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Debras E, Capmas P, Maudot C, Chavatte-Palmer P. Uterine wound healing after caesarean section: A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 296:83-90. [PMID: 38417279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The rate of caesarean section (CS) is increasing worldwide. Defects in uterine healing have a major gynaecological and obstetric impact (uterine rupture, caesarean scar defect, caesarean scar pregnancy, placenta accreta spectrum). The complex process of cellular uterine healing after surgery, and specifically after CS, remains poorly understood in contrast to skin wound healing. This literature review on uterine wound healing was mainly based on histological observations, particularly after CS. The primary objective of the review was to examine the effects of CS on uterine tissue at the cellular level, based on histological observations. The secondary objectives were to describe the biomechanical characteristics and the therapies used to improve scar tissue after CS. This review was performed using PRISMA criteria, and PubMed was the data source. The study included all clinical and animal model studies with CS and histological analysis of the uterine scar area (macroscopic, microscopic, immunohistochemical and biomechanical). Twenty studies were included: 10 human and 10 animal models. In total, 533 female humans and 511 female animals were included. Review articles, meeting abstracts, case series, case reports, and abstracts without access to full-text were excluded. The search was limited to studies published in English. No correlation was found between cutaneous and uterine healing. The histology of uterine scars is characterized by disorganized smooth muscle, fibrosis with collagen fibres and fewer endometrial glands. As for skin healing, the initial inflammation phase and mediation of some growth factors (particularly connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumour necrosis factor α and tumour necrosis factor β) seem to be essential. This initial phase has an impact on the subsequent phases of proliferation and maturation. Collagen appears to play a key role in the initial granulation tissue to replace the loss of substance. Subsequent maturation of the scar tissue is essential, with a decrease in collagen and smooth muscle restoration. Unlike skin, the glandular structure of uterine tissue could be responsible for the relatively high incidence of healing defects. Uterine scar defects after CS are characterized by an atrophic disorganized endometrium with atypia and a fibroblastic highly collagenic stromal reaction. Concerning immunohistochemistry, one study found a decrease in tumour necrosis factor β in uterine scar defects. No correlation was found between biomechanical characteristics (particularly uterine strength) and the presence of a collagenous scar after CS. Based on the findings of this review, an illustration of current understanding about uterine healing is provided. There is currently no validated prevention of caesarean scar defects. Various treatments to improve uterine healing after CS have been tested, and appeared to have good efficacy in animal studies: alpha lipoic acid, growth factors, collagen scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells. Further prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debras
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Faculty of medicine, University Paris-Sud Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - P Capmas
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculty of medicine, University Paris-Sud Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM - UMR1018 - CESP - Hopital Paul Brousse, 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - C Maudot
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - P Chavatte-Palmer
- University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Weyers S, Capmas P, Huberlant S, Dijkstra J, Hooker A, Hamerlynck T, Debras E, De Tayrac R, Thurkow A, Fernandez H. Safety & Efficacy of Womed Leaf™, a Novel Barrier Film to Prevent Intrauterine Adhesions after Hysteroscopic Myomectomy: The PREG1 Trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jegaden M, Capmas P, Debras E, Neveu ME, Pourcelot AG, Fernandez H. [Treatment of synechiae related to infertility]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 49:930-935. [PMID: 34051425 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synechiae are intrauterine adhesions that affect the fertility of women. They are most often of post-traumatic origin. The management of pregnancy abortions in the first trimester and post-delivery retention are the main contributing factors. Synechiae is responsible for cycle disorders and repeated pregnancy loss. Hysteroscopy is the reference method for its diagnosis and treatment. The surgical objective is the restoration of a normal sized cavity and a functional endometrium to allow fertilization and implantation. The use of small diameter (5mm) hysteroscopes and no energy or bipolar energy instruments are recommended. Echo guidance facilitates the treatment of severe synechiae and limits the risk of intraoperative perforation. The main risk of treatment is recurrence, particularly in severe cases where multiple operating times are sometimes necessary. An office hysteroscopy at 6 weeks is recommended to identify and treat these recurrences. Different physical, molecular or cellular methods are studied as primary and secondary prevention of postoperative synechiae. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the treatment of synechiae in the context of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jegaden
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, CHU Bicêtre, Service Gynécologie Obstétrique, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - P Capmas
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, CHU Bicêtre, Service Gynécologie Obstétrique, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud Saclay, 63, rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - E Debras
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, CHU Bicêtre, Service Gynécologie Obstétrique, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud Saclay, 63, rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - M-E Neveu
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, CHU Bicêtre, Service Gynécologie Obstétrique, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - A-G Pourcelot
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, CHU Bicêtre, Service Gynécologie Obstétrique, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - H Fernandez
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, CHU Bicêtre, Service Gynécologie Obstétrique, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud Saclay, 63, rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
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Debras E, Fernandez H, Pourcelot AG, Houllier M, Capmas P. [Medical management of interstitiel pregnancy by in situ methotrexate]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 45:673-8. [PMID: 26993077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interstitial pregnancy accounts for 3 to 11% of ectopic pregnancy; these pregnancies are the more frequently non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. Medical treatment can be used in case of unruptured interstitial pregnancy and is used more and more frequently to avoid hemorrhagic risk and risk of conversion to radical surgery when a surgical management is decided. However, a larger use of methotrexate in interstitial pregnancy and conditions of use are not clearly defined. The aim of this study is to report a series of unruptured interstitial pregnancy managed by in situ injection of methotrexate. WOMEN AND METHODS This retrospective observational study included women treated for an interstitial pregnancy between 2010 and 2013 in a teaching hospital. Medical management used was an in situ injection of methotrexate (1mg/kg) guided by vaginal sonography plus an intramuscular injection of methotrexate (1mg/kg) in the 48hours following in situ injection and 600mg of mifepristone when progesterone blood rate was more than 9ng/mL. A great decrease of serum hCG without surgery was considered a success. RESULTS Fourteen women had an interstitial pregnancy during the study period. Six were managed surgically in 5 cases for suspicion of uterine rupture and one for pregnancy of unknown location. Eight women had a medical management and the success rate was 100%. Mean time for decrease of serum hCG until 2 UI/L was 54.4 days [34.0-74.8]. No uterine rupture or immediate complication was reported. Five women out of 8 had a spontaneous pregnancy after management of interstitial pregnancy. CONCLUSION Medical management by in situ injection of methotrexate under sonographic guidance with an intramuscular injection within the 48hours following the in situ injection and mifepristone when ectopic pregnancy was active can be proposed in first-line therapy in case of unruptured interstitial pregnancy. This treatment has a great efficiency and low rate of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debras
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, groupement hospitalier universitaire Sud, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France
| | - H Fernandez
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, groupement hospitalier universitaire Sud, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France; Inserm, centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), U1018, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A-G Pourcelot
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, groupement hospitalier universitaire Sud, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France; Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - M Houllier
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, groupement hospitalier universitaire Sud, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France; Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Capmas
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Bicêtre, groupement hospitalier universitaire Sud, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France; Inserm, centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), U1018, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Debras E, Revaux A, Bricou A, Laas E, Tigaizin A, Benbara A, Carbillon L. [Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of adolescent pregnancies: a cohort study in a hospital in Seine-Saint-Denis France]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 42:579-84. [PMID: 24996878 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics, monitoring, obstetrical complications, childbirth and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies among minors in a cohort of adolescents from Seine-Saint-Denis (France). PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective, cohort, comparative study, conducted from January 1, 1996 to July 31, 2011, made from the database of Jean-Verdier hospital in Seine-Saint-Denis. Three groups were established: patients aged less than 16 years old, patients aged over 16 years old and under 18 years old compared to a group consisting of older primiparas from 18 to 25 years old. The criteria considered were the characteristics of pregnancy, terms of delivery, neonatal outcome and conduct of post-partum. RESULTS Minor patients were statistically more likely to be single, student, smoking and anemia compared to young adults. The obstetrical care was lower for minor compared to the control group with a number of consultations and ultrasounds lower (P < 0.001). Obstetrical complications were similar in the three groups outside of preterm labor. Adolescentes under 16 years old had a higher preterm delivery risk in multivariate analysis (RR = 0.33 CI 95% [0.12; 0.90] P = 0.03). Adolescents had fewer cesarean and instrumental deliveries (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Teenage pregnancy remains an important managing issue for maternities, particularly from a social standpoint. On the medical side, one preterm delivery appears to be more common among these adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debras
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 13, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - A Revaux
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 13, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93140 Bondy, France.
| | - A Bricou
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 13, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - E Laas
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 6, hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - A Tigaizin
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 13, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - A Benbara
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 13, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - L Carbillon
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, université Paris 13, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, avenue du 14-juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
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Nguema GN, Debras E, Grizard J, Alliot J. Amino acid supplementation prevents the loss of appetite for casein in old Lou/Cjall rats. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:652-61. [PMID: 17376628 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A deleterious reduction of casein intake occurring earlier in males than in females had been previously observed in old Lou/Cjall rats. On the contrary, protein intake was observed to be maintained in old males when they were offered whey protein. Present studies were designed to investigate the effect of dietary casein modification on protein decrease. In two lifelong studies, male and female Lou/Cjall rats were tested every four months in order to study protein intake depending on the protein available: casein, whey protein or casein supplemented with an amino acid mixture (SC). In subsequent cross-sectional studies, young, adult, middle-aged and old rats were successively fed with casein, casein supplemented either with leucine or with alanine or with glycine. Supplementing casein with an amino acid mixture both globally increased protein intake and allowed old males to maintain a high rate of protein intake. In cross-sectional experiments, no effect of supplementation was seen in the young group. In older animals, the greatest effect was seen when casein was supplemented with alanine or glycine, independently of sex and age. We therefore, concluded that supplemented casein is more beneficial for old rats than casein alone, probably by increasing amino acid availability. We hypothesize that alanine could act through its effect on gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Nzang Nguema
- Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie du Vieillissement, Complexe Scientifique des Cézeaux, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Rieu I, Balage M, Sornet C, Debras E, Ripes S, Rochon-Bonhomme C, Pouyet C, Grizard J, Dardevet D. Increased availability of leucine with leucine-rich whey proteins improves postprandial muscle protein synthesis in aging rats. Nutrition 2007; 23:323-31. [PMID: 17367997 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously found that aging was characterized by a decreased sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis to leucine and that a free leucine-supplemented diet corrected this defect in old rats and elderly humans. The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of selected leucine-rich proteins to stimulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis in old rats to optimize nutritional protein support in the elderly. METHODS Sixty rats (22 mo old) received an experimental meal for the first hour of feeding and a standard diet for the rest of the day for 30 d. Experimental meals contained milk proteins that differed in leucine content: beta-lactoglobulin (14.5% leucine), Prolacta (13.4%), alpha-lactalbumin (10.9%), and casein (10%). As a control, a fifth group was added that received herring flour protein (7.3% leucine). Muscle protein synthesis was determined in vivo in the postprandial state at the end of the 30-d nutritional period using the flooding dose method (1-(13)C phenylalanine). RESULTS Leucine intake and plasma leucine concentrations were significantly increased in rats fed meals containing the leucine-rich proteins (i.e., beta-lactoglobulin and Prolacta). As previously observed with free leucine-supplemented meals, postprandial muscle protein synthesis was significantly improved in rats fed the meals containing the leucine-rich proteins. Interestingly, the beneficial effect was maintained after the 30-d supplementation. CONCLUSION The results indicated that leucine-rich proteins were efficient in improving muscle protein synthesis in old rats. Thus, nutritional supplements containing such proteins may be efficient in preventing sarcopenia in the elderly and would represent a safe and optimized nutritional strategy. However, further experiments are necessary to determine the duration of such nutritional support to obtain a significant protein gain in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Rieu
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Debras E, Prod'homme M, Rieu I, Balage M, Dardevet D, Grizard J. Postprandial leucine deficiency failed to alter muscle protein synthesis in growing and adult rats. Nutrition 2007; 23:267-76. [PMID: 17352963 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of a specific acute postprandial leucine deficiency on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in growing and adult rats. Because the anabolic action of dietary leucine supplementation is controversial, except during aging, we hypothesized that the maximum leucine effect might be already achieved for a normal postprandial rise of leucine. Preventing this rise during the 1- to 3-h period after feeding may reveal the leucine regulation. METHODS On the day of the experiment, rats were fasted (postabsorptive, PA group) or fed for 1 h a control meal (postprandial, control, PP group) or a leucine-poor meal (postprandial, PP-Leu group). Muscle protein synthesis was assessed in vivo, over the 1- to 3-h period after meal distribution, using the flooding dose method (L-1-(13)C phenylalanine). RESULTS As expected, the postprandial increase in plasma free leucine was specifically abolished after feeding the leucine-poor meal, whereas all the other plasma free amino acids were roughly at normal postprandial levels. Plasma insulin increased after feeding in young rats but was constant in adult rats. Plasma insulin was similar whatever dietary leucine levels. Rates of muscle protein synthesis were stimulated by feeding in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles from young rats but only in gastrocnemius muscles from adult rats. The PP-Leu group did not differ from the control PP group regarding muscle protein synthesis. CONCLUSION The rise in plasma free leucine is not required for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis during the 1- to 3-h period after feeding young and adult rats, as previously observed in old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Debras
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-63122 Saint Genès Champanelle Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Auvergne, France
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Lara-Villoslada F, Debras E, Nieto A, Concha A, Gálvez J, López-Huertas E, Boza J, Obled C, Xaus J. Oligosaccharides isolated from goat milk reduce intestinal inflammation in a rat model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:477-88. [PMID: 16375993 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increased interest in the study of manipulation of the flora with pro- and prebiotics regarding inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of oligosaccharides from goat milk in a rat model of dextran sodium sulfate- (DSS-) induced colitis. METHODS Twenty rats were fed the same diet but with different sources of fiber (5% of the diet): cellulose or a mixture of goat's milk oligosaccharides (GMO) and cellulose. DSS treatment was used to induce a colonic inflammation. Several clinical and inflammatory parameters, as well as intestinal micorbiota and gene expression by DNA microarray technology, were evaluated. RESULTS DSS induced a decrease in body weight which was not observed in rats fed the GMO (decrease of 21+/-11% in control rats vs increase of 5.2+/-8.6 in GMO rats, P<0.05). DSS also caused an acute colonic inflammatory process which was weaker in rats fed the GMO, as shown by colon myeloperoxidase activity (0.53+/-0.16 vs 0.14+/-0.07U/mg of protein, P<0.05), as well as clinical symptoms measured by a scoring system (1.25+/-1.14 vs 0.4+/-0.07, P<0.05). GMO rats also showed less severe colonic lesions and a more favorable intestinal microbiota. The expression of genes involved in intestinal function, such as mucine-3, was down-regulated in DSS-control rats but returned to normal values in GMO rats. CONCLUSION GMO reduce intestinal inflammation and contribute to the recovery of damaged colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lara-Villoslada
- Department of Immunology and Animal Sciences. PULEVA BIOTECH, S.A. Camino de Purchil no. 66, 18004 Granada, Spain.
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Prod'homme M, Balage M, Debras E, Farges MC, Kimball S, Jefferson L, Grizard J. Differential effects of insulin and dietary amino acids on muscle protein synthesis in adult and old rats. J Physiol 2004; 563:235-48. [PMID: 15513948 PMCID: PMC1665559 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential roles of insulin and dietary amino acids in the regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis were examined in adult and old rats. Animals were fed over 1 h with either a 25% or a 0% amino acid/protein meal. In each nutritional condition, postprandial insulin secretion was either maintained or blocked with diazoxide injections. Protein synthesis in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was assessed in vivo using the flooding dose method. Insulin suppression decreased protein synthesis in both muscles irrespective of the nutritional condition and age of the rats. Moreover, reduced insulinaemia was associated with 4E-BP1 dephosphorylation, enhanced assembly of the 4E-BP1-eIF4E inactive complex and hypophosphorylation of eIF4E, p70S6k and protein kinase B, key intermediates in the regulation of translation initiation and protein synthesis. Old rats did not differ from adult rats. The lack of amino acids in the meal of insulin-suppressed rats did not result in any additional decrease in protein synthesis. In the presence of insulin secretion, dietary amino acid suppression significantly decreased gastrocnemius protein synthesis in adult but not in old rats. Amino acid suppression was associated with reduced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70S6k in adults. Along with protein synthesis, only the inhibition of p70S6k phosphorylation was abolished in old rats. We concluded that insulin is required for the regulation of muscle protein synthesis irrespective of age and that the effect of dietary amino acids is blunted in old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Prod'homme
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition et Métabolisme Protéique, 63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Lemosquet S, Thibault JN, Thomas A, Debras E, Hurtaud C. Validation of the measurement of glucose appearance rate with [6,6-2H2]glucose in lactating dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 44:17-27. [PMID: 15189007 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2004012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the measurement of glucose appearance rate using [6,6-2H2]glucose i.v. infusion in lactating dairy cows. Sample enrichments were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Linearity (enriched solutions) and specificity (enriched plasma) were good: for enrichments ranging between 1.6 and 6.3 mol% excess, the slopes were about 1 and the ordinates at the origin were not different from zero. For a plasma enriched at 3.74 mol% excess, repeatability and long term intralaboratory reproducibility coefficients of variation were 1.31 and 1.90%, respectively. The appearance rates were calculated by two models. The values provided by the steady-state model were not different from those provided by the non-steady-state Steele model. Both models can be used because the treatment effects were similarly discriminated regardless of the model. In our experiments analysing the nutritional effects on Ra in mid-lactating cows, the precision of the method (1.90%) was not the limiting factor to detect a significant difference in Ra compared to the statistical precision obtained with the experimental scheme (4 x 4 and 5 x 5 Latin square design). We conclude that in lactating dairy cows, the measurement of glucose fluxes with this method is relevant and minimally invasive for the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lemosquet
- Unité mixte de Recherches sur la Production du Lait, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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Lemosquet S, Debras E, Balage M, Hocquette JF, Rulquin H, Grizard J. Short-term mild hyperglycemia enhances insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in lactating goats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R464-74. [PMID: 11792656 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2002.282.2.r464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work was designed to study the effect of a 3-day mild hyperglycemia (5.3 vs. 3.3 mM) on the regulation of glucose metabolism in lactating goats. Glucose was intravenously infused at variable rates simultaneously with a constant potassium-amino acid infusion. Diet plus substrate infusion maintained net energy but not protein supply. Milk yield did not change. Skeletal muscle glucose transporter (GLUT-4) was analyzed before and after hyperglycemia. In addition, the acute effect of medium and high insulin doses on glucose turnover was measured in vivo during euglycemic and hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps under potassium and amino acid replacement. Hyperglycemia reduced the endogenous glucose appearance but increased glucose disposal. It decreased the total membrane-associated GLUT-4 protein in skeletal muscle. In contrast, it improved the acute insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Both the level and duration (3 days) of hyperglycemia contributed to this improvement. We conclude that short-term mild hyperglycemia has similar effects in lactating goats as those already observed in nonlactating rodents or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lemosquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherches sur la Production du Lait, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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Savary I, Debras E, Dardevet D, Rambourdin F, Vasson MP, Obled C, Grizard J. Evidence for an alteration of plasma and liver proteins response to dexamethasone in aging rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:105-20. [PMID: 11163627 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was carried out to analyse the liver and plasma proteins response to dexamethasone in adult (6-8 months) and old (24 months) rats in order to ascertain the involvement of glucocorticoids in the aging process. The animals received dexamethasone (Dex) for 5 or 6 days. As Dex decreased food intake, all groups were pair fed to dexamethasone-treated old rats. The synthesis of mixed plasma and liver proteins (assessed by a flooding dose of [13C] valine) was similarly greatly improved in adult and old rats after Dex treatment. However, the level of mixed plasma proteins was only slightly increased. When specific plasma proteins were assessed, a similar increase in the concentration of albumin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein was observed in adult and old rats. By contrast, fibrinogen decreased to a greater extend in old rats and alpha2 macroglobulin became undetectable in old animals. It was concluded that the response of plasma and liver proteins to Dex was altered in old rats and may contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases which occur during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Savary
- Unité de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Equipe Nutriments et Métabolismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand Theix, 63122, St Genès Champanelle, France.
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Balage M, Larbaud D, Debras E, Hocquette JF, Grizard J. Acute hyperinsulinemia fails to change GLUT-4 content in crude membranes from goat skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 120:425-30. [PMID: 9787827 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of insulin on GLUT-4 protein level in samples of adipose tissue and skeletal muscles from goats was studied in vivo using an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. The clamp was maintained in conscious goats for 6 h in the presence of amino acids to prevent insulin-induced hypoaminoacidemia. GLUT-4 protein was assessed in crude membrane preparations from adipose tissue and four skeletal muscles (longissimus dorsi, tensor fasciae latae, anconeus and diaphragm) by Western blot analysis. No changes of GLUT-4 protein content were detected after 6 h of hyperinsulinemia in either adipose tissue or skeletal muscles from goats. These results suggest that insulin is not the prime factor involved in the short-term regulation of GLUT-4 protein transporter content in insulin-sensitive tissues from goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balage
- Unité d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, INRA-Centre de Clermont Ferrand, Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
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Savary I, Debras E, Dardevet D, Sornet C, Capitan P, Prugnaud J, Mirand PP, Grizard J. Effect of glucocorticoid excess on skeletal muscle and heart protein synthesis in adult and old rats. Br J Nutr 1998; 79:297-304. [PMID: 9577308 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19980047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to analyse glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting and subsequent recovery in adult (6-8 months) and old (18-24 months) rats because the increased incidence of various disease states results in hypersecretion of glucocorticoids in ageing. Adult and old rats received dexamethasone in their drinking water for 5 or 6 d and were then allowed to recover for 3 or 7 d. As dexamethasone decreased food intake, all groups were pair-fed to dexamethasone-treated old rats (i.e. the group that had the lowest food intake). At the end of the treatment, adult and old rats showed significant increases in blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. This increase disappeared during the recovery period. Protein synthesis of different muscles was assessed in vivo by a flooding dose of [13C]valine injected subcutaneously 50 min before slaughter. Dexamethasone induced a significant decrease in protein synthesis in fast-twitch glycolytic and oxidative glycolytic muscles (gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus). The treatment affected mostly ribosomal efficiency. Adult dexamethasone-treated rats showed an increase in protein synthesis compared with their pair-fed controls during the recovery period whereas old rats did not. Dexamethasone also significantly decreased protein synthesis in the predominantly oxidative soleus muscle but only in old rats, and increased protein synthesis in the heart of adult but not of old rats. Thus, in skeletal muscle, the catabolic effect of dexamethasone is maintained or amplified during ageing whereas the anabolic effect in heart is depressed. These results are consistent with muscle atrophy occurring with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Savary
- Unité d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand Theix, France.
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Dardevet D, Sornet C, Savary I, Debras E, Patureau-Mirand P, Grizard J. Glucocorticoid effects on insulin- and IGF-I-regulated muscle protein metabolism during aging. J Endocrinol 1998; 156:83-9. [PMID: 9496237 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1560083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to assess the effect of glucocorticoids (dexamethasone) on insulin- and IGF-I-regulated muscle protein metabolism in adult and old rats. Muscle atrophy occurred more rapidly in old rats, and recovery of muscle mass was impaired when compared with adults. Muscle wasting resulted mainly from increased protein breakdown in adult rat but from depressed protein synthesis in the aged animal. Glucocorticoid treatment significantly decreased the stimulatory effect of insulin and IGF-I on muscle protein synthesis in adult rats by 25.9 and 58.1% respectively. In old rats, this effect was even greater, being 49.3 and 100% respectively. With regard to muscle proteolysis, glucocorticoids blunted the anti-proteolytic action of insulin and IGF-I in both age groups. During the recovery period, adult rats reversed the glucocorticoid-induced resistance of muscle protein metabolism within 3 days, at which time old rats still exhibited the decrease in insulin-regulated proteolysis. In conclusion, the higher sensitivity of old rat muscle to glucocorticoids may in part result from the greater modification of the effects of insulin and IGF-I on muscle protein metabolism. These responses to glucocorticoids in old rats may be associated with the emergence of muscle atrophy with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dardevet
- Unité d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ceyrat, France
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Larbaud D, Debras E, Taillandier D, Samuels SE, Temparis S, Champredon C, Grizard J, Attaix D. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia and hyperaminoacidemia decrease skeletal muscle ubiquitin mRNA in goats. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:E505-12. [PMID: 8843744 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.3.e505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin inhibits protein breakdown at the whole body level, but neither the tissues nor the proteolytic pathways on which insulin exerts its antiproteolytic effect are well characterized. We measured the effects of insulin on mRNA levels for cathepsin D and m-calpain (a lysosomal and Ca2(+)-dependent proteinase, respectively) and ubiquitin (a component of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis) in skeletal muscle, skin, liver, and intestine. We used a 6-h hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic, and hyperaminoacidemic clamp in goats, a species in which insulin markedly inhibited whole body protein breakdown under similar conditions [S. Tesseraud, J. Grizard, E. Debras, I. Papet, Y. Bonnet, G. Bayle, and C. Champredon. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Endocrinol. Metab. 28): E402-E413, 1993]. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperaminoacidemia had no effect on cathepsin D, m-calpain, and ubiquitin mRNA levels in liver, skin, and jejunum. In contrast, depressed ubiquitin mRNA levels were seen in skeletal muscle without any concomitant reduction in mRNA levels for cathepsin D, m-calpain, and other components of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway. The reduced ubiquitin mRNA levels in skeletal muscle may represent a possible mechanism explaining the antiproteolytic effect of insulin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Larbaud
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Unité d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, Ceyrat, France
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Tauveron I, Larbaud D, Champredon C, Debras E, Tesseraud S, Bayle G, Bonnet Y, Thiéblot P, Grizard J. Effect of hyperinsulinemia and hyperaminoacidemia on muscle and liver protein synthesis in lactating goats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267:E877-85. [PMID: 7810629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.6.e877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was carried out to clarify the roles of insulin and amino acids on protein synthesis in fed lactating goats (30 days postpartum). Protein synthesis in the liver and various skeletal muscles was assessed after an intravenous injection of a large dose of unlabeled valine containing a tracer dose of L-[2,3,4-3H]valine. The animals were divided into three groups. Group I was infused with insulin (1.7 mumol/min) for 2.5 h under glucose, potassium, and amino acid replacement. Group A was infused with an amino acid mixture to create stable hyperaminoacidemia for 2.5 h. Group C animals were controls. The fractional synthesis rates (FSR) were 31.5 +/- 2.2, 6.5 +/- 0.4, 4.3 +/- 0.8, 4.0 +/- 1.2, 3.9 +/- 1.2, and 3.6 +/- 0.4%/day (SD) in liver, masseter, diaphragm, anconeus, semitendinosus, and longissimus dorsi, respectively, for group C. Neither hyperinsulinemia in group I nor hyperaminoacidemia in group A had not affected by hyperinsulinemia but was stimulated by hyperaminoacidemia (+30%, P < 0.05). In contrast to previous experiments in which a labeled amino acid was constantly infused, this study revealed a stimulating effect of amino acids on protein synthesis in the liver but not in skeletal muscles. As previously observed in studies with the constant-infusion method, insulin had no effect on protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tauveron
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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Tesseraud S, Grizard J, Debras E, Papet I, Bonnet Y, Bayle G, Champredon C. Leucine metabolism in lactating and dry goats: effect of insulin and substrate availability. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:E402-13. [PMID: 8214049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.3.e402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Early lactating goats show insulin resistance with respect to extramammary glucose utilization. However, much less is known about the two major factors, insulin and plasma amino acid concentration, that regulate protein metabolism in lactating goats. To examine this question, the in vivo effect of acute insulin was studied in goats during early lactation (12-31 days postpartum), midlactation (98-143 days postpartum), and the dry period (approximately 1 yr postpartum). Insulin was infused (at 0.36 or 1.79 nmol/min) under euglycemic and eukaliemic clamps. In addition, appropriate amino acid infusion was used to blunt insulin-induced hypoaminoacidemia or to create hyperaminoacidemia and maintain this condition under insulin treatment. Leucine kinetics were assessed using a primed continuous infusion of L-[1-14C]-leucine, which started 2.5 h before insulin. In all animals the insulin treatments failed to stimulate the nonoxidative leucine disposal (an estimate of whole body protein synthesis) under both euaminoacidemic and hyperaminoacidemic conditions. Thus, in goat as well as humans, infusion of insulin fails to stimulate protein synthesis even when combined with a substantially increased provision of amino acids. In contrast, insulin treatments caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the endogenous leucine appearance (an estimate of whole body protein degradation). Under euaminoacidemia the initial slope from the plot of the endogenous leucine appearance as a function of plasma insulin (an insulin sensitivity index) was steeper during early lactation than when compared with the dry period. A similar trend occurred during midlactation but not to any significant degree. These differences were abolished under hyperaminoacidemia. It was concluded that the ability of physiological insulin to inhibit protein degradation was improved during lactation, demonstrating a clear-cut dissociation between the effects of insulin on protein and glucose metabolism. This adaptation no doubt may provide a mechanism to save body protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tesseraud
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Ceyrat, France
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Tesseraud S, Grizard J, Makarski B, Debras E, Bayle G, Champredon C. Effect of insulin in conjunction with glucose, amino acids and potassium on net metabolism of glucose and amino acids in the goat mammary gland. J DAIRY RES 1992; 59:135-49. [PMID: 1613172 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic insulin clamp technique was used to study the effect of insulin on the arterio-venous concentration differences of glucose and amino acids across the mammary gland in dairy goats. Insulin was given in conjunction with K to prevent insulin hypokalaemia. Appropriate amino acid infusion was used to blunt insulin-induced hypoaminoacidaemia or to create hyperaminoacidaemia and maintain this state under insulin treatment. Hyperaminoacidaemia alone only stimulated mammary leucine uptake but did not significantly modify the net metabolism of other amino acids and glucose. Insulin infusion at physiological level in conjunction with glucose, KCl-NaCl and amino acids failed to alter mammary uptake of glucose and essential amino acids; occasional increase in arginine extraction and decrease in tyrosine extraction were exceptions. Thus these new experimental conditions did not reveal any galactopoietic effect of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tesseraud
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, INRA, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand Theix, Ceyrat, France
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Abstract
Whole-body methionine flux (rate of irreversible loss from plasma) and tissue protein synthesis were estimated in dry and early lactating goats (10-14 d postpartum) by intravenous infusion of L-[35S]methionine. Tissue protein mass was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher for mammary gland and liver but lower for carcass in lactating animals. The plasma methionine flux was higher during lactation (8.5 vs. 5.1 g/d). The fractional synthesis rates of tissue proteins (Ksp: %/d) were lower during lactation for some muscles, especially the masseter muscle (1.46 vs. 2.15), and for skin (0.59 vs. 1.22) and the pooled head plus feet fraction (1.64 vs. 2.31), but the rates were greatly increased in mammary gland (42 vs. 3). The non-mammary methionine flux (plasma flux minus the flux corresponding to milk methionine output and methionine utilization for mammary protein synthesis) was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower for the lactating goats than for the dry group (93 vs. 131 mg.d-1.kg empty body weight-1). This is in agreement with the lower rates of protein synthesis in carcass (542 vs. 948 mg.d-1.kg empty body weight-1) and skin (93 vs. 189) for lactating compared to dry goats. It can be inferred from these data that in early lactation, when nutrient requirements of animals are not adequately met, an adaptative mechanism occurs that allows amino acids to be available for the mammary gland by a decrease of their utilization in some extramammary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Champredon
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, INRA, Ceyrat, France
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Debras E, Grizard J, Aina E, Tesseraud S, Champredon C, Arnal M. Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness during lactation and dry period in goats. Am J Physiol 1989; 256:E295-302. [PMID: 2645789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.2.e295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of insulin in partitioning nutrients between the mammary gland and other tissues during lactation in ruminants, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed in goats during early lactation (15-26 days postpartum), midlactation (78-91 days postpartum), and dry period (169-194 days postpartum). Insulin was infused at 0.4, 0.7, 1.9, 4.4, and 10 micrograms/min. Basal plasma glucose was constant during all periods despite the fact that basal glucose utilization was approximately 3 times higher during lactation than dry period. Basal plasma insulin was similar during early lactation and dry period but increased during midlactation. Insulin infusion resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of glucose utilization. The insulin-stimulated glucose utilization above basal was greatly impaired during early lactation when compared with dry period, but this only occurred at very high plasma insulin. Insulin infusion also resulted in a decrease in glucose production; the maximal insulin effect is achieved at the lowest insulin infusion rate. The ability of insulin to decrease glucose production was significantly improved during early lactation when compared with dry period. This phenomenon may provide a mechanism to save gluconeogenic substrates during early lactation. In contrast, midlactation did not result in any significant change in insulin action with both glucose utilization and glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Debras
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ceyrat, France
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Abstract
The metabolism and action of insulin and glucagon were investigated in goats during mid lactating (50 days postpartum) and during the dry period. The animals were fed hay and concentrate during lactation (1:1) and only hay during dry period. Pulse doses of unlabelled insulin and glucagon were injected intravenously. The disappearance of insulin from the circulation was faster during lactation than during dry period; the metabolic clearance rate of insulin was significantly increased during lactation. In contrast, the kinetic parameters of glucagon disappearance were very similar during the two periods. Basal plasma hormones (i.e. before hormone injection) were higher during lactation than during dry period; the molar ratio insulin:glucagon was left unchanged. The increase in plasma insulin following glucagon-stimulated hyperglycaemia was similar during the two periods. The ability of insulin to elicit a decrease in blood glucose was markedly impaired during lactation when compared to dry period. In contrast the ability of glucagon to increase blood glucose was slightly improved during lactation. Those endocrine changes could be related to the effect of both lactation and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grizard
- Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme Azoté, INRA Centre de THEIX, Ceyrat, France
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