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Martinez RJ, Breed ER, Worota Y, Ashby KM, Vobořil M, Mathes T, Salgado OC, O’Connor CH, Kotenko SV, Hogquist KA. Type III interferon drives thymic B cell activation and regulatory T cell generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220120120. [PMID: 36802427 PMCID: PMC9992806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220120120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of thymic B cells is critical for their licensing as antigen presenting cells and resulting ability to mediate T cell central tolerance. The processes leading to licensing are still not fully understood. By comparing thymic B cells to activated Peyer's patch B cells at steady state, we found that thymic B cell activation starts during the neonatal period and is characterized by TCR/CD40-dependent activation, followed by immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) without forming germinal centers. Transcriptional analysis also demonstrated a strong interferon signature, which was not apparent in the periphery. Thymic B cell activation and CSR were primarily dependent on type III IFN signaling, and loss of type III IFN receptor in thymic B cells resulted in reduced thymocyte regulatory T cell (Treg) development. Finally, from TCR deep sequencing, we estimate that licensed B cells induce development of a substantial fraction of the Treg cell repertoire. Together, these findings reveal the importance of steady-state type III IFN in generating licensed thymic B cells that induce T cell tolerance to activated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Elise R. Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Yosan Worota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Katherine M. Ashby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Matouš Vobořil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Tailor Mathes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Oscar C. Salgado
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Christine H. O’Connor
- Research Informatics Solutions, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Group, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Sergei V. Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
- Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
| | - Kristin A. Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
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2
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Breed ER, Vobořil M, Ashby KM, Martinez RJ, Qian L, Wang H, Salgado OC, O'Connor CH, Hogquist KA. Type 2 cytokines in the thymus activate Sirpα + dendritic cells to promote clonal deletion. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1042-1051. [PMID: 35637352 PMCID: PMC10037932 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The thymus contains a diversity of dendritic cells (DCs) that exist in defined locations and have different antigen-processing and -presenting features. This suggests that they play nonredundant roles in mediating thymocyte selection. In an effort to eliminate SIRPα+ classic DC2 subsets, we discovered that a substantial proportion expresses the surface lectin, CD301b, in the thymus. These cells resemble the CD301b+ type 2 immune response promoting DCs that are present in the skin-draining lymph nodes. Transcriptional and phenotypic comparison to other DC subsets in the thymus revealed that thymic CD301b+ cDCs represent an activated state that exhibits enhanced antigen processing and presentation. Furthermore, a CD301b+ cDC2 subset demonstrated a type 2 cytokine signature and required steady-state interleukin-4 receptor signaling. Selective ablation of CD301b+ cDC2 subsets impaired clonal deletion without affecting regulatory T cells (Treg cells). The T cell receptor α repertoire sequencing confirmed that a cDC2 subset promotes deletion of conventional T cells with minimal effect on Treg cell selection. Together, these findings suggest that cytokine-induced activation of DCs in the thymus substantially enforces central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matouš Vobořil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine M Ashby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ryan J Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lily Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oscar C Salgado
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christine H O'Connor
- Research Informatics Solutions, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Group, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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3
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Lee ST, Georgiev H, Breed ER, Ruscher R, Hogquist KA. MHC Class I on murine hematopoietic APC selects Type A IEL precursors in the thymus. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1080-1088. [PMID: 33521937 PMCID: PMC9846822 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
TCRαβ+ CD8α+ CD8β- intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα IEL) are gut T cells that maintain barrier surface homeostasis. Most CD8αα IEL are derived from thymic precursors (IELp) through a mechanism referred to as clonal diversion. In this model, self-reactive thymocytes undergo deletion in the presence of CD28 costimulation, but in its absence undergo diversion to the IEL fate. While previous reports showed that IELp were largely β2m dependent, the APC that drive the development of these cells are poorly defined. We found that both CD80 and CD86 restrain IELp development, and conventional DCs play a prominent role. We sought to define a CD80/86 negative, MHCI positive APC that supports the development to the IEL lineage. Chimera studies showed that MHCI needs to be expressed on hematopoietic APC for selection. As thymic hematopoietic APC are heterogeneous in their expression of MHCI and costimulatory molecules, we identified four thymic APC types that were CD80/86neg/low and MHCI+ . However, selective depletion of β2m in individual APC suggested functional redundancy. Thus, while hematopoietic APC play a critical role in clonal diversion, no single APC subset is specialized to promote the CD8αα IEL fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roland Ruscher
- Corresponding authors: Kristin Hogquist, , Roland Ruscher,
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Ruscher R, Lee ST, Salgado OC, Breed ER, Osum SH, Hogquist KA. Intestinal CD8αα IELs derived from two distinct thymic precursors have staggered ontogeny. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151959. [PMID: 32687575 PMCID: PMC7398160 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are abundant T cells that protect the gut epithelium. Their thymic precursors (IELps) include PD-1+ type A and Tbet+ type B populations, which differ in their antigen-receptor specificities. To better understand CD8αα IEL ontogeny, we performed "time-stamp" fate mapping experiments and observed that it seeds the intestine predominantly during a narrow time window in early life. Adoptively transferred IELps parked better in the intestines of young mice than in adults. In young mice, both type A and type B IELps had an S1PR1+ and α4β7+ emigration- and mucosal-homing competent phenotype, while this was restricted to type A IELps in adults. Only CD8αα IELs established in early life were enriched in cells bearing type B IELp TCR usage. Together, our results suggest that the young intestine facilitates CD8αα IEL establishment and that early IELs are distinct from IELs established after this initial wave. These data provide novel insight into the ontogeny of CD8αα IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ruscher
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - S Thera Lee
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Oscar C Salgado
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Elise R Breed
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sara H Osum
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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5
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Martinov T, Swanson LA, Breed ER, Tucker CG, Dwyer AJ, Johnson JK, Mitchell JS, Sahli NL, Wilson JC, Singh LM, Hogquist KA, Spanier JA, Fife BT. Programmed Death-1 Restrains the Germinal Center in Type 1 Diabetes. J Immunol 2019; 203:844-852. [PMID: 31324724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibits T and B cell function upon ligand binding. PD-1 blockade revolutionized cancer treatment, and although numerous patients respond, some develop autoimmune-like symptoms or overt autoimmunity characterized by autoantibody production. PD-1 inhibition accelerates autoimmunity in mice, but its role in regulating germinal centers (GC) is controversial. To address the role of PD-1 in the GC reaction in type 1 diabetes, we used tetramers to phenotype insulin-specific CD4+ T and B cells in NOD mice. PD-1 or PD-L1 deficiency, and PD-1 but not PD-L2 blockade, unleashed insulin-specific T follicular helper CD4+ T cells and enhanced their survival. This was concomitant with an increase in GC B cells and augmented insulin autoantibody production. The effect of PD-1 blockade on the GC was reduced when mice were treated with a mAb targeting the insulin peptide:MHC class II complex. This work provides an explanation for autoimmune side effects following PD-1 pathway inhibition and suggests that targeting the self-peptide:MHC class II complex might limit autoimmunity arising from checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Linnea A Swanson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Elise R Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Alexander J Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Jenna K Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nathanael L Sahli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Joseph C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Lovejot M Singh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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6
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Breed ER, Hogquist KA. CD301b+ SIRPα+ dendritic cells play a non-redundant role in inducing clonal deletion in the thymus medulla. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.53.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The thymus contains an assortment of antigen presenting cells (APC) that have distinct locations and antigen processing capabilities. This suggests that they play non-redundant roles in mediating thymocyte selection. Many APC subsets were shown to be capable of driving clonal deletion, however these studies relied primarily on T cell receptor transgenic models. We therefore still do not understand the extent to which distinct APC contribute to clonal deletion in the polyclonal repertoire. Here, we assessed the contribution of different APC subsets to clonal deletion using a cleaved caspase 3-based assay paired with cell type ablation or deficiency. Total deletion frequencies were not altered in the absence of B cells, pDC, or XCR1+ cDC1. In an effort to eliminate SIRPα+ cDC2, we discovered that a substantial proportion of thymic SIRPα+ DC express the lectin CD301b. CD301b+ DCs were localized exclusively within the thymus medulla and depended on IL-4R□. Deficiency of these IL-4/IL-13 signaled DC resulted in a measurable reduction in clonal deletion. These data suggest that CD301b+ SIRPα+ DC represent a distinct population of antigen presenting cells within the thymus and that they are essential for non-redundant deletional tolerance in the polyclonal repertoire.
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7
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Salgado Barrero OC, Lee ST, Breed ER, Hogquist KA. Regulation of thymic type I IFN expression and its role in T cell development. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.53.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Thymocytes undergo a complex maturation process after being positively selected. Recently, the involvement of type I IFN signaling during these late stages was suggested; however, the regulation of intra-thymic type I IFN production and its role in T cell development and central tolerance are relatively unknown. We found that type I IFN, especially IFN-beta, regulate the expression of the maturation marker Qa2, the transcription factor STAT1 and the cell surface protein Ly6A in mature thymocytes. Using a published luciferase reporter mouse strain, Ifnbluc, we found that IFN-beta is expressed in the thymus in the steady state, and its levels peak at around 2–3 weeks of age, when the expression quickly returns to basal levels. The cell source of IFN-beta was mainly medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) expressing high levels of MHC-II and CD80. We showed that IFN-beta expression on mTEC was completely dependent on AIRE and partially dependent on RANKL and CD40 signaling pathways. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of thymic IFN-beta expression on T cell tolerance. Our data suggest that T cells from mice lacking IFN-beta or AIRE show a higher reactivity to IFN-stimulated antigen presenting cells compared to T cells from wild-type mice. We hypothesize that thymic type I IFN provide a mechanism to promote T cell tolerance to IFN-induced peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seungeun Thera Lee
- 1Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
| | - Elise R Breed
- 1Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
| | - Kristin Ann Hogquist
- 1Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
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8
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Breed ER, Watanabe M, Hogquist KA. Measuring Thymic Clonal Deletion at the Population Level. J Immunol 2019; 202:3226-3233. [PMID: 31010850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clonal deletion of T cells specific for self-antigens in the thymus has been widely studied, primarily by approaches that focus on a single receptor (using TCR transgenes) or a single specificity (using peptide-MHC tetramers). However, less is known about clonal deletion at the population level. In this article, we report an assay that measures cleaved caspase 3 to define clonal deletion at the population level. This assay distinguishes clonal deletion from apoptotic events caused by neglect and approximates the anatomic site of deletion using CCR7. This approach showed that 78% of clonal deletion events occur in the cortex in mice. Medullary deletion events were detected at both the semimature and mature stages, although mature events were associated with failed regulatory T cell induction. Using this assay, we showed that bone marrow-derived APC drive approximately half of deletion events at both stages. We also found that both cortical and medullary deletion rely heavily on CD28 costimulation. These findings demonstrate a useful strategy for studying clonal deletion within the polyclonal repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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Breed ER, Hilliard CA, Yoseph B, Mittal R, Liang Z, Chen CW, Burd EM, Brewster LP, Hansen LM, Gleason RL, Pandita TK, Ford ML, Hunt CR, Coopersmith CM. The small heat shock protein HSPB1 protects mice from sepsis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12493. [PMID: 30131526 PMCID: PMC6104051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have implicated the small heat shock protein HSPB1 in a range of physiological functions. However, its in vivo relevance is unclear as the phenotype of unstressed HSPB1−/− mice is unremarkable. To determine the impact of HSPB1 in injury, HSPB1−/− and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Ten-day mortality was significantly higher in HSPB1−/− mice following the onset of sepsis (65% vs. 35%). Ex vivo mechanical testing revealed that common carotid arteries from HSPB1−/− mice were more compliant than those in WT mice over pressures of 50–120 mm Hg. Septic HSPB1−/− mice also had increased peritoneal levels of IFN-γ and decreased systemic levels of IL-6 and KC. There were no differences in frequency of either splenic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, nor were there differences in apoptosis in either cell type. However, splenic CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells from HSPB1−/− mice produced significantly less TNF and IL-2 following ex vivo stimulation. Systemic and local bacterial burden was similar in HSPB1−/− and WT mice. Thus while HSPB1−/− mice are uncompromised under basal conditions, HSPB1 has a critical function in vivo in sepsis, potentially mediated through alterations in arterial compliance and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Breed
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Carolyn A Hilliard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benyam Yoseph
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Rohit Mittal
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Eileen M Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Luke P Brewster
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Laura M Hansen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia.
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Steinert EM, Thompson EA, Beura LK, Adam OA, Mitchell JS, Guo M, Breed ER, Sjaastad FV, Vezys V, Masopust D. Cutting Edge: Evidence for Nonvascular Route of Visceral Organ Immunosurveillance by T Cells. J Immunol 2018; 201:337-342. [PMID: 29875151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes enter tissues from blood vessels through a well-characterized three-step process of extravasation. To our knowledge, nonvascular routes of lymphocyte entry have not been described. In this article, we report that Ag-experienced CD8 T cells in mice recirculate from blood through the peritoneal cavity. In the event of infection, Ag-experienced CD8 T cell subsets adhered to visceral organs, indicating potential transcapsular immunosurveillance. Focusing on the male genital tract (MGT), we observed Ag-experienced CD8 T cell migration from the peritoneal cavity directly to the infected MGT across the capsule, which was dependent on the extracellular matrix receptor CD44. We also observed that, following clearance of infection, the MGT retained functional resident memory CD8 T cells. These data suggest that recirculation through body cavities may provide T cells with opportunities for broad immunosurveillance and potential nonvascular mechanisms of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Steinert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Omar A Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Elise R Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Frances V Sjaastad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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11
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Meier LA, Auger JL, Engelson BJ, Cowan HM, Breed ER, Gonzalez-Torres MI, Boyer JD, Verma M, Marath A, Binstadt BA. CD301b/MGL2 + Mononuclear Phagocytes Orchestrate Autoimmune Cardiac Valve Inflammation and Fibrosis. Circulation 2018; 137:2478-2493. [PMID: 29386201 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.033144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valvular heart disease is common and affects the mitral valve (MV) most frequently. Despite the prevalence of MV disease (MVD), the cellular and molecular pathways that initiate and perpetuate it are not well understood. METHODS K/B.g7 T-cell receptor transgenic mice spontaneously develop systemic autoantibody-associated autoimmunity, leading to fully penetrant fibroinflammatory MVD and arthritis. We used multiparameter flow cytometry, intracellular cytokine staining, and immunofluorescent staining to characterize the cells in inflamed K/B.g7 MVs. We used genetic approaches to study the contribution of mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) to MVD in this model. Specifically, we generated K/B.g7 mice in which either CX3CR1 or CD301b/macrophage galactose N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin 2 (MGL2)-expressing MNPs were ablated. Using K/B.g7 mice expressing Cx3Cr1-Cre, we conditionally deleted critical inflammatory molecules from MNPs, including the Fc-receptor signal-transducing tyrosine kinase Syk and the cell adhesion molecule very late antigen-4. We performed complementary studies using monoclonal antibodies to block key inflammatory molecules. We generated bone marrow chimeric mice to define the origin of the inflammatory cells present in the MV and to determine which valve cells respond to the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Finally, we examined specimens from patients with rheumatic heart disease to correlate our findings to human pathology. RESULTS MNPs comprised the vast majority of MV-infiltrating cells; these MNPs expressed CX3CR1 and CD301b/MGL2. Analogous cells were present in human rheumatic heart disease valves. K/B.g7 mice lacking CX3CR1 or in which CD301b/MGL2-expressing MNPs were ablated were protected from MVD. The valve-infiltrating CD301b/MGL2+ MNPs expressed tissue-reparative molecules including arginase-1 and resistin-like molecule α. These MNPs also expressed the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and interleukin-6, and antibody blockade of these cytokines prevented MVD. Deleting Syk from CX3CR1-expressing MNPs reduced their TNF and interleukin-6 production and also prevented MVD. TNF acted through TNF receptor-1 expressed on valve-resident cells to increase the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Conditionally deleting the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ligand very late antigen-4 from CX3CR1-expressing MNPs prevented MVD. CONCLUSIONS CD301b/MGL2+ MNPs are key drivers of autoimmune MVD in K/B.g7 mice and are also present in human rheumatic heart disease. We define key inflammatory molecules that drive MVD in this model, including Syk, TNF, interleukin-6, very late antigen-4, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Meier
- Center for Immunology (L.A.M., J.L.A., B.J.E., H.M.C., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,Department of Pediatrics (L.A.M., J.L.A., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,University of Minnesota Medical School (L.A.M., B.J.E., E.R.B., M.I.G.-T., M.V., B.A.B.), Minneapolis
| | - Jennifer L Auger
- Center for Immunology (L.A.M., J.L.A., B.J.E., H.M.C., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,Department of Pediatrics (L.A.M., J.L.A., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.)
| | - Brianna J Engelson
- Center for Immunology (L.A.M., J.L.A., B.J.E., H.M.C., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,University of Minnesota Medical School (L.A.M., B.J.E., E.R.B., M.I.G.-T., M.V., B.A.B.), Minneapolis
| | - Hannah M Cowan
- Center for Immunology (L.A.M., J.L.A., B.J.E., H.M.C., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.)
| | - Elise R Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.R.B.).,University of Minnesota Medical School (L.A.M., B.J.E., E.R.B., M.I.G.-T., M.V., B.A.B.), Minneapolis
| | - Mayra I Gonzalez-Torres
- Center for Immunology (L.A.M., J.L.A., B.J.E., H.M.C., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,Department of Pediatrics (L.A.M., J.L.A., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,University of Minnesota Medical School (L.A.M., B.J.E., E.R.B., M.I.G.-T., M.V., B.A.B.), Minneapolis
| | - Joshua D Boyer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.D.B.)
| | - Mayank Verma
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.V.).,University of Minnesota Medical School (L.A.M., B.J.E., E.R.B., M.I.G.-T., M.V., B.A.B.), Minneapolis
| | | | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Center for Immunology (L.A.M., J.L.A., B.J.E., H.M.C., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.) .,Department of Pediatrics (L.A.M., J.L.A., M.I.G.-T., B.A.B.).,University of Minnesota Medical School (L.A.M., B.J.E., E.R.B., M.I.G.-T., M.V., B.A.B.), Minneapolis
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12
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Breed ER, Lee ST, Hogquist KA. Directing T cell fate: How thymic antigen presenting cells coordinate thymocyte selection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 84:2-10. [PMID: 28800929 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a self-tolerant and effective T cell receptor repertoire is dependent on interactions coordinated by various antigen presenting cells (APC) within the thymus. T cell receptor-self-peptide-MHC interactions are essential for determining T cell fate, however different cytokine and co-stimulatory signals provided by the diverse APCs within the thymus are also critical. Here, we outline the different localization and functional capabilities of thymic APCs. We also discuss how these distinct APCs work collectively to facilitate the establishment of a diverse T cell receptor repertoire that is tolerant to an array of different self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Breed
- The Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Thera Lee
- The Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- The Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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13
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Lorentz CA, Liang Z, Meng M, Chen CW, Yoseph BP, Breed ER, Mittal R, Klingensmith NJ, Farris AB, Burd EM, Koval M, Ford ML, Coopersmith CM. Myosin light chain kinase knockout improves gut barrier function and confers a survival advantage in polymicrobial sepsis. Mol Med 2017; 23:155-165. [PMID: 28598488 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced intestinal hyperpermeability is mediated by disruption of the epithelial tight junction, which is closely associated with the peri-junctional actin-myosin ring. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates the myosin regulatory light chain, resulting in increased permeability. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic deletion of MLCK would alter gut barrier function and survival from sepsis. MLCK-/- and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture and assayed for both survival and mechanistic studies. Survival was significantly increased in MLCK-/- mice (95% vs. 24%, p<0.0001). Intestinal permeability increased in septic WT mice compared to unmanipulated mice. In contrast, permeability in septic MLCK-/- mice was similar to that seen in unmanipulated animals. Improved gut barrier function in MLCK-/- mice was associated with increases in the tight junction mediators ZO-1 and claudin 15 without alterations in claudin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, occludin or JAM-A. Other components of intestinal integrity (apoptosis, proliferation and villus length) were unaffected by MLCK deletion as were local peritoneal inflammation and distant lung injury. Systemic IL-10 was decreased greater than 10-fold in MLCK-/- mice; however, survival was similar between septic MLCK-/- mice given exogenous IL-10 or vehicle. These data demonstrate that deletion of MLCK improves survival following sepsis, associated with normalization of intestinal permeability and selected tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adam Lorentz
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mei Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Benyam P Yoseph
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elise R Breed
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rohit Mittal
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nathan J Klingensmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eileen M Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Internal Medicine and Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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14
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Schuldt NJ, Auger JL, Spanier JA, Martinov T, Breed ER, Fife BT, Hogquist KA, Binstadt BA. Cutting Edge: Dual TCRα Expression Poses an Autoimmune Hazard by Limiting Regulatory T Cell Generation. J Immunol 2017; 199:33-38. [PMID: 28539428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite accounting for 10-30% of the T cell population in mice and humans, the role of dual TCR-expressing T cells in immunity remains poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that dual TCR T cells pose an autoimmune hazard by allowing self-reactive TCRs to escape thymic selection. We revisited this hypothesis using the NOD murine model of type 1 diabetes. We bred NOD mice hemizygous at both TCRα and β (TCRα+/- β+/-) loci, rendering them incapable of producing dual TCR T cells. We found that the lack of dual TCRα expression skewed the insulin-specific thymocyte population toward greater regulatory T (Treg) cell commitment, resulting in a more tolerogenic Treg to conventional T cell ratio and protection from diabetes. These data support a novel hypothesis by which dual TCR expression can promote autoimmunity by limiting agonist selection of self-reactive thymocytes into the Treg cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Schuldt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer L Auger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Elise R Breed
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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15
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Schuldt NJ, Auger JL, Spanier J, Martinov T, Breed ER, Fife BT, Hogquist KA, Binstadt BA. Dual TCRα expression alters agonist selection, redirecting Treg-biased insulin-specific thymocytes into the conventional T cell lineage. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.156.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite accounting for ~10% of the T cell population in mice and humans, the role of dual TCR-expressing T cells in immunity remains poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that dual TCR T cells pose an “autoimmune hazard” by allowing self-reactive TCRs to escape negative selection. We revisited this hypothesis using the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We bred NOD mice hemizygous at both TCRα and β (TCRα+/− β+/−) loci, rendering them incapable of producing dual TCR T cells. We found that NOD mice lacking dual TCRα expression were resistant to developing diabetes resulting from an increased insulin-specific Treg:Tconv ratio. Furthermore, early depletion of CD25-expressing cells was sufficient to induce diabetes in single TCR T cell NOD mice demonstrating that these mice are capable of developing diabetes and that Treg cells are responsible for their observed resistance to diabetes. Further investigation uncovered a previously-unrecognized impact of dual TCRα expression on agonist selection. Specifically, we found in single TCR T cell mice that single positive (SP) thymocytes had a higher Treg:CD4 ratio indicating increased Treg commitment, that insulin-specific thymocytes exhibited higher CD5 expression suggesting increased TCR signaling, and that deletion of SP thymocytes was reduced. Altogether these data demonstrate that dual TCRα expression perturbs agonist selection of the insulin-specific thymocyte subset, resulting in skewing of this population toward the diabetogenic conventional CD4+ T cell lineage and away from the regulatory T cell lineage. Thus, dual TCR expression can promote autoimmunity by reducing the ratio of protective Treg cells to pathogenic T cells.
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16
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Mittal R, Wagener M, Breed ER, Liang Z, Yoseph BP, Burd EM, Farris AB, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. Phenotypic T cell exhaustion in a murine model of bacterial infection in the setting of pre-existing malignancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93523. [PMID: 24796533 PMCID: PMC4010417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While much of cancer immunology research has focused on anti-tumor immunity both systemically and within the tumor microenvironment, little is known about the impact of pre-existing malignancy on pathogen-specific immune responses. Here, we sought to characterize the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response following a bacterial infection in the setting of pre-existing pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mice with established subcutaneous pancreatic adenocarcinomas were infected with Listeria monocytogenes, and antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses were compared to those in control mice without cancer. While the kinetics and magnitude of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and accumulation was comparable between the cancer and non-cancer groups, bacterial antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in cancer mice exhibited increased expression of the coinhibitory receptors BTLA, PD-1, and 2B4. Furthermore, increased inhibitory receptor expression was associated with reduced IFN-γ and increased IL-2 production by bacterial antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the cancer group. Taken together, these data suggest that cancer's immune suppressive effects are not limited to the tumor microenvironment, but that pre-existing malignancy induces phenotypic exhaustion in T cells by increasing expression of coinhibitory receptors and may impair pathogen-specific CD8+ T cell functionality and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mittal
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maylene Wagener
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elise R. Breed
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benyam P. Yoseph
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen M. Burd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Center for Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Hunter RA, Privett BJ, Henley WH, Breed ER, Liang Z, Mittal R, Yoseph BP, McDunn JE, Burd EM, Coopersmith CM, Ramsey JM, Schoenfisch MH. Microfluidic amperometric sensor for analysis of nitric oxide in whole blood. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6066-72. [PMID: 23692300 PMCID: PMC3712765 DOI: 10.1021/ac400932s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Standard photolithographic techniques and a nitric oxide (NO) selective xerogel polymer were utilized to fabricate an amperometric NO microfluidic sensor with low background noise and the ability to analyze NO levels in small sample volumes (~250 μL). The sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance in phosphate buffered saline, including a NO sensitivity of 1.4 pA nM(-1), a limit of detection (LOD) of 840 pM, and selectivity over nitrite, ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, uric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium, ammonia, and both protonated and deprotonated peroxynitrite (selectivity coefficients of -5.3, -4.2, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, -5.8, -3.8, -1.5, and -4.0, respectively). To demonstrate the utility of the microfluidic NO sensor for biomedical analysis, the device was used to monitor changes in blood NO levels during the onset of sepsis in a murine pneumonia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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18
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Fox AC, Breed ER, Liang Z, Clark AT, Zee-Cheng BR, Chang KC, Dominguez JA, Jung E, Dunne WM, Burd EM, Farris AB, Linehan DC, Coopersmith CM. Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis in septic mice with cancer increases mortality. J Immunol 2011; 187:1950-6. [PMID: 21734077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte apoptosis is thought to have a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. However, there is a disconnect between animal models of sepsis and patients with the disease, because the former use subjects that were healthy prior to the onset of infection while most patients have underlying comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphocyte apoptosis prevention is effective in preventing mortality in septic mice with preexisting cancer. Mice with lymphocyte Bcl-2 overexpression (Bcl-2-Ig) and wild type (WT) mice were injected with a transplantable pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. Three weeks later, after development of palpable tumors, all animals received an intratracheal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite having decreased sepsis-induced T and B lymphocyte apoptosis, Bcl-2-Ig mice had markedly increased mortality compared with WT mice following P. aeruginosa pneumonia (85 versus 44% 7-d mortality; p = 0.004). The worsened survival in Bcl-2-Ig mice was associated with increases in Th1 cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased production of the Th2 cytokine IL-10 in stimulated splenocytes. There were no differences in tumor size or pulmonary pathology between Bcl-2-Ig and WT mice. To verify that the mortality difference was not specific to Bcl-2 overexpression, similar experiments were performed in Bim(-/-) mice. Septic Bim(-/-) mice with cancer also had increased mortality compared with septic WT mice with cancer. These data demonstrate that, despite overwhelming evidence that prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis is beneficial in septic hosts without comorbidities, the same strategy worsens survival in mice with cancer that are given pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Fox
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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