1
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Oftedal BE, Assing K, Baris S, Safgren SL, Johansen IS, Jakobsen MA, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Agre K, Klee EW, Majcic E, Ferré EM, Schmitt MM, DiMaggio T, Rosen LB, Rahman MO, Chrysis D, Giannakopoulos A, Garcia MT, González-Granado LI, Stanley K, Galant-Swafford J, Suwannarat P, Meyts I, Lionakis MS, Husebye ES. Dominant-negative heterozygous mutations in AIRE confer diverse autoimmune phenotypes. iScience 2023; 26:106818. [PMID: 37235056 PMCID: PMC10206195 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe and childhood onset organ-specific autoimmunity caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. More recently, dominant-negative mutations within the PHD1, PHD2, and SAND domains have been associated with an incompletely penetrant milder phenotype with later onset familial clustering, often masquerading as organ-specific autoimmunity. Patients with immunodeficiencies or autoimmunity where genetic analyses revealed heterozygous AIRE mutations were included in the study and the dominant-negative effects of the AIRE mutations were functionally assessed in vitro. We here report additional families with phenotypes ranging from immunodeficiency, enteropathy, and vitiligo to asymptomatic carrier status. APS-1-specific autoantibodies can hint to the presence of these pathogenic AIRE variants although their absence does not rule out their presence. Our findings suggest functional studies of heterozygous AIRE variants and close follow-up of identified individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E. Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen and Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Assing
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Safa Baris
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stephanie L. Safgren
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Isik S. Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Eric W. Klee
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emina Majcic
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen and Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise M.N. Ferré
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica M. Schmitt
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tom DiMaggio
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey B. Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen and Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Giannakopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | - Maria Tallon Garcia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Ignacio González-Granado
- Unidad de Inmunodeficiencias, Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katherine Stanley
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente MidAtlantic, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Pim Suwannarat
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente MidAtlantic, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eystein S. Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen and Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Drummond RA, Desai JV, Hsu AP, Oikonomou V, Vinh DC, Acklin JA, Abers MS, Walkiewicz MA, Anzick SL, Swamydas M, Vautier S, Natarajan M, Oler AJ, Yamanaka D, Mayer-Barber KD, Iwakura Y, Bianchi D, Driscoll B, Hauck K, Kline A, Viall NS, Zerbe CS, Ferré EM, Schmitt MM, DiMaggio T, Pittaluga S, Butman JA, Zelazny AM, Shea YR, Arias CA, Ashbaugh C, Mahmood M, Temesgen Z, Theofiles AG, Nigo M, Moudgal V, Bloch KC, Kelly SG, Whitworth MS, Rao G, Whitener CJ, Mafi N, Gea-Banacloche J, Kenyon LC, Miller WR, Boggian K, Gilbert A, Sincock M, Freeman AF, Bennett JE, Hasbun R, Mikelis CM, Kwon-Chung KJ, Belkaid Y, Brown GD, Lim JK, Kuhns DB, Holland SM, Lionakis MS. Human Dectin-1 deficiency impairs macrophage-mediated defense against phaeohyphomycosis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e159348. [PMID: 36377664 PMCID: PMC9663159 DOI: 10.1172/jci159348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis typically affects immunocompetent individuals following traumatic inoculation. Severe or disseminated infection can occur in CARD9 deficiency or after transplantation, but the mechanisms protecting against phaeohyphomycosis remain unclear. We evaluated a patient with progressive, refractory Corynespora cassiicola phaeohyphomycosis and found that he carried biallelic deleterious mutations in CLEC7A encoding the CARD9-coupled, β-glucan-binding receptor, Dectin-1. The patient's PBMCs failed to produce TNF-α and IL-1β in response to β-glucan and/or C. cassiicola. To confirm the cellular and molecular requirements for immunity against C. cassiicola, we developed a mouse model of this infection. Mouse macrophages required Dectin-1 and CARD9 for IL-1β and TNF-α production, which enhanced fungal killing in an interdependent manner. Deficiency of either Dectin-1 or CARD9 was associated with more severe fungal disease, recapitulating the human observation. Because these data implicated impaired Dectin-1 responses in susceptibility to phaeohyphomycosis, we evaluated 17 additional unrelated patients with severe forms of the infection. We found that 12 out of 17 carried deleterious CLEC7A mutations associated with an altered Dectin-1 extracellular C-terminal domain and impaired Dectin-1-dependent cytokine production. Thus, we show that Dectin-1 and CARD9 promote protective TNF-α- and IL-1β-mediated macrophage defense against C. cassiicola. More broadly, we demonstrate that human Dectin-1 deficiency may contribute to susceptibility to severe phaeohyphomycosis by certain dematiaceous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy P. Hsu
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Donald C. Vinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), and Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, Research Institute-MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua A. Acklin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Research Technologies Branches, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - David Bianchi
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Driscoll
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ken Hauck
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Christa S. Zerbe
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Adrian M. Zelazny
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne R. Shea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cesar A. Arias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Infectious Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cameron Ashbaugh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maryam Mahmood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zelalem Temesgen
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Masayuki Nigo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Varsha Moudgal
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen C. Bloch
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean G. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cindy J. Whitener
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neema Mafi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Lawrence C. Kenyon
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William R. Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Infectious Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gilbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Alexandra F. Freeman
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Constantinos M. Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Wang EY, Dai Y, Rosen CE, Schmitt MM, Dong MX, Ferré EM, Liu F, Yang Y, González-Hernández JA, Meffre E, Hinchcliff M, Koumpouras F, Lionakis MS, Ring AM. High-throughput identification of autoantibodies that target the human exoproteome. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100172. [PMID: 35360706 PMCID: PMC8967185 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies that recognize extracellular proteins (the exoproteome) exert potent biological effects but are challenging to detect. Here, we developed rapid extracellular antigen profiling (REAP), a high-throughput technique for the comprehensive discovery of exoproteome-targeting autoantibodies. Patient samples are applied to a genetically barcoded yeast surface display library containing 2,688 human extracellular proteins. Antibody-coated yeast are isolated, and sequencing of barcodes is used to identify displayed antigens. To benchmark REAP's performance, we screened 77 patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1). REAP sensitively and specifically detected both known and previously unidentified autoantibodies in APS-1. We further screened 106 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and identified numerous autoantibodies, several of which were associated with disease severity or specific clinical manifestations and exerted functional effects on cell signaling ex vivo. These findings demonstrate the utility of REAP to atlas the expansive landscape of exoproteome-targeting autoantibodies and their impacts on patient health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y. Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Connor E. Rosen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monica M. Schmitt
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mei X. Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elise M.N. Ferré
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Feimei Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fotios Koumpouras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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4
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Bastard P, Orlova E, Sozaeva L, Lévy R, James A, Schmitt MM, Ochoa S, Kareva M, Rodina Y, Gervais A, Le Voyer T, Rosain J, Philippot Q, Neehus AL, Shaw E, Migaud M, Bizien L, Ekwall O, Berg S, Beccuti G, Ghizzoni L, Thiriez G, Pavot A, Goujard C, Frémond ML, Carter E, Rothenbuhler A, Linglart A, Mignot B, Comte A, Cheikh N, Hermine O, Breivik L, Husebye ES, Humbert S, Rohrlich P, Coaquette A, Vuoto F, Faure K, Mahlaoui N, Kotnik P, Battelino T, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Kisand K, Ferré EM, DiMaggio T, Rosen LB, Burbelo PD, McIntyre M, Kann NY, Shcherbina A, Pavlova M, Kolodkina A, Holland SM, Zhang SY, Crow YJ, Notarangelo LD, Su HC, Abel L, Anderson MS, Jouanguy E, Neven B, Puel A, Casanova JL, Lionakis MS. Preexisting autoantibodies to type I IFNs underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with APS-1. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210554. [PMID: 33890986 PMCID: PMC8077172 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with biallelic loss-of-function variants of AIRE suffer from autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1) and produce a broad range of autoantibodies (auto-Abs), including circulating auto-Abs neutralizing most type I interferons (IFNs). These auto-Abs were recently reported to account for at least 10% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in the general population. We report 22 APS-1 patients from 21 kindreds in seven countries, aged between 8 and 48 yr and infected with SARS-CoV-2 since February 2020. The 21 patients tested had auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α subtypes and/or IFN-ω; one had anti-IFN-β and another anti-IFN-ε, but none had anti-IFN-κ. Strikingly, 19 patients (86%) were hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia, including 15 (68%) admitted to an intensive care unit, 11 (50%) who required mechanical ventilation, and four (18%) who died. Ambulatory disease in three patients (14%) was possibly accounted for by prior or early specific interventions. Preexisting auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs in APS-1 patients confer a very high risk of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia at any age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alyssa James
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Monica M. Schmitt
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sebastian Ochoa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Yulia Rodina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Elana Shaw
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lucia Ghizzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gérard Thiriez
- Intensive Care Unit, Besançon Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Arthur Pavot
- Intensive Care Unit, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Internal Medicine Department, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Saclay University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie-Louise Frémond
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Edwin Carter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Brigite Mignot
- Pediatric Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Aurélie Comte
- Pediatric Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Nathalie Cheikh
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Hematology department, University of Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lars Breivik
- Department of Clinical Science and K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein S. Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science and K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Pierre Rohrlich
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | | | - Fanny Vuoto
- Infectious Disease Unit, Lille Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Karine Faure
- Infectious Disease Unit, Lille Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Primož Kotnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Trebušak Podkrajšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kai Kisand
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elise M.N. Ferré
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas DiMaggio
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lindsey B. Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter D. Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nelli Y. Kann
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Pavlova
- Department of Endocrinology N°1, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yanick J. Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Helen C. Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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