckland Park 2006 , South Africa
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11
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Javitt G, Grossman‐Haham I, Alon A, Resnick E, Mutsafi Y, Ilani T, Fass D. cis-Proline mutants of quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 with altered redox properties undermine extracellular matrix integrity and cell adhesion in fibroblast cultures. Protein Sci 2019; 28:228-238. [PMID: 30367560 PMCID: PMC6295897 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin superfamily has expanded and diverged extensively throughout evolution such that distant members no longer show appreciable sequence homology. Nevertheless, redox-active thioredoxin-fold proteins functioning in diverse physiological contexts often share canonical amino acids near the active-site (di-)cysteine motif. Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1), a catalyst of disulfide bond formation secreted by fibroblasts, is a multi-domain thioredoxin superfamily enzyme with certain similarities to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) enzymes. Among other potential functions, QSOX1 supports extracellular matrix assembly in fibroblast cultures. We introduced mutations at a cis-proline in QSOX1 that is conserved across the thioredoxin superfamily and was previously observed to modulate redox interactions of the bacterial enzyme DsbA. The resulting QSOX1 variants showed a striking detrimental effect when added exogenously to fibroblasts: they severely disrupted the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, even in the presence of naturally secreted, wild-type QSOX1. The specificity of this phenomenon for particular QSOX1 mutants inspired an investigation of the effects of mutation on catalytic and redox properties. For a series of QSOX1 mutants, the detrimental effect correlated with the redox potential of the first redox-active site, and an X-ray crystal structure of one of the mutants revealed the reorganization of the cis-proline loop caused by the mutations. Due to the conservation of the mutated residues across the PDI family and beyond, insights obtained in this study may be broadly applicable to a variety of physiologically important redox-active enzymes. IMPACT STATEMENT: We show that mutation of a conserved cis-proline amino acid, analogous to a mutation used to trap substrates of a bacterial disulfide catalyst, has a dramatic effect on the physiological function of the mammalian disulfide catalyst QSOX1. As the active-site region of QSOX1 is shared with the large family of protein disulfide isomerases in humans, the effects of such mutations on redox properties, enzymatic activity, and biological targeting may be relevant across the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Javitt
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Iris Grossman‐Haham
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Assaf Alon
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Yael Mutsafi
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Tal Ilani
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
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12
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Keller M, Glessner J, Resnick E, Perez E, Chapel H, Lucas M, Sullivan KE, Cunningham-Rundles C, Orange JS, Hakonarson H. Burden of copy number variation in common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:269-71. [PMID: 24329717 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) has been associated recently with a dramatic increase in total copy number variation burden, the cause of which is unclear. In order to explore further the origin and clinical relevance of this finding, we quantified the total genomic copy number variation (CNV) burden in affected patients and evaluated clinical details in relationship to total CNV burden. No correlation was found between total CNV burden and either patient age or time elapsed since symptom onset, and higher total burden did not correlate with incidence of malignancy or other subphenotypes. These findings suggest that the increased CNV burden is static and intrinsic to CVID as a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keller
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Collins MD, Eckhoff C, Weiss R, Resnick E, Nau H, Scott WJ. Differential teratogenesis of all-trans-retinoic acid administered on gestational day 9.5 to SWV and C57BL/6N mice: Emphasis on limb dysmorphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 76:96-106. [PMID: 16463421 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse strain differences in teratologic response are well documented. However, because retinoids cause similar malformation syndromes across many species, the strain differences may be predicted to be minimal. The goals of this study were to characterize and explain the differences between the C57BL/6N and SWV mouse strains in terms of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced teratologic effects at the time of gestation that cause postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly. METHODS Visceral and skeletal malformations were determined by Wilson's sectioning and double-staining techniques, respectively; developmental staging was performed according to the somite count; and retinoid concentrations were assessed by HPLC. RESULTS C57BL/6N mice were more susceptible than SWV mice to induction of embryolethality, cardiovascular defects, and forelimb ectrodactyly, whereas the opposite was true for the induction of ear, thymus, and tail agenesis, and cleft palate, gastroschisis, and anal atresia. As determined by somite counts, 1 strain intercross was developmentally advanced compared to the parental strains and the reciprocal cross. Retinoid susceptibility was equivalent between the reciprocal crosses for some malformations and determined by the maternal genotype for others. Toxicokinetic experiments showed that whole-embryo peak retinoid concentrations did not differ between the strains, but the area under the curve (AUC) for all-trans-RA was 1.3 times higher in C57BL/6N than in SWV embryos. CONCLUSIONS The malformation spectrum induced by RA was strain-specific, and the strain sensitivity for forelimb ectrodactyly was consistent with all previously tested teratogenic agents (i.e., C57BL/6N was more sensitive than SWV). The strain differences in teratologic effects were not explained by developmental timing differences or toxicokinetic differences at the whole-embryo level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Collins
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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14
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Resnick RB, Galanter M, Resnick E, Pycha C. Buprenorphine treatment of heroin dependence (detoxification and maintenance) in a private practice setting. J Addict Dis 2001; 20:75-83. [PMID: 11318399 DOI: 10.1300/j069v20n02_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At the conclusion of a 3-year demonstration project in a medical setting in which refusal to accept methadone was an inclusion criterion, 12 subjects were unable to detoxify from buprenorphine and remained adamant in their refusal to enroll in a MMTP. In order to study the feasibility of expanding opportunities for treatment previously unavailable to this under-served population of heroin addicts, these 12 subjects plus an additional 11 subjects (N = 23) were recruited for a 12 months trial of buprenorphine treatment conducted in an office-based setting on a fee-for-service basis. An additional cohort of 40 heroin dependent subjects were entered in a protocol for detoxification only. The findings demonstrate both feasibility and patient acceptance of office based fee-for-service buprenorphine treatment, supporting the need for (1) additional studies of this population and (2) changes in government regulations to reintroduce addiction treatment under physician auspices in private practice settings.
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Bell SM, Schreiner CM, Resnick E, Vorhees C, Scott WJ. Exacerbation of acetazolamide teratogenesis by amiloride and its analogs active against Na+/H+ exchangers and Na+ channels. Reprod Toxicol 1997; 11:823-31. [PMID: 9407593 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(97)00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly induced by acetazolamide given on Day 9.5 of murine gestation is thought to be mediated by reduced intracellular pH (pHi) within the limb bud. Coadministration of amiloride increases the incidence and severity of acetazolamide-induced forelimb malformations and further reduces limb bud pHi. These findings were hypothesized to be attributable to the action of amiloride as an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs), plasma membrane-localized proteins involved in the maintenance of cellular pH homeostasis. Here, we explored this hypothesis further by coadministering with acetazolamide, amiloride, or analogs known to preferentially inhibit NHEs 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)-amiloride, 5-(N, N-hexamethylene)-amiloride, 5-(N, N-dimethyl)-amiloride, and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride or amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels (benzamil). The coadministration of either amiloride, benzamil, 5-(N, N-dimethyl)-amiloride, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride, or 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)-amiloride all dose responsively increased the frequency and severity of forelimb malformations compared to acetazolamide alone. None of the analogs given alone induced forelimb ectrodactyly. The data are consistent with the original hypothesis that the exacerbation of acetazolamide teratogenesis is due to NHE inhibition. Surprisingly, benzamil was the most potent potentiator of acetazolamide teratogenesis. This result strongly suggests that amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels are also present within the murine embryo and are likely to play a role in pHi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bell
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229-3039, USA
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16
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Abstract
Preclinical toxicologic investigation suggested that a new calcium channel blocker, Ro 40-5967, induced cardiovascular alterations in rat fetuses exposed to this agent during organogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that calcium channel blockers in general induce cardiovascular malformations indicating a pharmacologic class effect. We studied three calcium channel blockers of different structure, nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil, along with the new agent. Pregnant rats were administered one of these calcium channel blockers during the period of cardiac morphogenesis and the offspring examined on day 20 of gestation for cardiovascular malformations. A low incidence of cardiovascular malformations was observed after exposure to each of the four calcium channel blockers, but this incidence was statistically significant only for verapamil and nifedipine. All four agents were associated with aortic arch branching variants, although significantly increased only for Ro 40-5967 and verapamil.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Scott
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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17
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether vascular disruption is a feature of cocaine-induced teratogenicity in early murine organogenesis. The embryotoxic effects of cocaine were assessed: (1) in vivo, (2) in embryos cultured in the presence of cocaine (in vitro), and (3) after cocaine was administered in vivo and the embryos subsequently cultured in the absence of cocaine (in vivo-in vitro). When cocaine (78 mg/kg) was administered in vivo on day 8 and embryos were assessed on day 10, significant vascular perturbations, in the form of vasodilation and hemorrhage, as well as neural defects, were observed. In the in vitro system, day 8 embryos were cultured for 48 hr in the presence of 0, 10, 20, 33, and 66 micrograms/ml cocaine. At 10 and 20 micrograms/ml, vascular perturbation was not seen, while at higher cocaine concentrations, development of the yolk sac vasculature was inhibited. Hemorrhage was not a feature of in vitro cocaine embryotoxicity. However, significantly increased incidences of neural defects were seen at concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml or greater. Finally, in the in vivo-in vitro system, 78 mg/kg cocaine was administered on day 8 in vivo and embryos were dissected after 15 min and cultured for 48 hr. Marked cardiovascular perturbation, as well as neural defects, were produced using this protocol. With cocaine treatment, only 26.6% of embryos had a functioning heartbeat and yolk sac circulation, compared to 85.6% of controls. This cardiovascular disruption was associated with pooling of blood in the embryo, with 59.9% of embryos exhibiting marked vasodilation and hemorrhage compared to 12.5% in controls. Additional manifestations of cardiovascular perturbation were edema and blisters observed in cocaine-treated embryos. Neural tube defects, including open neural tube (8.3%) and microcephaly/hypoplastic prosencephalon (30.0%), were also significantly increased in cocaine-treated embryos. The cardiovascular and neural effects produced by cocaine were dose-dependent (40, 20 mg/kg). Thus, administration of cocaine in the in vivo or in vivo-in vitro systems produced marked cardiovascular effects, while in vitro treatment did not. These results suggest that cocaine may elicit cardiovascular toxicity through a maternally mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fisher
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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18
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Abstract
To test the hypothesis that cocaine-induced embryonic vascular disruption is mediated by oxygen free radicals, the antioxidants 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC) and alpha-phenyl-N-t-butyl nitrone (PBN) were employed. When cocaine (78 mg/kg) was administered on day 8 of gestation to ICR mice and embryos evaluated on day 10 (in vivo), 62.3% of cocaine-treated embryos showed increased vasodilation compared to 4.9% for controls, and 33.1% of the cocaine-exposed embryos showed marked hemorrhage compared to 3.3% for controls. In addition, cocaine increased the incidence of neural defects, in the form of open neural tube, hypoplastic prosencephalon, and microcephaly. Administration of OTC (0.25 and 0.5 mmol/kg) or PBN (300 mg/kg) prior to cocaine significantly reduced cocaine-induced vasodilation and hemorrhage, while not preventing neural defects. When cocaine (78 mg/kg) was administered in vivo on day 8 of gestation and embryos were dissected 15 min later and subsequently cultured for 48 hr in the absence of cocaine (in vivo-in vitro), marked vascular disruption was observed: normal yolk circulation/heartbeat was decreased to 26.6%, while edema/blisters and vasodilation/hemorrhage were increased to 45.6% and 59.6%, respectively. Administration of PBN (300 mg/kg) prior to cocaine completely prevented cocaine-induced vascular disruption. When cocaine was administered in vivo and PBN (300 micrograms/ml) was incubated with cultured embryos in vitro, the antioxidant only partially prevented cocaine-induced cardiovascular defects in this model. Neural defects produced by cocaine were not significantly affected by PBN, administered either in vivo or in vitro. Cocaine (78 mg/kg) administered in vivo stimulated lipid peroxidation maximally after 3 hr in both day 8 and day 9 embryos. When cocaine was incubated in vitro during embryo culture at 33 micrograms/ml, a concentration that produces nonspecific inhibition of growth and development, embryonic lipid peroxidation on day 9 was not affected. Finally, when PBN (300 mg/kg) was administered prior to cocaine (78 mg/kg) on day 8 of gestation, stimulation of lipid peroxidation by cocaine was prevented. These results suggest that cocaine-induced vascular disruption in early development is mediated by maternal production of oxygen free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Zimmerman
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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Collins MD, Walling KM, Resnick E, Scott WJ. The effect of administration time on malformations induced by three anticonvulsant agents in C57BL/6J mice with emphasis on forelimb ectrodactyly. Teratology 1991; 44:617-27. [PMID: 1805432 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420440604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of C57BL/6J mice to three anticonvulsant derivatives, namely, dimethadione, sodium valproate, and sodium diphenylhydantoin, each induced postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly. The agents were administered at gestational days 9, 9 1/3, 9 2/3, and 10. It was determined that administration at day 9 2/3 induced the highest percentage of forelimb ectrodactyly for each of the three agents. The forelimb ectrodactyly response in the C57BL/6J strain was compared with the A/J strain (Collins et al., Teratology, 41:61-70, 1990); it was found that the C57BL/6J strain was more sensitive to dimethadione and the A/J strain was more sensitive to diphenylhydantoin and sodium valproate. The position of vertebral defects induced by sodium valproate correlated with the time of drug administration. The overall syndrome of malformations induced by the three anticonvulsant agents was relatively similar in the two mouse strains and differed between each of the anticonvulsant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Collins
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45229
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Abstract
1. A 26-32 month follow-up of 16 heroin-dependent subjects who entered a pilot trial of treatment with buprenorphine (a mixed agonist/antagonist) suggests that positive response to treatment may identify a subgroup of untreated addicts whose levels of psychosocial functioning are intermediate between those for whom methadone (a pure agonist) or naltrexone (a pure antagonist) would be indicated. 2. Buprenorphine's pharmacologic profile provides a missing link in available modalities for opiate dependence treatment, making it acceptable for many addicts who will not accept methadone maintenance treatment, join a residential therapeutic community, or be successful on naltrexone treatment. 3. Eight of the 16 ss were abstinent from heroin while receiving 0.6-3.9 mg/day buprenorphine and counseling. Responders (mean age 34 yrs) had been heroin dependent for a mean of 9.5 years (range 6-17 yrs), all were self-supporting, 4 lived with a non-addicted spouse, 5 had no prior treatment for addiction and 3 had prior naltrexone treatment, but had discontinued it and relapsed. Non-responders (mean age 30 yrs) had been heroin dependent for a mean of 7.4 yrs (range 2-19 yrs), 7 had no regular employment, all were single and 7 had no prior treatment for addiction. 4. Levels of psychosocial functioning (work, home, leisure) and global assessments of functioning were significantly higher for buprenorphine responders than non-responders (p less than .001 and p less than .01 respectively). 5. A new formulation of buprenorphine needs to be developed for addiction treatment, ideally consisting of 0.5 mg and 2.0 mg sublingual tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Resnick
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY
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Greenstein RA, Resnick RB, Resnick E. Methadone and naltrexone in the treatment of heroin dependence. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1984; 7:671-9. [PMID: 6522309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, methadone maintenance has been shown to be a safe, effective treatment for large numbers of heroin addicts. The majority of patients derive major benefits while in treatment, most measurably in the areas of decreased use of illicit opiates, diminished criminality, increased levels of employment and more stable interpersonal relationships. An advantage of methadone maintenance over other treatments is that it attracts and retains a relatively large segment of the addict population and is reasonably cost-effective. Naltrexone is well suited as a transitional treatment for individuals who have progressed using methadone maintenance. Patients completing a course of methadone maintenance should be encouraged to use naltrexone during the postmethadone period, when symptoms of protracted abstinence often lead them to reinitiate use of heroin. Those with stable family relationships, good jobs, minimal antisocial behavior, and low drug-craving before beginning a course of naltrexone appear to benefit most from the treatment. Rates of retention improve when naltrexone is used within a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Although addicted individuals are often stereotyped, they are, in fact, a heterogeneous group representing a range of psychopathologies and life situations. Thus, within any one facility, a variety of modalities should be available to allow treatment to be tailored to the individual. No single treatment is best for all patients, and, moreover, the preferred modality for any one individual may change over time as a result of progress in treatment or varying life circumstances. Multimodality programs that include methadone and naltrexone enable the maximal number of individuals to benefit from treatment.
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