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Williams C, Alweis R, Roth T, Luther V, Pile J, Elkins S, Nagalla S, Muchmore EA. Perspectives on the quality and utility of letters conforming to the AAIM guidelines. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021; 11:175-179. [PMID: 33889315 PMCID: PMC8043528 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1879415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standardized letters of recommendation (SLOR) have become common features of the medical school to residency transition. Research has shown many advantages over the narrative letter of recommendation including improved letter-writing efficiency, ease of interpretation, and improved reliability as performance predictors. Currently, at least four specialties require fellowship SLORs. Internal medicine adopted its SLOR in 2017. Previous research showed fellowship program directors’ satisfaction with the 2017 guidelines. Little is known about residency program directors’ acceptance and adherence to the guidelines. Objectives The study sought to assess the adoption rate of each component, barriers to adoption, time commitment, and alignment with intended goals of the guidelines. Methods Anonymous survey links were posted to an internal medicine discussion forum prior to the guidelines in spring 2017 and twice following the guidelines in fall 2018 and winter 2019. Two-sample tests of proportions were used to compare respondent characteristics with known survey population data. Pre- and post-survey comparisons were assessed for statistical significance with Pearson chi-squared statistic. Results The response rate varied from 30% to 35% for each survey period. Medical knowledge, patient care, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and scholarly activity were reported frequently (>96%) at baseline. Inclusion of residency program characteristics, systems-based practice, practice-based learning and improvement, and skills sought to master increased over the study period. Conclusions The new guidelines improved uniform reporting of all core competency data. Overall, the gains were modest, as many pre-survey respondents reported high rates of including components within the guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Alweis
- Medical Education, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Roth
- Medical Education, Eisenhower Health, Rancho Mirage, CA, USA
| | - Vera Luther
- Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James Pile
- Medicine, Metrohealth Campus of Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Elkins
- Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Srikanth Nagalla
- Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute of Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elaine A Muchmore
- Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, San Diego,La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Yun HC, Cable CT, Pizzimenti D, Desai SS, Muchmore EA, Vasilias J, Thomas C, Nasca TJ, Lieh-Lai MW. Internal Medicine 2035: Preparing the Future Generation of Internists. J Grad Med Educ 2020; 12:797-800. [PMID: 33391612 PMCID: PMC7771588 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-20-00794.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Yun
- Chair, Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center
| | - Christian T Cable
- Designated Institutional Official, Baylor Scott & White Health-Temple
| | - David Pizzimenti
- Associate Medical Officer of Acute Care, North Mississippi Health Systems
| | - Sima S Desai
- Residency Program Director and Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | - Jerry Vasilias
- Executive Director, Review Committee for Internal Medicine, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)
| | | | | | - Mary W Lieh-Lai
- Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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3
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Mink RB, Wininger DA, Turner A, Leslie LK, Balmer DF, Hofkosh D, McGuinness GA, Muchmore EA. Reducing Trainee Stress by Delaying the Pediatric Fellowship Start Date. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2019-3500. [PMID: 32848027 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Mink
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California;
| | | | - Adam Turner
- American Board of Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Dorene F Balmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dena Hofkosh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Elaine A Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego and US Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Alweis RL, Williams CM, Luther VP, Simmons DL, Kopelman R, Angus SV, Liao S, Nagalla S, Muchmore EA. AAIM Guidelines for Interview and Post-Interview Communication for Graduate Medical Education Recruitment. Am J Med 2019; 132:1106-1111. [PMID: 31175844 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Alweis
- Associate Chief Medical Officer for Medical Education, Rochester Regional Health, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, NY
| | | | - Vera P Luther
- Associate Professor, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Richard Kopelman
- Vice-Chair for Education and Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Steven V Angus
- Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Conn
| | - Solomon Liao
- Associate Professor of Medicine, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, Calif
| | - Sri Nagalla
- Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Elaine A Muchmore
- Associate Vice Chair for Medicine and Professor, University of California, San Diego; Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Veterans' Administration, San Diego, Calif.
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Williams CM, Alweis RL, O'Connor AB, Dalal B, Rai D, Abdullah A, Kopelman R, Cornett P, Frank MO, Luther VP, Muchmore EA. Inappropriate Communication During Internal Medicine Fellowship Recruitment: A Mixed-Methods Analysis. Am J Med 2019; 132:770-775. [PMID: 30851262 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard L Alweis
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester Regional Health, NY; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, NY
| | | | - Bhavin Dalal
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Mich
| | - Devesh Rai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester Regional Health, NY
| | | | - Richard Kopelman
- Departments of Education and Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Patricia Cornett
- Departments of Medicine for Education and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael O Frank
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Vera P Luther
- Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elaine A Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Department of Education, Veterans Affairs San Diego, Calif.
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O’Connor AB, Williams CM, Dalal B, Sulistio MS, Roth TK, Milne CK, Collichio FA, Muchmore EA, Alweis R. Internal medicine fellowship directors' perspectives on the quality and utility of letters conforming to residency program director letter of recommendation guidelines. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2018; 8:173-176. [PMID: 30181820 PMCID: PMC6116145 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2018.1500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In May 2017, the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine (AAIM) published guidelines intending to standardize and improve internal medicine residency program director (PD) letters of recommendation (LORs) for fellowship applicants. Objectives: This study aimed to examine fellowship PDs impressions of the new guidelines, letter writers' adherence to the guidelines, and the impact of LORs that conformed to guidelines compared to non-standardized letters. Methods: The authors anonymously surveyed fellowship PDs from January to March 2018 to gather input about LORs submitted to their programs during the 2017 fellowship application cycle. Results: A total of 78% of survey respondents were satisfied with letters that followed the AAIM guidelines, whereas 48% of respondents were satisfied with letters that did not. Fellowship PDs felt that letters that followed the AAIM guidelines were more helpful than letters that did not, especially for differentiating between applicants from the same institution and for understanding residents' performance across the six core competency domains. Fellowship PDs provided several suggestions for residency PDs to make the LORs even more helpful. Conclusion: Fellowship PD respondents indicated that LORs that followed the new AAIM guidelines were more helpful than letters that did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- AB O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - CM Williams
- Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - B Dalal
- Department of Medicine, Beaumont Health and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - MS Sulistio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - TK Roth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine @ UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - CK Milne
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - FA Collichio
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - EA Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R. Alweis
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, USA
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Collichio F, Muchmore EA. The American Society of Hematology and ASCO Curricular Milestones for Assessment of Fellows in Hematology/Oncology: Development, Reflection, and Next Steps. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:887-893. [PMID: 30231329 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_201773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The American Society of Hematology (ASH)/ASCO Curricular Milestones is a tool for assessment and teaching for fellows in hematology/oncology. The expectations of the Next Accreditation System of the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) was developed over years from the creation of the six core competencies in 1999 to the current data-driven outcomes-based system. The current internal medicine subspecialty milestones (ACGME reporting milestones) follow the general rubric of the general internal medicine milestones. The ASH/ASCO curricular milestones were developed from the foundational elements of the specialty, and they are interwoven with the ACGME reporting milestones. The 2017 ACGME Milestones Report shows that the milestones display progression in performance through clear anchors. Educational outcomes are available in many specialties. The internal medicine subspecialties have been given the opportunity to update the ACGME reporting milestones. The ACGME has acknowledged that these milestones may be different for each of the specialties. The program committees of ASH and ASCO agree that revision of the ACGME reporting milestones would decrease the overlap of domains, lack of clarity, and negative language that is present in version 1.0. ASH and ASCO are working with the ACGME and American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) to develop Curricular Milestones, version 2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Collichio
- From The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elaine A Muchmore
- From The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
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8
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Cornett PA, Williams C, Alweis RL, McConville J, Frank M, Dalal B, Kopelman RI, Luther VP, O'connor AB, Muchmore EA. Problematic communications during 2016 fellowship recruitment in internal medicine. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2017; 7:277-281. [PMID: 29147467 PMCID: PMC5676963 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2017.1381546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some internal medicine residency program directors have expressed concerns that their third-year residents may have been subjected to inappropriate communication during the 2016 fellowship recruitment season. The authors sought to study applicants’ interpersonal communication experiences with fellowship programs. Many respondents indicated that they had been asked questions that would constitute violations of the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) Communications Code of Conduct agreement, including how they plan to rank specific programs. Moreover, female respondents were more likely to have been asked questions during interview experiences about other programs to which they applied, and about their family plans. Post-interview communication policies were not made clear to most applicants. These results suggest ongoing challenges for the internal medicine community to improve communication with applicants and uniform compliance with the NRMP communications code of conduct during the fellowship recruitment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Cornett
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Williams
- Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine, Master of Public Health student, George Washington School of Public Health, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Richard L Alweis
- Rochester Regional Health, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NewY, USA
| | - John McConville
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Frank
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bhavin Dalal
- Department of Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Richard I Kopelman
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vera P Luther
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alec B O'connor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elaine A Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine and VA San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
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9
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Collichio FA, Hess BJ, Muchmore EA, Duhigg L, Lipner RS, Haist S, Hawley JL, Morrison CA, Clayton CP, Raymond MJ, Kayoumi KM, Gitlin SD. Medical Knowledge Assessment by Hematology and Medical Oncology In-Training Examinations Are Better Than Program Director Assessments at Predicting Subspecialty Certification Examination Performance. J Cancer Educ 2017; 32:647-654. [PMID: 26897634 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-0993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Next Accreditation System requires training programs to demonstrate that fellows are achieving competence in medical knowledge (MK), as part of a global assessment of clinical competency. Passing American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) certification examinations is recognized as a metric of MK competency. This study examines several in-training MK assessment approaches and their ability to predict performance on the ABIM Hematology or Medical Oncology Certification Examinations. Results of a Hematology In-Service Examination (ISE) and an Oncology In-Training Examination (ITE), program director (PD) ratings, demographic variables, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), and ABIM Internal Medicine (IM) Certification Examination were compared. Stepwise multiple regression and logistic regression analyses evaluated these assessment approaches as predictors of performance on the Hematology or Medical Oncology Certification Examinations. Hematology ISE scores were the strongest predictor of Hematology Certification Examination scores (β = 0.41) (passing odds ratio [OR], 1.012; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.008-1.015), and the Oncology ITE scores were the strongest predictor of Medical Oncology Certification Examination scores (β = 0.45) (passing OR, 1.013; 95 % CI, 1.011-1.016). PD rating of MK was the weakest predictor of Medical Oncology Certification Examination scores (β = 0.07) and was not significantly predictive of Hematology Certification Examination scores. Hematology and Oncology ITEs are better predictors of certification examination performance than PD ratings of MK, reinforcing the effectiveness of ITEs for competency-based assessment of MK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Collichio
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Physicians Office Building, 3rd Floor 170 Manning Drive, CB# 7305, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brian J Hess
- Hess Consulting, 272 Rue du Replat, Lévis, Quebec, G7A 5E4, Canada
| | - Elaine A Muchmore
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive #9111-E, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lauren Duhigg
- American Board of Internal Medicine, 510 Walnut St, Suite 1700, Philadelphia, PA, 19106, USA
| | - Rebecca S Lipner
- American Board of Internal Medicine, 510 Walnut St, Suite 1700, Philadelphia, PA, 19106, USA
| | - Steven Haist
- Test Development Services, National Board of Medical Examiners, 3750 Market St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Janine L Hawley
- National Board of Medical Examiners, 3750 Market St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carol A Morrison
- National Board of Medical Examiners, 3750 Market St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles P Clayton
- Education and Training, American Society of Hematology, 2021 L Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Marilyn J Raymond
- American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2318 Mill Road, Suite 800, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Karen M Kayoumi
- Education and Training, American Society of Hematology, 2021 L Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Scott D Gitlin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Health System and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health System, C345 Med Inn Building/SPC 5848, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- University of Michigan Health System, C345 Med Inn Building/SPC 5848, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5848, USA.
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Barrett JC, Alweis R, Frank M, O'Connor A, McConville JF, Adams ND, Arfons L, Bernard S, Bradley T, Buckley JD, Cohen E, Cornett P, Elkins S, Kopelman R, Luther VP, Petrusky J, McNeill DB, Omar B, Palapiano N, Roth T, Satko S, Fried ED, Muchmore EA. Adoption of a Uniform Start Date for Internal Medicine Fellowships and Other Advanced Training: An AAIM White Paper. Am J Med 2015; 128:1039-43. [PMID: 26071819 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alec O'Connor
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | | | | | - Lisa Arfons
- Case Western Reserve University, Louis Stokes VAMC, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Thomas Bradley
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Lake Success, NY
| | | | - Ellen Cohen
- New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Flushing
| | | | | | | | - Vera P Luther
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | | | - Bassam Omar
- University of S. Alabama Health System, Mobile
| | - Nancy Palapiano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Teresa Roth
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles
| | - Scott Satko
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ethan D Fried
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine at Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY
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Collichio F, Kayoumi K, Sierra L, Clayton CP, Raymond M, Muchmore EA. The Next Accreditation System: a strategy for implementing new reporting standards using a Hematology/Oncology model. Am J Med 2015; 128:200-7. [PMID: 25448172 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kashner TM, Byrne JM, Henley SS, Golden RM, Aron DC, Cannon GW, Chang BK, Gilman SC, Holland GJ, Kaminetzky CP, Keitz SA, Muchmore EA, Kashner TK, Wicker AB. Measuring progressive independence with the resident supervision index: theoretical approach. J Grad Med Educ 2010; 2:8-16. [PMID: 21975879 PMCID: PMC2931231 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-09-00083.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graduate medical education is based on an on-the-job training model in which residents provide clinical care under supervision. The traditional method is to offer residents graduated levels of responsibility that will prepare them for independent practice. However, if progressive independence from supervision exceeds residents' progressive professional development, patient outcomes may be at risk. Leaders in graduate medical education have called for "optimal" supervision, yet few studies have conceptually defined what optimal supervision means and whether optimal care is theoretically compatible with progressive independence, nor have they developed a test for progressive independence. OBJECTIVE This research develops theory and analytic models as part of the Resident Supervision Index to quantify the intensity of supervision. METHODS We introduce an explicit set of assumptions for an ideal patient-centered theory of optimal supervision of resident-provided care. A critical assumption is that informed attending staff will use available resources to optimize patient outcomes first and foremost, with residents gaining clinical competencies by contributing to optimal care. Next, we derive mathematically the consequences of these assumptions as theoretical results. RESULTS Under optimal supervision, (1) patient outcome is expected to be no worse than if residents were not involved, (2) supervisors will avoid undersupervising residents (when patients are at increased risk for poor outcomes) or oversupervising residents (when residents miss clinical opportunities to practice care), (3) optimal patient outcomes will be compatible with progressive independence, (4) progressive development can be inferred from progressive independence whenever residents contribute to patient care, and (5) analytic models that test for progressive independence will emphasize adjusting the association between length of graduate medical education training and supervision for case complexity and clinic workload, but not patient health outcomes. CONCLUSION An explicit theoretical framework is critical to measure scientifically progressive independence from supervision using graduate medical education data.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Michael Kashner
- Corresponding author: T. Michael Kashner, PhD, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare System, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, 214.648.4608,
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13
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Kashner TM, Byrne JM, Chang BK, Henley SS, Golden RM, Aron DC, Cannon GW, Gilman SC, Holland GJ, Kaminetzky CP, Keitz SA, Muchmore EA, Kashner TK, Wicker AB. Measuring progressive independence with the resident supervision index: empirical approach. J Grad Med Educ 2010; 2:17-30. [PMID: 21975880 PMCID: PMC2931230 DOI: 10.4300/1949-8357-2.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Resident Supervision Index (RSI) developed by our research team quantifies the intensity of resident supervision in graduate medical education, with the goal of testing for progressive independence. The 4-part RSI method includes a survey instrument for staff and residents (RSI Inventory), a strategy to score survey responses, a theoretical framework (patient centered optimal supervision), and a statistical model that accounts for the presence or absence of supervision and the intensity of patient care. METHODS The RSI Inventory data came from 140 outpatient encounters involving 57 residents and 37 attending physicians during a 3-month period at a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Responses are scored to quantitatively measure the intensity of resident supervision across 10 levels of patient services (staff is absent, is present, participated, or provided care with or without a resident), case discussion (resident-staff interaction), and oversight (staff reviewed case, reviewed medical chart, consulted with staff, or assessed patient). Scores are analyzed by level and for patient care using a 2-part model (supervision initiated [yes or no] versus intensity once supervision was initiated). RESULTS All resident encounters had patient care supervision, resident oversight, or both. Consistent with the progressive independence hypothesis, residents were 1.72 (P = .019) times more likely to be fully responsible for patient care with each additional postgraduate year. Decreasing case complexity, increasing clinic workload, and advanced nonmedical degrees among attending staff were negatively associated with supervision intensity, although associations varied by supervision level. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with the progressive independence hypothesis in graduate medical education and offer empirical support for the 4-part RSI method to quantify the intensity of resident supervision for research, program evaluation, and resident assessment purposes. Before informing policy, however, more scientific research in actual teaching settings is needed to better understand the relationships among patient outcomes, clinic workload, case complexity, and graduate medical education experience in resident supervision and professional development.
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Dosanjh A, Muchmore EA. Expression of DeltaF508 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) Decreases Membrane Sialylation. Open Respir Med J 2009; 3:79-84. [PMID: 19572026 PMCID: PMC2703207 DOI: 10.2174/1874306400903010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic colonization and infection of the lung with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Imundo, et al. determined that CF cells had a higher concentration of an asialoganglioside (asialo-G(M1)), to which both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bound preferentially. We sought to determine if the expression of mutant CFTR is associated with altered sialylation. Our study of epithelial cells transfected with normal and mutant DeltaF508 CFTR, the defect in the majority of CF patients in the United States, were analyzed by ELISA and FACS analysis of cell membranes labeled with lectins which bind to Neu5Ac. We determined that DeltaF508 CFTR is associated with decreased membrane sialic acid residues in the alpha2, 3 position and increased concentrations of asialo- G(M1). Quantitation of sialic acids released from the cellular membranes demonstrated that the presence of the DeltaF508 CFTR is associated with markedly decreased membrane sialylation, but similar cytoplasmic sialylation. Thus, DeltaF508 defect is correlated with decreased expression of G(M1) and with decreased sialylation of all cell surface structures, and this change occurs during post-translational modification of glycoproteins and glycolipids. This may be one factor involved in the chronic bacterial colonization seen in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Dosanjh
- Pediatrics Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gagneux
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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16
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Abstract
Chimpanzees have greater than 98% genomic sequence homology with humans but have significantly more favorable responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and an apparently low incidence of epithelial malignancy. Although there are few shared major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles between human and chimp, there is considerable overlap in binding repertoires for epitopes of HIV-1 and HBV. This indicates that differences in viral handling may be due to involvement of cells other than T lymphocytes. Similar mechanisms may be involved in host response to dysplastic or malignant cells. In seeking to understand these differences, most attention has been focused on comparing and contrasting well-characterized steps in immune response. As an additional possibility, alterations in cell-cell interactions dependent upon sialic acid binding proteins known to be involved in immune responses should also be considered. The lack of a particular sialic acid structure (N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, or Neu5Gc) in humans, due to a gene mutation in an essential synthetic enzyme, has potentially altered the kinetics of cellular responses dependent upon these lectins. The absence of Neu6Gc represents the only known major biochemical difference between humans and chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Muchmore
- VA Medical Center/UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The sialic acids are major components of the cell surfaces of animals of the deuterostome lineage. Earlier studies suggested that humans may not express N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a hydroxylated form of the common sialic acid N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). We find that while Neu5Gc is essentially undetectable on human plasma proteins and erythrocytes, it is a major component in all the four extant great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla and orangutan) as well as in many other mammals. This marked difference is also seen amongst cultured lymphoblastoid cells from humans and great apes, as well as in a variety of other tissues compared between humans and chimpanzees, including the cerebral cortex and the cerebrospinal fluid. Biosynthetically, Neu5Gc arises from the action of a hydroxylase that converts the nucleotide donor CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc. This enzymatic activity is present in chimpanzee cells, but not in human cells. However, traces of Neu5Gc occur in some human tissues, and others have reported expression of Neu5Gc in human cancers and fetal tissues. Thus, the enzymatic capacity to express Neu5Gc appears to have been suppressed sometime after the great ape-hominid divergence. As terminal structures on cell surfaces, sialic acids are involved in intercellular cross-talk involving specific vertebrate lectins, as well as in microbe-host recognition involving a wide variety of pathogens. The level of sialic acid hydroxylation (level of Neu5Ac versus Neu5Gc) is known to positively or negatively affect several of these endogenous and exogenous interactions. Thus, there are potential functional consequences of this widespread structural change in humans affecting the surfaces of cells throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Muchmore
- UCSD Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0687, USA
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18
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Chou HH, Takematsu H, Diaz S, Iber J, Nickerson E, Wright KL, Muchmore EA, Nelson DL, Warren ST, Varki A. A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the Homo-Pan divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:11751-6. [PMID: 9751737 PMCID: PMC21712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are important cell-surface molecules of animals in the deuterostome lineage. Although humans do not express easily detectable amounts of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc, a hydroxylated form of the common sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid, Neu5Ac), it is a major component in great ape tissues, except in the brain. This difference correlates with lack of the hydroxylase activity that converts CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc. Here we report cloning of human and chimpanzee hydroxylase cDNAs. Although this chimpanzee cDNA is similar to the murine homologue, the human cDNA contains a 92-bp deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation. The isolated human gene also shows evidence for this deletion. Genomic PCR analysis indicates that this deletion does not occur in any of the African great apes. The gene is localized to 6p22-p23 in both humans and great apes, which does not correspond to known chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during hominoid evolution. Thus, the lineage leading to modern humans suffered a mutation sometime after the common ancestor with the chimpanzee and bonobo, potentially affecting recognition by a variety of endogenous and exogenous sialic acid-binding lectins. Also, the expression of Neu5Gc previously reported in human fetuses and tumors as well as the traces detected in some normal adult humans must be mediated by an alternate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Chou
- Glycobiology Program, Divisions of Hematology-Oncology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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19
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Hubbard SC, Walls L, Ruley HE, Muchmore EA. Generation of Chinese hamster ovary cell glycosylation mutants by retroviral insertional mutagenesis. Integration into a discrete locus generates mutants expressing high levels of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:3717-24. [PMID: 8106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis can both generate somatic cell mutants and pinpoint the genomic locus associated with a mutant phenotype. In the present study, this approach was applied to Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) made susceptible to Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) infection by stable expression of an ecotropic retrovirus receptor. These CHO cells were infected with a replication incompetent MoMuLV construct with a promoterless hygromycin phosphotransferase (hygro) gene inserted into the U3 region of the long terminal repeat and a second selectable marker, neomycin phosphotransferase (neo), expressed from an internal promoter. CHO clones containing integrated proviruses were selected with hygromycin or G418, and the subset of these with reduced cell surface Neu5Ac were then selected with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The majority of the resulting clones had a phenotype not previously described for WGA-resistant CHO mutants arising spontaneously or from chemical mutagenesis: Neu5Ac was almost completely replaced by Neu5Gc. We have provisionally termed these clones SAP mutants, for sialic acid phenotype. Southern analysis of HindIII digested DNA from four SAP mutants revealed that the MoMuLV provirus is present in a 10.4-kilobase (kb) fragment. Probing with a flanking CHO sequence resulted in equivalent hybridization to a 4.6-kb fragment and the 10.4-kb provirus-containing fragment in all four cases, while uninfected parental cells and non-SAP glycosylation mutants generated in the same retrovirus insertional mutagenesis experiments yielded only the 4.6-kb fragment. Sequencing of the 3'-flanking DNA revealed that each of the four SAP mutants had a unique provirus integration site falling within a 796 bp region of the CHO genome. The frequency with which SAP mutants arise suggests that this may be a preferred site for retrovirus integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hubbard
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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20
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Abstract
The changes in expression of sialic acids in Sprague-Dawley rats in the prenatal and early postnatal time period have been examined in multiple organs, both visceral and non-visceral. In all organs examined, there is a dramatic increase in both N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) shortly after birth. The bulk of the sialic acid is present in the ganglioside fraction in all tissues examined. As total amounts of sialic acid present in gangliosides decrease, the proportion present in the low molecular weight cytosolic fraction increases. A curious observation is that Neu5Ac hydroxylase activity is present at the time of the increase in sialic acid, but its activity does not correlate with Neu5Gc expression after the early postnatal period. This implies that Neu5Gc expression has another level of regulation besides CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, VA Medical Center 92161
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Muchmore EA, Milewski M, Varki A, Diaz S. Biosynthesis of N-glycolyneuraminic acid. The primary site of hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic acid is the cytosolic sugar nucleotide pool. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:20216-23. [PMID: 2684973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is an oncofetal antigen in humans and is developmentally regulated in rodents. We have explored the biology of N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of the parent sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc. We show that the major sialic acid in all compartments of murine myeloma cell lines is Neu5Gc. Pulse-chase analysis in these cells with the sialic acid precursor [6-3H]N-acetylmannosamine demonstrates that most of the newly synthesized Neu5Gc appears initially in the cytosolic low-molecular weight pool bound to CMP. The percentage of Neu5Gc on membrane-bound sialic acids closely parallels that in the CMP-bound pool at various times of chase, whereas that in the free sialic acid pool is very low initially, and rises only later during the chase. This implies that conversion from Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc occurs primarily while Neu5Ac is in its sugar nucleotide form. In support of this, the hydroxylase enzyme from a variety of tissues and cells converted CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc, but showed no activity towards free or alpha-glycosidically bound Neu5Ac. Furthermore, the majority of the enzyme activity is found in the cytosol. Studies with isolated intact Golgi vesicles indicate that CMP-Neu5Gc can be transported and utilized for transfer of Neu5Gc to glycoconjugates. The general properties of the enzyme have also been investigated. The Km for CMP-Neu5Ac is in the range of 0.6-2.5 microM. No activity can be detected against the beta-methylglycoside of Neu5Ac. On the other hand, inhibition studies suggest that the enzyme recognizes both the 5'-phosphate group and the pyrimidine base of the substrate. Taken together, the data allow us to propose pathways for the biosynthesis and reutilization of Neu5Gc, with initial conversion from Neu5Ac occurring primarily at the level of the sugar nucleotide. Subsequent release and reutilization of Neu5Gc could then account for the higher steady-state level of Neu5Gc found in all of the sialic acid pools of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, California
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23
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Abstract
Using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS), we have confirmed the existence of several sialic acid modifications in the adult rat and human colon. The major O-acetylated sialic acid in both species is 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid; N-glycolylneuraminic acid is a major component of the adult rat colon. Both of these major modifications were found to be developmentally regulated during the perinatal period in the rat. The N-glycolyl modification is present prenatally and disappears rapidly in the postnatal period. It reappears in the preweanling period, reaching levels at weaning comparable to those found prenatally. In contrast, the 9-O-acetyl modification is very low prenatally, and undergoes a marked increase shortly after birth in both the rat and human colon. The difference in the kinetics of appearance of the two modifications suggests that they are independently regulated. Regulation of these modifications seems to be influenced by exposure to bacterial by-products or environmental stimuli. The N-glycolyl modification in the rat colon reappeared at weaning, a time of major change in enteral colonic substances. Spontaneously aborted human fetuses, including three with intrauterine infection at 27, 33, and 35 wk of gestation, showed adult levels of O-acetylation in colonic tissue. Also, although O-acetylation in freshly isolated colon tumor specimens was only somewhat lower than that in the adult normal colon, all established colon cancer cell lines studied showed minimal O-acetylation.
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Abstract
The influenza C virus (INF-C) hemagglutinin recognizes 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The same protein contains the receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE), which is a 9-O-acetyl-esterase. The RDE was inactivated by the serine esterase inhibitor di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). [3H]DFP-labeling localized the active site to the heavy chain of the glycoprotein. DFP did not alter the hemagglutination or fusion properties of the protein, but markedly decreased infectivity of the virus, demonstrating that the RDE is important for primary infection. Finally, DFP-treated INF-C bound specifically and irreversibly to cells expressing 9-O-acetylated sialic acids. This provides a probe for a molecule that was hitherto very difficult to study.
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Dukelow WR, Fritz J, Muchmore EA, Porter JA, Pucak G, Richter CB, Watts ES, Wildt DE. Membership analysis of the first six years of the American Society of Primatologists. Am J Primatol 1983; 4:319-322. [PMID: 31991950 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Intact human erythrocytes were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) or dimethyladipimidate (DMA) and tested for their ability to bind [125I]-IgG anti-Rh0(D) and to undergo antibody-mediated hemagglutination. There was no decrease in antibody binding after treatment with GA concentrations up to 1.25% and DMA concentrations up to 1%. Red cells treated with these concentrations of GA and DMA did not agglutinate. The techniques employed to induce agglutination of the cross-linked red cells involved "incomplete" IgG anti-Rho (D) in albumin, "complete" IgM anti-D Rho (D) in saline, and the antiglobulin (Coombs) reaction. The agglutinability of the chemically modified red cells was inversely correlated with the extent of fixation. The dissociation of antibody binding from agglutinability in cross-linked erythrocytes suggests that Rho (D) antigen mobility is required for red cell agglutination. Antigen mobility was manifested by the transition from a relatively monodisperse distribution pattern of Rho (D) antigen sites to one of large aggregates or clusters when agglutination was induced by IgM anti-Rho (D), IgG anti-Rho (D) agglutination of protease modified red cells, and by anti-IgG agglutination of IgG anti-Rho (D)-coated red cells. Antigen clustering was not as prominent in red cells agglutinated by IgG anti-Rho (D) in the presence of albumin. Even though antigen mobility is a prerequisite for antibody-mediated hemagglutination, clustering does not appear to be an absolute requirement. The degree of antigen clustering differs with varying types of agglutination.
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