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Velazquez-Salinas L, Ramirez-Medina E, Rai A, Pruitt S, Vuono EA, Espinoza N, Gay CG, Witte S, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Confirming the absence of parental African swine fever virus as a potential contaminant of recombinant live attenuated ASF vaccines. Biologicals 2023; 83:101685. [PMID: 37276750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease that is currently producing a panzootic significantly impacting the swine industry worldwide. One of the major challenges for advancing the development of ASF vaccines has been the absence of international standards for ASF vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To date, the most effective experimental vaccines have been live attenuated strains of viruses. Most of these promising vaccine candidates have been developed by deleting virus genes involved in the process of viral pathogenesis and disease production. This approach requires genomic modification of a parental virus field strain through a process of homologous recombination followed by purification of the recombinant attenuated virus. In this scenario, it is critical to confirm the absence of any parental virulent virus in the final virus stock used for vaccine production. We present here a protocol to establish the purity of virus stock using the live attenuated vaccine candidates ASFV-G-ΔMGF, ASFV-G-Δ9 GLΔUK and ASFV-G-ΔI177L. Procedures described here includes inoculation in susceptible pigs followed by the assessment of the obtained material by differential qPCRs that allows the identification of vaccine virus from ASFV field isolates. This protocol is proposed as a model to ensure that master seed virus stock used for vaccine production does not contain residual parental virulent virus. Procedures described here includes a passage in susceptible pigs followed by the assessment of the obtained material by differential qPCRs that allows the identification of vaccine virus from ASFV field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA; Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Cyril G Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, Office of National Programs, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Steve Witte
- Biologics Development Module, National Bio and Agrodefense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
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Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Rai A, Espinoza N, Valladares A, Spinard E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Evaluation of the Function of ASFV Gene E66L in the Process of Virus Replication and Virulence in Swine. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020566. [PMID: 36851779 PMCID: PMC9965554 DOI: 10.3390/v15020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of an economically important disease of swine currently affecting large areas of Africa, Eurasia and the Caribbean. ASFV has a complex structure harboring a large dsDNA genome which encodes for more than 160 proteins. One of the proteins, E66L, has recently been involved in arresting gene transcription in the infected host cell. Here, we investigate the role of E66L in the processes of virus replication in swine macrophages and disease production in domestic swine. A recombinant ASFV was developed (ASFV-G-∆E66L), from the virulent parental Georgia 2010 isolate (ASFV-G), harboring the deletion of the E66L gene as a tool to assess the role of the gene. ASFV-G-∆E66L showed that the E66L gene is non-essential for ASFV replication in primary swine macrophages when compared with the parental highly virulent field isolate ASFV-G. Additionally, domestic pigs infected with ASFV-G-∆E66L developed a clinical disease undistinguishable from that produced by ASFV-G. Therefore, E66L is not involved in virus replication or virulence in domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Alyssa Valladares
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
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Vuono EA, Ramirez-Medina E, Pruitt S, Rai A, Espinoza N, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Deletion of the ASFV dUTPase Gene E165R from the Genome of Highly Virulent African Swine Fever Virus Georgia 2010 Does Not Affect Virus Replication or Virulence in Domestic Pigs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071409. [PMID: 35891389 PMCID: PMC9320246 DOI: 10.3390/v14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a frequently lethal disease of domestic and wild swine currently producing a pandemic affecting pig production in Eurasia. The causative agent, ASF virus (ASFV) is a structurally complex virus with a large genome harboring over 150 genes. One of them, E165R, encodes for a protein belonging to the dUTPase family. The fine structure of the purified protein has been recently analyzed and its dUTPase activity tested. In addition, it has been reported that a BA71 mutant virus, adapted to growth in Vero cells, lacking the E165R gene presented a drastic decreased replication in swine macrophages, its natural target cell. Herein, we report the development of a recombinant virus, ASFV-G-∆E165R, harboring the deletion of the E165R gene from the genome of the highly virulent field isolate ASFV Georgia 2010 (ASFV-G). Interestingly, ASFV-G-∆E165R replicates in primary swine macrophage cultures as efficiently as the parental virus ASFV-G. In addition, ASFV-G-∆E165R also replicates in experimentally inoculated domestic pigs with equal efficacy as ASFV-G and produced a lethal disease almost indistinguishable from that induced by the parental virus. Therefore, results presented here clearly demonstrated that E165R gene is not essential or important for ASFV replication in swine macrophages nor disease production in domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Ediane Silva
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
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Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Pruitt S, Rai A, Espinoza N, Valladares A, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Borca MV, Gladue DP. Deletion of African Swine Fever Virus Histone-like Protein, A104R from the Georgia Isolate Drastically Reduces Virus Virulence in Domestic Pigs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051112. [PMID: 35632853 PMCID: PMC9146580 DOI: 10.3390/v14051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a frequently lethal disease, ASF, affecting domestic and wild swine. Currently, ASF is causing a pandemic affecting pig production in Eurasia. There are no vaccines available, and therefore control of the disease is based on culling infected animals. We report here that deletion of the ASFV gene A104R, a virus histone-like protein, from the genome of the highly virulent ASFV-Georgia2010 (ASFV-G) strain induces a clear decrease in virus virulence when experimentally inoculated in domestic swine. A recombinant virus lacking the A104R gene, ASFV-G-∆A104R, was developed to assess the role of the A104R gene in disease production in swine. Domestic pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G-∆A104R, and compared with animals that received a similar dose of virulent ASFV-G. While all ASFV-G inoculated animals developed a fatal form of the disease, animals receiving ASFV-G-∆A104R survived the challenge, remaining healthy during the 28-day observational period, with the exception of only one showing a protracted but fatal form of the disease. ASFV-G-∆A104R surviving animals presented protracted viremias with reduced virus titers when compared with those found in animals inoculated with ASFV-G, and all of them developed a strong virus-specific antibody response. This is the first report demonstrating that the A104R gene is involved in ASFV virulence in domestic swine, suggesting that A104R deletion may be used to increase the safety profile of currently experimental vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Alyssa Valladares
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.)
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Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Pruitt S, Rai A, Espinoza N, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Evaluation of an ASFV RNA Helicase Gene A859L for Virus Replication and Swine Virulence. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010010. [PMID: 35062213 PMCID: PMC8777736 DOI: 10.3390/v14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is producing a devastating pandemic that, since 2007, has spread to a contiguous geographical area from central Europe to Asia. In July 2021, ASFV was detected in the Dominican Republic, the first report of the disease in the Americas in more than 40 years. ASFV is a large, highly complex virus harboring a large dsDNA genome that encodes for more than 150 genes. The majority of these genes have not been functionally characterized. Bioinformatics analysis predicts that ASFV gene A859L encodes for an RNA helicase, although its function has not yet been experimentally assessed. Here, we evaluated the role of the A859L gene during virus replication in cell cultures and during infection in swine. For that purpose, a recombinant virus (ASFV-G-∆A859L) harboring a deletion of the A859L gene was developed using the highly virulent ASFV Georgia (ASFV-G) isolate as a template. Recombinant ASFV-G-∆A859L replicates in swine macrophage cultures as efficiently as the parental virus ASFV-G, demonstrating that the A859L gene is non-essential for ASFV replication. Experimental infection of domestic pigs demonstrated that ASFV-G-∆A859L replicates as efficiently and induces a clinical disease indistinguishable from that caused by the parental ASFV-G. These studies conclude that the predicted RNA helicase gene A859L is not involved in the processes of virus replication or disease production in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.)
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Ramirez-Medina E, Rai A, Pruitt S, Vuono EA, Espinoza N, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Development Real-Time PCR Assays to Genetically Differentiate Vaccinated Pigs From Infected Pigs With the Eurasian Strain of African Swine Fever Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:768869. [PMID: 34778441 PMCID: PMC8579032 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.768869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, African swine fever virus (ASFV) represents one of the most important economic threats for the global pork industry. Recently, significant advances have been made in the development of potential vaccine candidates to protect pigs against this virus. We have previously developed attenuated vaccine candidates by deleting critical viral genes associated with virulence. Here, we present the development of the accompanying genetic tests to discriminate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), a necessity during an ASFV vaccination campaign. We describe here the development of three independent real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays that detect the presence of MGF-360-12L, UK, and I177L genes, which were previously deleted from the highly virulent Georgia strain of ASFV to produce the three recombinant live attenuated vaccine candidates. When compared with the diagnostic reference qPCR that detects the p72 gene, all assays demonstrated comparable levels of sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of amplification to detect presence/absence of the ASFV Georgia 2007/1 strain (prototype virus of the Eurasian lineage) from a panel of blood samples from naïve, vaccinated, and infected pigs. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate the potential of these real-time PCR assays to be used as genetic DIVA tests, supporting vaccination campaigns associated with the use of ASFV-ΔMGF, ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK, and ASFV-ΔI177L or cell culture adapted ASFV-ΔI177LΔLVR live attenuated vaccines in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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Vuono EA, Ramirez-Medina E, Pruitt S, Rai A, Espinoza N, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Evaluation of the Function of the ASFV KP177R Gene, Encoding for Structural Protein p22, in the Process of Virus Replication and in Swine Virulence. Viruses 2021; 13:986. [PMID: 34073222 PMCID: PMC8227490 DOI: 10.3390/v13060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a devastating disease of swine that has caused outbreaks in Central Europe since 2007, spreading into Asia in 2018. ASFV is a large, structurally complex virus with a large dsDNA genome encoding for more than 160 genes, most of them still uncharacterized. p22, encoded by the ASFV gene KP177R, is an early transcribed, structural virus protein located in the ASFV particle. Although its exact function is unknown, p22 has recently been identified as an interacting partner of several host proteins. Here, we describe the development of a recombinant ASFV (ASFV-G-∆KP177R) lacking the KP177R gene as a tool to evaluate the role of p22 in virus replication and virulence in swine. The recombinant ASFV-G-∆KP177R demonstrated that the KP177R gene is non-essential for ASFV replication in primary swine macrophages, with virus yields similar to those of the parental, highly virulent field isolate Georgia2010 (ASFV-G). In addition, experimental infection of domestic pigs with ASFV-G-∆KP177R produced a clinical disease similar to that caused by the parental ASFV-G. Therefore, and surprisingly, p22 does not seem to be involved in virus replication or virulence in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.A.V.); (E.R.-M.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (L.V.-S.)
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8
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Rai A, Pruitt S, Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Carrillo C, Borca MV, Gladue DP. Detection and Quantification of African Swine Fever Virus in MA-104 Cells. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3955. [PMID: 33855107 PMCID: PMC8032485 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of live African swine fever virus (ASFV) has historically relied on the use of primary swine macrophages (PSM). PSM do not replicate and have to be isolated fresh from donor swine. We previously identified that a MA-104 cells (ATCC #CRL-2378.1), a commercially available cell line isolated from African green monkey ( Cercopithecus aethiops ) kidney epithelial cells, supports the detection of ASFV from field samples with a sensitivity comparable to that of primary swine macrophages. Collection of swine blood or lungs is time costing, which is often not readily available in most veterinary diagnostic laboratories. MA-104 cells could thus be used as substitute for primary swine macrophages to save significant lead time by avoiding the production of primary swine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Rai
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Consuelo Carrillo
- APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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9
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Gladue DP, O’Donnell V, Ramirez-Medina E, Rai A, Pruitt S, Vuono EA, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Borca MV. Deletion of CD2-Like (CD2v) and C-Type Lectin-Like (EP153R) Genes from African Swine Fever Virus Georgia-∆9GL Abrogates Its Effectiveness as an Experimental Vaccine. Viruses 2020; 12:E1185. [PMID: 33092057 PMCID: PMC7590024 DOI: 10.3390/v12101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is currently the most dreaded infectious disease affecting the global swine production industry. There is no commercial vaccine available, making the culling of infected animals the current solution to control outbreaks. Effective experimental vaccines have been developed by deleting virus genes associated with virulence. Deletion of the ASFV 9GL gene (∆9GL) has resulted in the attenuation of different ASFV strains, although the degree of attenuation varies across isolates. Here, we investigated the possibility of the increased safety of the experimental vaccine strain ASFV-G-Δ9GL by deleting two additional virus genes involved in pathogenesis, CD2v, a CD2 like viral encoded gene from the EP402R open reading frame (ORF), and C-type lectin-like viral gene, encoded from the EP153R ORF. Two new recombinant viruses were developed, ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔCD2v and ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔCD2v/ΔEP153R, harboring two and three gene deletions, respectively. ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔCD2v/ΔEP153R, but not ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔCD2v, had a decreased ability to replicate in vitro in swine macrophage cultures when compared with parental ASFV-G-Δ9GL. Importantly, ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔCD2v and ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔCD2v/ΔEP153R induced almost undetectable viremia levels when inoculated into domestic pigs and failed to protect them against challenge with parental virulent ASFV-Georgia, while ASFV-G-Δ9GL offered robust protection during challenge. Therefore, the deletion of CD2-like and C-type lectin-like genes significantly decreased the protective potential of ASFV-G-Δ9GL as a vaccine candidate. This study constitutes an example of the unpredictability of genetic manipulation involving the simultaneous deletion of multiple genes from the ASFV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, APHIS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
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10
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Rai A, Pruitt S, Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Carrillo C, Borca MV, Gladue DP. Identification of a Continuously Stable and Commercially Available Cell Line for the Identification of Infectious African Swine Fever Virus in Clinical Samples. Viruses 2020; 12:E820. [PMID: 32731642 PMCID: PMC7472077 DOI: 10.3390/v12080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is causing outbreaks both in domestic pigs and wild boar in Europe and Asia. In 2018, the largest pig producing country, China, reported its first outbreak of African swine fever (ASF). Since then, the disease has quickly spread to all provinces in China and to other countries in southeast Asia, and most recently to India. Outbreaks of the disease occur in Europe as far west as Poland, and one isolated outbreak has been reported in Belgium. The current outbreak strain is highly contagious and can cause a high degree of lethality in domestic pigs, leading to widespread and costly losses to the industry. Currently, detection of infectious ASFV in field clinical samples requires accessibility to primary swine macrophage cultures, which are infrequently available in most regional veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Here, we report the identification of a commercially available cell line, MA-104, as a suitable substrate for virus isolation of African swine fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Rai
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Consuelo Carrillo
- APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA;
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- ARS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA; (A.R.); (S.P.); (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.)
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11
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Borca MV, O'Donnell V, Holinka LG, Risatti GR, Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Shi J, Pruitt S, Rai A, Silva E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gladue DP. Deletion of CD2-like gene from the genome of African swine fever virus strain Georgia does not attenuate virulence in swine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:494. [PMID: 31949276 PMCID: PMC6965178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD2-like African swine fever virus (ASFV) gene 8DR, (also known as EP402R) encodes for a structural transmembrane glycoprotein that has been shown to mediate hemadsorption and be involved in host immunomodulation as well as the induction of protective immune response. In addition, several natural ASFV isolates showing decreased virulence in swine has been shown to be non-hemadsorbing suggesting an association between altered or deleted forms of 8DR and virus attenuation. Here we demonstrate that deletion of 8DR gene from the genome of ASFV Georgia2010 isolate (ASFV-G-Δ8DR) does not significantly alter the virulence of the virus. ASFV-G-Δ8DR inoculated intramuscularly or intranasally (in a range of 102 to 104 TCID50) produced a clinical disease in domestic pigs indistinguishable from that induced by the same doses of the virulent parental ASFV Georgia2010 isolate. In addition, viremia values in ASFV-G-Δ8DR do not differ from those detected in animals infected with parental virus. Therefore, deletion of 8DR gene is not associated with a noticeable decrease in virulence of the ASFV Georgia isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Vivian O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Guillermo R Risatti
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box: 6100, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
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12
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Ramírez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Velazquez-Salinas L, Silva E, Rai A, Pruitt S, Berggren KA, Zhu J, Borca MV, Gladue DP. The MGF360-16R ORF of African Swine Fever Virus Strain Georgia Encodes for a Nonessential Gene That Interacts with Host Proteins SERTAD3 and SDCBP. Viruses 2020; 12:E60. [PMID: 31947814 PMCID: PMC7020080 DOI: 10.3390/v12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a contagious and frequently lethal disease of pigs with significant economic consequences to the swine industry. The ASFV genome encodes for more than 160 genes, but only a few of them have been studied in detail. Here we report the characterization of open reading frame (ORF) MGF360-16R. Kinetic studies of virus RNA transcription demonstrated that the MGF360-16R gene is transcribed as a late virus protein. Analysis of host-protein interactions for the MGF360-16R gene using a yeast two-hybrid screen identified SERTA domain containing 3 (SERTAD3) and syndecan-binding protein (SDCBP) as host protein binding partners. SERTAD3 and SDCBP are both involved in nuclear transcription and SDCBP has been shown to be involved in virus traffic inside the host cell. Interaction between MGF360-16R and SERTAD3 and SDCBP host proteins was confirmed in eukaryotic cells transfected with plasmids expressing MGF360-16R and SERTAD3 or SDCBP fused to fluorescent tags. A recombinant ASFV lacking the MGF360-16R gene (ASFV-G-ΔMGF360-16R) was developed from the highly virulent field isolate Georgia2007 (ASFV-G) and was used to show that MGF360-16R is a nonessential gene. ASFV-G-ΔMGF360-16R had a similar replication ability in primary swine macrophage cell cultures when compared to its parental virus ASFV-G. Experimental infection of domestic pigs showed that ASFV-G-ΔMGF360-16R is as virulent as the parental virus ASFV-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ramírez-Medina
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Keith A. Berggren
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - James Zhu
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; (E.R.-M.); (E.A.V.); (L.V.-S.); (E.S.); (A.R.); (S.P.); (K.A.B.); (J.Z.)
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13
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Vuono EA, Ramirez-Medina E, Holinka LG, Baker-Branstetter R, Borca MV, Gladue DP. Interaction of Structural Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus with Protein Phosphatase 1 Catalytic Subunit Beta (PPP1CB). Viruses 2019; 11:v11040307. [PMID: 30934875 PMCID: PMC6521620 DOI: 10.3390/v11040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 protein, the major virus structural glycoprotein, is an essential component of the viral envelope. E2 is involved in virus absorption, induction of a protective immune response and is critical for virulence in swine. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit beta (PPP1CB), which is part of the Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) complex, as a specific binding host partner for E2. We further confirmed the occurrence of this interaction in CSFV-infected swine cells by using two independent methodologies: Co-immunoprecipitation and Proximity Ligation Assay. In addition, we demonstrated that pharmacological activation of the PP1 pathway has a negative effect on CSFV replication while inhibition of the PP1 pathway or knockdown of PPP1CB by siRNA had no observed effect. Overall, our data suggests that the CSFV E2 and PPP1CB protein interact in infected cells, and that activation of the PP1 pathway decreases virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
| | - Ryan Baker-Branstetter
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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14
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Borca MV, Berggren KA, Ramirez-Medina E, Vuono EA, Gladue DP. CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing of a Large DNA Virus: African Swine Fever Virus. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2978. [PMID: 34395778 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing of large DNA viruses, such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), has traditionally relied on homologous recombination of a donor plasmid consisting of a reporter cassette with surrounding homologous viral DNA. However, this homologous recombination resulting in the desired modified virus is a rare event. We recently reported the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to edit ASFV. The use of CRISPR/Cas9 to modify the African swine fever virus genome resulted in a fast and relatively easy way to introduce genetic changes. To accomplish this goal we first infect primary swine macrophages with a field isolate, ASFV-G, and transfect with the CRISPR/Cas9 donor plasmid along with a plasmid that will express a specific gRNA that targets our gene to be deleted. By inserting a reporter cassette, we are then able to purify our recombinant virus from the parental by limiting dilution and plaque purification. We previously reported comparing the traditional homologous recombination methodology with CRISPR/Cas9, which resulted in over a 4 log increase in recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Keith A Berggren
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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15
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Preiss MR, Cournoyer E, Paquin KL, Vuono EA, Belanger K, Walsh E, Howlett NG, Bothun GD. Tuning the Multifunctionality of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Self-Assembled Mixed Lipid Layers. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2729-2736. [PMID: 29035511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an approach to tuning the multifunctionality of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) using mixed self-assembled monolayers of cationic lipid and anionic polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipid. By forming stable, monodispersed lipid-coated IONs (L-IONs) through a solvent-exchange technique, we were able to demonstrate the relationship between surface charge, the magnetic transverse relaxivity (r2 from T2-weighted images), and the binding capacity of small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) as a function of the cationic-to-anionic (PEG) lipid ratio. These properties were controlled by the cationic charge and the PEG conformation; relaxivity and siRNA binding could be varied in the mushroom and brush regimes but not at high brush densities. In vitro results combining cell viability, uptake, and transfection efficiency using HeLa cells suggest that the functional physicochemical and biological properties of L-IONs may be best achieved using catanionic lipid coatings near equimolar ratios of cationic to anionic PEG-lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Preiss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island , 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Eily Cournoyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island , 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Karissa L Paquin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island , 379 CBLS, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island , 379 CBLS, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Kayla Belanger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island , 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Edward Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Institute for Brain Science, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Associate Director for MRI Physics, Brown University , Sidney E. Frank Hall, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island , 379 CBLS, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Geoffrey D Bothun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island , 51 Lower College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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16
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Madireddy A, Kosiyatrakul ST, Boisvert RA, Herrera-Moyano E, García-Rubio ML, Gerhardt J, Vuono EA, Owen N, Yan Z, Olson S, Aguilera A, Howlett NG, Schildkraut CL. FANCD2 Facilitates Replication through Common Fragile Sites. Mol Cell 2017; 64:388-404. [PMID: 27768874 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are genomic regions that are unstable under conditions of replicative stress. Although the characteristics of CFSs that render them vulnerable to stress are associated mainly with replication, the cellular pathways that protect CFSs during replication remain unclear. Here, we identify and describe a role for FANCD2 as a trans-acting facilitator of CFS replication, in the absence of exogenous replicative stress. In the absence of FANCD2, replication forks stall within the AT-rich fragility core of CFS, leading to dormant origin activation. Furthermore, FANCD2 deficiency is associated with DNA:RNA hybrid formation at CFS-FRA16D, and inhibition of DNA:RNA hybrid formation suppresses replication perturbation. In addition, we also found that FANCD2 reduces the number of potential sites of replication initiation. Our data demonstrate that FANCD2 protein is required to ensure efficient CFS replication and provide mechanistic insight into how FANCD2 regulates CFS stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advaitha Madireddy
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | | | - Rebecca A Boisvert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Emilia Herrera-Moyano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - María L García-Rubio
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Jeannine Gerhardt
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Nichole Owen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susan Olson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Carl L Schildkraut
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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17
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Vuono EA, Mukherjee A, Vierra DA, Adroved MM, Hodson C, Deans AJ, Howlett NG. The PTEN phosphatase functions cooperatively with the Fanconi anemia proteins in DNA crosslink repair. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36439. [PMID: 27819275 PMCID: PMC5098254 DOI: 10.1038/srep36439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. The FA proteins function primarily in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. Here, we have examined the role of the PTEN phosphatase in this process. We have established that PTEN-deficient cells, like FA cells, exhibit increased cytotoxicity, chromosome structural aberrations, and error-prone mutagenic DNA repair following exposure to ICL-inducing agents. The increased ICL sensitivity of PTEN-deficient cells is caused, in part, by elevated PLK1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of FANCM, constitutive FANCM polyubiquitination and degradation, and the consequent inefficient assembly of the FA core complex, FANCD2, and FANCI into DNA repair foci. We also establish that PTEN function in ICL repair is dependent on its protein phosphatase activity and ability to be SUMOylated, yet is independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. Finally, via epistasis analysis, we demonstrate that PTEN and FANCD2 function cooperatively in ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - David A. Vierra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Morganne M. Adroved
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Charlotte Hodson
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Niall G. Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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